Distributional spectrum of bacterial wilt of chili incited by <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> in Pakistan

Aslam, Muhammad Naveed; Mukhtar, Tariq

doi:10.1590/1678-4499-2022-0196

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Article • Bragantia 82 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499-2022-0196 copy

Distributional spectrum of bacterial wilt of chili incited by Ralstonia solanacearum in Pakistan

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The production of chili is seriously threatened by bacterial wilt incited by Ralstonia solanacearum in Pakistan. As the information about the distribution and prevalence of the disease and the pathogen is scarce, the present study was performed to ascertain the prevalence, occurrence and distribution of R. solanacearum in different regions of chili cultivation. The results showed differences in the incidence and prevalence of bacterial wilt all over the country. Overall, an incidence of 10% and prevalence of 76% of the disease was observed in the country. The highest incidence of bacterial wilt was observed in the province of Sindh whereas it was the lowest in Baluchistan. The prevalence of the disease followed the similar trend in the provinces. As regards agroecological zones, the highest incidence was recorded in Indus delta followed by sandy deserts whereas it was the lowest in western dry mountains. Almost the same tendency was observed regarding prevalence in the eight agroecological zones. In case of districts, the disease incidence was the maximum in Badin while it was the minimum in the district of Loralai. On the other hand, the disease prevalence was the maximum (100%) in the districts of Badin, Mirpurkhas, and Thatta and the minimum (60%) in the districts of Barkhan, Karak, and Loralai. Of the total 114 isolates of R. solanacearum, 81% were confirmed as Biovar 3 whereas the rest 19% isolates were identified as Biovar 4. The findings will help the farmers to design disease management programs accordingly to avert yield losses.

Key words
vigilance; Capsicum annuum ; biovar; distributional differences; incidence

Sr. No	Agroecological zone	Districts	Temperature (°C)		Rain fall (mm/month)		Relative humidity (%)
Sr. No	Agroecological zone	Districts	Summer	Winter	Summer	Winter	Relative humidity (%)
1	Indus Delta	Thatta, Badin	34-45	19-20	75	> 5	67-87
2	Southern Irrigated Plain	Mir Pur Khas, Umer Kot	40-45	8-12	16-20	> 4	55-60
3	Sandy desert	Bahawalpur, Sanghar	39-41	7-10	32-46	> 4	44
4	Northern Irrigated Plain	Multan, Pakpattan, Kasur	41-48	6-28	75-108	14-22	51
5	Barani areas	Attock	35-38	3-6	200	36-50	56
6	Wet Mountains	Nowshera	35	0-4	236	116	64
7	Western Dry Mountains	Karak, Loralai	30-39	-3-7.7	45-95	47	58
8	Sulaiman Piedmont	Barkhan	40.5	5.7-7.6	21-38	13	32

Sr. No.	Agroecological zone	Districts	Soil type	Soil pH	Organic matter (%)	Major crops
1	Indus Delta	Thatta, Badin	Clayey and silty	7.6-8.2	0.5-0.8	cotton, sugarcane, wheat, maize, millet, barley and vegetables
2	Southern Irrigated Plain	Mirpur Khas, Umer Kot	Silty and sandy loam	6.8-7.2	0.4-0.5	cotton, sugarcane, wheat, maize, millet, barley and vegetables
3	Sandy desert	Bahawalpur, Sanghar	Sandy soils and moving dunes with strips of clayey soils	7.8-8.3	0.4	cotton, sugarcane, wheat, maize, millet, barley, xerophytic vegetation and vegetables
4	Northern Irrigated Plain	Pakpattan, Multan, Kasur	Sandy loam, clay loam, silt loam and 15 % saline-sodic	7.5-7.8	04-0.6	cotton, sugarcane, wheat, oilseeds, rice
5	Barani areas	Attock	Non-calcareous to moderately calcareous, silt loams and with west southern part mainly calcareous	7.5-7.7	< 0.5	sorghum, millet, maize, pulses, groundnut, wheat and vegetables
6	Wet Mountains	Nowshera	Silt loam to silty clays, non-calcareous to slightly calcareous	7.5-8.1	0.4-0.6	maize, wheat, fruits (apples), olives forests and vegetables
7	Western Dry Mountains	Karak, Loralai	Loamy, deep and calcareous	8.3	0.3-0.5	wheat, grazing, apples, plums, apricots, grapes, peaches and vegetables
8	Sulaiman Piedmont	Barkhan	Silt loam, deep and strongly calcareous	8.5	0.3-0.4	xerophytic vegetation, grasses, wild olives, fruits, vegetable and wheat

Province	No. of isolates	%	Biovar 3	%	Biovar 4	%
Sindh	47	41	33	70	14	30
Punjab	42	37	34	81	08	19
Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa	13	11	13	100	-	-
Baluchistan	12	11	12	100	-	-
Pakistan	114	-	92	81	22	19

Agroecological zone	District	No. of isolates	%	Biovar 3	%	Biovar 4	%
Indus delta	Thatta	10	8.8	6	60.0	4	40.0
	Badin	10	8.8	7	70.0	3	30.0
	Total	20	17.5	13	65.0	7	35.0
Southern irrigated plains	Mir Pur Khas	10	8.8	08	80.0	2	20.0
	Umer Kot	8	7.0	05	62.5	3	37.5
	Total	18	15.8	13	72.2	5	27.8
Sandy deserts	Bahawalpur	8	7.0	7	87.5	1	12.5
	Sanghar	9	7.9	7	77.8	2	22.2
	Total	17	14.9	14	82.0	3	18.0
Northern irrigated plains	Multan	8	7.0	6	75.0	2	25.0
	Pakpattan	9	7.9	6	66.7	3	33.3
	Kasur	9	7.9	7	77.8	2	22.2
	Total	26	22.8	19	73.0	7	27.0
Barani areas	Attock	8	7.0	8	100.0	-	-
Barani areas	Total	8	7.0	8	100.0	-	-
Wet mountains	Nowshera	7	6.1	7	100.0	-	-
Wet mountains	Total	7	6.1	7	100.0	-	-
Western dry mountains	Karak	6	5.3	6	100.0	-	-
	Loralai	6	5.3	6	100.0	-	-
	Total	12	10.5	12	100.0	-	-
Suleiman piedmont	Barkhan	6	5.3	06	100.0	-	-
Suleiman piedmont	Total	6	5.3	06	100.0	-	-
Pakistan	Grand total	114	-	92

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[1] Section Editor: Gabriel Constantino Blain. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8832-7734