Biochemical and physiological responses of soybean [<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merrill] to nickel toxicity

Nickel (Ni) was the latest element to have its nutritional essentiality recognized for plants (Brown et al. 1987). It is a component of various enzymes, including glyoxalases (family I), hydrogenases, superoxide dismutase and urease (Chen et al. 2009). Inadequate Ni supply promotes changes in the plant metabolism, including processes related to nitrogen metabolism, such as amino acids, urea and ureides metabolisms (Rodríguez-Jiménez et al. 2016; Bai et al. 2006). Legumes that are dependent on N2 fixation (e.g., soybean) have their process impaired by Ni deficiency, because this element is an essential catalytic cofactor of [NiFe]-hydrogenase, an enzyme found in some symbiotic bacteria that recycles the H₂ produced by a side reaction of nitrogenase in root nodules formed by the plant-bacteria association (Cammack 1995; Bagyinka 2014). Moreover, Ni has shown the potential to control soybean diseases, such as powdery mildew (Barcelos et al. 2018) and Asian soybean rust (Einhardt et al. 2020a; 2020b).

Key words:
antioxidant enzymes; phytotoxicity; photosynthesis; plant nutrition; ROS

Authorship

Andersom Milech Einhardt

Universidade Federal de Viçosa – Departamento de Fitopatologia – Viçosa (MG), Brazil.Universidade Federal de ViçosaBrazilViçosa, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Viçosa – Departamento de Fitopatologia – Viçosa (MG), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7741-9094

Sandro Ferreira

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4363-3348

Fabrício Ávila Rodrigues ^**Corresponding author: fabricio@ufv.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3091-0000

*Corresponding author: fabricio@ufv.br

Section Editor: Robson Di Piero

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION

Conceptualization: Einhardt A. M., Ferreira S., and Rodrigues F. A.; Methodology: Einhardt A. M., Ferreira S., and Rodrigues F. A.; Investigation: Einhardt A. M. and Ferreira S.; Writing – Original Draft: Einhardt A. M. and Ferreira S.; Writing – Review and Editing: Rodrigues F. A.; Funding Acquisition: Rodrigues F. A.; Resources: Rodrigues F. A.; Supervision: Rodrigues F. A.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures

Figures (6)

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Figure 1
Leaflets from soybean plants at 5 days after being sprayed with water (0) or with solutions containing 30, 60, 120 and 240 g·ha^-1 Ni. Doses above 120 g·ha^-1 resulted in necrotic areas in the sprayed leaflets.

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Figure 2
Concentrations of superoxide radical (O₂^-) (a), H₂O₂ (b) and MDA (c), as well as activities of SOD (d), CAT (e) and APX (f) determined on the leaves of soybean plants sprayed with water (0) or with solutions of 30, 60, 120 and 240 g·ha^-1 Ni. Means for each treatment followed by different letters are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. FW = fresh weight. Bars represent the standard error of the means. n = 4.

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Figure 3
Concentrations of Chl a (a), Chl b (b), total Chl (Chl a + b) (c) and carotenoids (d) determined in the leaves of soybean plants sprayed with water (0) or with solutions of 30, 60, 120 and 240 g·ha^-1 Ni. Means for each treatment followed by different letters are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. Bars represent the standard error of the means. n = 4.

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Figure 4
Images of the Chl a fluorescence parameters: maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (F_v/F_m), effective yield of PSII [Y(II)], yield for dissipation by down-regulation energy [Y(NPQ)] and yield for other nonphotochemical (nonregulated) losses [Y(NO)] from leaflets of soybean plants sprayed with water (0) or with solutions of 30, 60, 120 and 240 g·ha^-1 Ni. das = days after spray.

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Figure 5
Chlorophyll a parameters: maximum photosystem II quantum efficiency (F_v/F_m) (a), photochemical yield [Y(II)] (b), yield for dissipation by down-regulation [Y(NPQ)] (c), yield for other nonphotochemical (nonregulated) losses [Y(NO)] (d) and apparent ETR (e) determined in the leaflets of soybean plants sprayed with water (0) or with solutions of 30, 60, 120 and 240 g·ha^-1 Ni. Means for each treatment followed by different letters are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. The bars represent the standard error of the means. n = 4.

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Figure 6
Leaf gas exchange parameters: rate of A (a), g_s (b), C_i (c) and transpiration rate (E) (d) determined in the leaflets of soybean plants sprayed with water (0) or with solutions of 30, 60, 120 and 240 g·ha^-1 Ni. Means for each treatment followed by different letters are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. The bars represent the standard error of the means. n = 4.

Figure 1 Leaflets from soybean plants at 5 days after being sprayed with water (0) or with solutions containing 30, 60, 120 and 240 g·ha^-1 Ni. Doses above 120 g·ha^-1 resulted in necrotic areas in the sprayed leaflets.

Figure 2 Concentrations of superoxide radical (O₂^-) (a), H₂O₂ (b) and MDA (c), as well as activities of SOD (d), CAT (e) and APX (f) determined on the leaves of soybean plants sprayed with water (0) or with solutions of 30, 60, 120 and 240 g·ha^-1 Ni. Means for each treatment followed by different letters are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. FW = fresh weight. Bars represent the standard error of the means. n = 4.

Figure 3 Concentrations of Chl a (a), Chl b (b), total Chl (Chl a + b) (c) and carotenoids (d) determined in the leaves of soybean plants sprayed with water (0) or with solutions of 30, 60, 120 and 240 g·ha^-1 Ni. Means for each treatment followed by different letters are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. Bars represent the standard error of the means. n = 4.

Figure 4 Images of the Chl a fluorescence parameters: maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (F_v/F_m), effective yield of PSII [Y(II)], yield for dissipation by down-regulation energy [Y(NPQ)] and yield for other nonphotochemical (nonregulated) losses [Y(NO)] from leaflets of soybean plants sprayed with water (0) or with solutions of 30, 60, 120 and 240 g·ha^-1 Ni. das = days after spray.

Figure 5 Chlorophyll a parameters: maximum photosystem II quantum efficiency (F_v/F_m) (a), photochemical yield [Y(II)] (b), yield for dissipation by down-regulation [Y(NPQ)] (c), yield for other nonphotochemical (nonregulated) losses [Y(NO)] (d) and apparent ETR (e) determined in the leaflets of soybean plants sprayed with water (0) or with solutions of 30, 60, 120 and 240 g·ha^-1 Ni. Means for each treatment followed by different letters are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. The bars represent the standard error of the means. n = 4.

Figure 6 Leaf gas exchange parameters: rate of A (a), g_s (b), C_i (c) and transpiration rate (E) (d) determined in the leaflets of soybean plants sprayed with water (0) or with solutions of 30, 60, 120 and 240 g·ha^-1 Ni. Means for each treatment followed by different letters are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. The bars represent the standard error of the means. n = 4.

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Biochemical and physiological responses of soybean [<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merrill] to nickel toxicity

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[1] *Corresponding author: fabricio@ufv.br