Soil metal concentrations after five years of pasture-tosugarcane conversion

Bento, Camila Bolfarini; Carmo, Janaina Braga do; Gabriel, Gabriele Verônica de Mello; Botero, Wander Gustavo; Fernandes, Andrea Pires; Martinelli, Luiz Antonio; Oliveira, Luciana Camargo de

doi:10.1590/1678-4499.20210038

Camila Bolfarini Bento

Universidade Federal de São Carlos – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental – Sorocaba (SP), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3672-8314

Janaina Braga do Carmo ^**Corresponding author: jbcarmo2008@gmail.com

Universidade Federal de São Carlos – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental – Sorocaba (SP), Brazil.

Universidade Federal de São Carlos – Departamento de Ciências Ambientais – Sorocaba (SP), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2871-9880

Gabriele Verônica de Mello Gabriel

Universidade Federal de São Carlos – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental – Sorocaba (SP), Brazil.

Universidade Federal de São Carlos – Departamento de Física, Química e Matemática – Sorocaba (SP), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1927-5947

Wander Gustavo Botero

Universidade Federal do Alagoas – Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia – Maceió (AL), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1845-6797

Andrea Pires Fernandes

Universidade Federal do Alagoas – Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia – Maceió (AL), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-7888

Luiz Antonio Martinelli

Universidade de São Paulo – Escola de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” – Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura – Piracicaba (SP), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7103-7551

Luciana Camargo de Oliveira

Universidade Federal de São Carlos – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental – Sorocaba (SP), Brazil.

Universidade Federal de São Carlos – Departamento de Física, Química e Matemática – Sorocaba (SP), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6125-2154

*Corresponding author: jbcarmo2008@gmail.com

Section Editor: Osvaldo Guedes Filho

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION

Conceptualization: Bento C. B.; Methodology: Camargo L. O.; Investigation: Bento C. B., Gabriel G. V. M., Botero W. G. and Fernandes A. P.; Writing – Original Draft: Bento C. B.; Writing – Review and Editing: Bento C. B., Gabriel G. V. M., Camargo L. O. and Carmo J. B.; Funding Acquisition: Carmo J. B. and Martinelli L. A.; Resources: Camargo L. O. and Carmo J. B.; Supervision: Camargo L. O.

Treatments¹ 1 Each one with four replicates and plots of 80 m2 containing a central trench measuring 80 cm length × 80 cm width × 50 cm depth.	ID	Sampling periods² 2 The initial metal concentrations and soil parameters were sampled in September, 2013 (initial concentration), in October, 2014 (cane-plant) and in October, 2018 (fifth ratoon).	Tillage³ 3 The soil tillage was carried out in 2013 including double plowing with heavy machinery, harrowing and leveling.	Fertilization⁴ 4 The nutrient rates were calculated follow Raij et al. (1997). (kg·ha^–1·year^–1)
	ID			N	P₂O₅	K₂O
Extensive pasture	EP	Initial condition	No	-	-	-
Sugarcane fertilized	CP	Cane-plant	Yes	60	140	120
Sugarcane control in row	SC_R	Fifth ratoon	Yes	120	30	120
Sugarcane fertilized in row	SF_R	Fifth ratoon	Yes	120	30	120
Sugarcane control in mid-row	SC_MR	Fifth ratoon	Yes	120	30	120
Sugarcane fertilized mid-row	SF_MR	Fifth ratoon	Yes	120	30	120

Element	Wavelength (nm)	LOD (mg·L^–1)	LOQ (mg·L^–1)
Cr	425.433	6.44E-06	1.95E-05
Mn	403.076	6.27E-06	1.90E-05
Mo	379.825	9.02E-07	2.73E-06
Fe	371.993	2.63E-05	7.98E-05
Cu	327.395	5.40E-07	1.64E-06
Ni	352.454	5.86E-07	1.78E-06
Co	340.512	6.60E-06	2.00E-05
Zn	213.857	6.66E-06	2.02E-05
Cd	228.802	5.89E-07	1.78E-06
Pb	405.781	1.75E-05	5.30E-05

Depth (cm)	Sand (%)	Clay (%)	BD (g dm^–3)	pH	C (g·kg^–1)	N (g·kg^–1)	OM (g·dm^–3)
EP 0–20	24.32	51.14	1.10	6.39	276.22	34.92	30
EP 20–40	12.51	59.11	0.94	6.12	247.78	31.18	27
CP 0–20	15.17	58.74	1.10	5.51	297.53	16.42	34
CP 20–40	18.15	59.79	1.17	5.38	223.13	9.37	29
SC_R 0–20	20.97	54.36	1.21	6.01	289.17	48.07	73
SC_R 20–40	4.70	56.09	1.20	5.76	236.23	39.36	51
SC_MR 0–20	18.58	53.68	1.19	6.08	284.34	46.36	73
SC_MR 20–40	23.23	59.49	1.24	5.87	228.47	43.25	48
SF_R 0–20	16.70	57.04	1.15	5.48	331.14	44.21	70
SF_R 20–40	20.65	61.63	1.38	5.57	268.70	38.67	59
SF_MR 0–20	17.88	64.81	1.21	5.51	343.88	53.76	71
SF_MR 20–40	15.01	57.51	1.30	5.58	232.92	38.35	55

	Treatments¹ 1 Treatments (EP, CP, SCR, SCMR, SFR and SFMR) were designed to test fertilization (control and fertilized), row position (row and mid row) and period (extensive pasture, cane-plant and fifth ratoon).	Depth	Interactions
Soil metal concentrations
Cr	ns	ns	ns
Mn	ns	p < 0.05	ns
Fe	ns	ns	p < 0.05
Cu	p < 0.001	ns	ns
Zn	ns	p < 0.001	ns
Cd	p < 0.001	ns	ns
Pb	ns	p < 0.05	ns
Physical and chemical properties
pH	p < 0.001	ns	p < 0.05
Sand	ns	ns	ns
Clay	ns	ns	p < 0.05
C	p < 0.05	p < 0.05	p < 0.05
N	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001
OM	p < 0.001	p < 0.05	ns

	Zn	Cd	Cu	Pb	Mn	Cr	Fe	Sand	Clay	C	N	pH
Zn	-
Cd	–0.13	-
Cu	0.31^* * p < 0.05,	–0.04	-
Pb	0.58^* ***** p < 0.001).	–0.09	0.15	-
Mn	0.60^* ***** p < 0.001).	–0.08	–0.06	0.45^ p < 0.01,	-
Cr	0.05	0.06	0.20	0.21	–0.02	-
Fe	–0.22	0.51^* ***** p < 0.001).	0.16	–0.04	–0.30^* * p < 0.05,	0.40^ p < 0.01,	-
Sand	0.20	0.01	–0.02	0.021	0.31^* * p < 0.05,	–0.30^* * p < 0.05,	–0.23	-
Clay	0.02	0.21	0.42^ p < 0.01,	–0.04	-0.38^* ***** p < 0.001).	0.14	0.47^* ***** p < 0.001).	0.009	-
C	0.36^* * p < 0.05,	0.18	–0.09	0.27	0.62^* ***** p < 0.001).	0.03	–0.02	0.21	–0.36^* * p < 0.05,	-
N	0.12	0.68^* ***** p < 0.001).	–0.24	–0.12	0.31^* * p < 0.05,	–0.06	0.23	–0.11	–0.16	0.48^* ***** p < 0.001).	-
pH	0.20	–0.10	–0.27^* * p < 0.05,	0.11	0.39^ p < 0.01,	–0.21	–0.22	0.25^* * p < 0.05,	–0.41^ p < 0.01,	0.19	0.19	-

Element	Metal concentrations¹ 1 AN = ammonium nitrate; SS = superphosphate simple; PC = potassium chloride.			Added² 2 Considering the sum of the quantities applied annually to fertilizer where the element was identified.
Element	AN (mg·kg^–1)	SS (mg·kg^–1)	PC (mg·kg^–1)	(g·ha^-1·year^–1)
Mo	-	3.74	-	1.05
Ni	0.16	4.79	-	3.06
Co	-	3.00	-	0.85
Cd	-	1.51	0.69	1.06
Pb	-	-	2.09	0.42
Cr	0.40	7.69	6.83	12.22
	(mg·kg^–1)	(g·kg^–1)	(mg·kg^–1)	(kg·ha^-1·year^–1)
Mn	1.30	562.64	4.62	461.14
Fe	42.78	540.36	431.35	488.98
Cu	0.22	171.02	1.35	140.17
Zn	1.02	266.17	2.83	218.15

Element	Soil (mg·kg^-1)			Fertilizer (mg·kg^–1)
Element	Prevention¹ 1 Resolution nº 420 of 28, December 2009 (Brazil 2009).	Limit/Investigation¹ 1 Resolution nº 420 of 28, December 2009 (Brazil 2009).	Background² 2 The background concentrations of the elements Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb were defined by Campos et al. (2003); Mn by USEPA (2007); Fe by USEPA (2003); Co by Biondi et al. (2011).	Permitted³ 3 SDA Normative Instruction no. 27 from February, 05 of 2006 (Brazil 2006), that considered the maximum limits of metals in mineral fertilizers with nitrogen, potassium and secondary macronutrients with um 5% of P2O5 and to not specified values. ND = not defined.
Mn	ND	ND	400 – 700	-
Mo	30	50	-	-
Fe	ND	ND	20,000 – 550,000	-
Cu	60	200	3 – 238	-
Ni	30	70	3 – 45	-
Co	25	35	7 – 10	-
Zn	300	450	12 – 96	-
Cd	1.3	3	0.37 – 1.01	20
Pb	72	180	10 – 49	100
Cr	75	150	-	200

¹
Resolution nº 420 of 28, December 2009 (Brazil 2009Brazil. (2009). Resolução Nº 420, de 28 de dezembro de 2009. Dispõe sobre critérios e valores orientadores de qualidade do solo quanto à presença de substâncias químicas e estabelece diretrizes para o gerenciamento ambiental de áreas contaminadas por essas substâncias em decorrência de atividades antrópicas. http://conama.mma.gov.br/?option=com_sisconama&task=arquivo.download&id=601
http://conama.mma.gov.br/?option=com_sis... ).
²
The background concentrations of the elements Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb were defined by Campos et al. (2003)Campos, M. L., Pierangeli, M. A. P., Guilherme, L. R. G., Marques, J. J. and Curi, N. (2003). Baseline concentration of heavy metals in Brazilian Latosols. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 34, 547-557. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120017838
https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120017838... ; Mn by USEPA (2007)[USEPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2007b). Method 3051A: Microwave assisted acid digestion of sediments, sludges, soils and oils. Washington: USEPA.; Fe by USEPA (2003)[USEPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2003). Guidance for developing ecological soil screening levels OSWER Directive 9285.7-55]. Washington: USEPA. [Accessed Mar. 03, 2020]. Available at: https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/P100CDCG.PDF?Dockey=P100CDCG.PDF
https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/P100... ; Co by Biondi et al. (2011)Biondi, C. M., Nascimento, C. W. A., Fabricio Neta, A. B. and Ribeiro, M. R. (2011). Teores de Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni E Co em solos de referência de Pernambuco. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 35, 1057-1066. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832011000300039
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-0683201100... .
³
SDA Normative Instruction no. 27 from February, 05 of 2006 (Brazil 2006Brazil. (2006). Instrução Normativa SDA Nº 27, 05 de junho de 2006. (Alterada pela IN SDA nº 7, de 12/04/2016, republicada em 02/05/2016). http://extranet.agricultura.gov.br/sislegis-consulta/consultarLegislacao.do?operacao=visualizar&id=16951.
http://extranet.agricultura.gov.br/sisle... ), that considered the maximum limits of metals in mineral fertilizers with nitrogen, potassium and secondary macronutrients with um 5% of P2O5 and to not specified values. ND = not defined.

[1] *Corresponding author: jbcarmo2008@gmail.com

Brasil

Brasil

Soil metal concentrations after five years of pasture-tosugarcane conversion

ABSTRACT