Physiological and agronomic response of soybean cultivars to soil compaction in the Brazilian Cerrado

Ferreira, Camila Jorge Bernabé; Silva, Alessandro Guerra da; Tormena, Cassio Antonio; Severiano, Eduardo da Costa; Tavares, Rose Luiza Moraes; Braz, Guilherme Braga Pereira; Paiva Filho, Silvio Vasconcelos de

doi:10.1590/1678-4499.20220160

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Article • Bragantia 82 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.20220160 copy

Physiological and agronomic response of soybean cultivars to soil compaction in the Brazilian Cerrado

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Soil compaction negatively impacts soil physical functions, affecting root growth and crop yield. This study aimed to evaluate different soybean cultivars’ agronomic and physiological performance as a function of compaction in Rhodic Ferralsol under no-tillage (NT) with a clay loam texture in the Brazilian Cerrado biome. The experiment was implemented in Rio Verde, Goias state, central Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block with a 3x2 factorial scheme with six replications. The first factor corresponded to three soybean cultivars from different maturity groups (MG) identified as super-early (MG = 6.2); early (MG = 6.8), and medium (MG = 7.9). The second factor was the cultivation in compacted and uncompacted soil. The experiment evaluated the soil physical properties: bulk density, total porosity, water content at matric potential -6 kPa, aeration capacity and water and air holding capacity in 0.0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m layers, agronomic and physiological traits (gas exchange). Soil compaction negatively affected the agronomic traits of soybean cultivars, with better performance of the medium cycle cultivar. Net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates were reduced up to 50% under compaction and were not influenced by cultivars. Our findings suggest that soil compaction negatively affected the performance of soybean cultivars with lower maturity groups reflecting in lower plant height, shoot and root dry mass, number of pods and grain yield. The choice of soybean cultivars with a longer cycle can be an alternative to minimize the adverse effects of soil compaction.

Key words
Glycine max ; penetration resistance; photosynthesis; grain yield

	Soybean cultivars	0.0 to 0.1 m			0.1 to 0.2 m
	Soybean cultivars	C	NC	Mean	C	NC	Mean
BD (Mg.m^-3)	SE	1.46 Aab	1.37 Bab	1.42 ab	1.58 Aa	1.55 Aa	1.56 a
	E	1.52 Aa	1.42 Ba	1.47 a	1.57 Aa	1.55 Aa	1.56 a
	M	1.42 Ab	1.28 Bb	1.35 b	1.55 Aa	1.48 Bb	1.52 b
	Mean	1.47 A	1.36 B		1.57 A	1.52 B
WC (m³.m^-3)	SE	0.42 Aa	0.44 Aa	0.43 a	0.37 Aa	0.37 Ab	0.37 b
	E	0.36 Ab	0.37 Ab	0.36 b	0.37 Aa	0.38 Aa	0.38 a
	M	0.40 Aa	0.42 Aa	0.41 a	0.34 Ab	0.34 Ac	0.34 c
	Mean	0.39 A	0.41 A		0.36 A	0.36 A
SAC (m³.m^-3)	SE	0.11 Aab	0.12 Aab	0.12 a	0.10 Ab	0.11 Ab	0.10 b
	E	0.08 Ab	0.10 Ab	0.09 b	0.08 Ab	0.09 Ac	0.08 c
	M	0.12 Aa	0.13 Aa	0.12 a	0.12 Ba	0.15 Aa	0.13 a
	Mean	0.10 B	0.12 A		0.10 B	0.12 A
WHC	SE	0.79 Aa	0.80 Aa	0.79 ab	0.79 Aa	0.77 Ab	0.78 b
	E	0.81 Aa	0.79 Aa	0.80 a	0.82 Aa	0.80 Aa	0.81 a
	M	0.78 Aa	0.76 Aa	0.77 b	0.74 Ab	0.70 Bc	0.72 c
	Mean	0.78 A	0.80 A		0.78 A	0.76 B
AHC	SE	0.20 Aa	0.21 Ab	0.21 ab	0.21 Ab	0.23 Ab	0.22 b
	E	0.19 Aa	0.21 Ab	0.20 b	0.18 Ab	0.19 Aa	0.19 c
	M	0.22 Aa	0.24 Aa	0.23 a	0.26 Ba	0.30 Ac	0.28 a
	Mean	0.20 A	0.22 A		0.22 B	0.24 A
TP (m³.m^-3)	SE	0.44 Aab	0.47 Ab	0.45 ab	0.39 Aa	0.41 Ab	0.40 b
	E	0.41 Bb	0.46 Ab	0.43 b	0.40 Aa	0.40 Ab	0.40 b
	M	0.45 Ba	0.51 Aa	0.48 a	0.40 Ba	0.43 Aa	0.42 a
	Mean	0.43 B	0.48 A		0.39 B	0.41 A
PR (MPa)	SE	3.12 Aa	2.30 Bb	2.71 a	2.88 Aa	2.91 Aa	2.90 a
	E	2.99 Aa	2.59 Ba	2.79 a	2.91 Aa	2.89 Aa	2.90 a
	M	3.07 Aa	2.29 Bb	2.68 a	2.77 Aa	2.83 Aa	2.80 a
	Mean	3.06 A	2.39 B		2.85 A	2.88 A

Soybean cultivars	C	NC	Mean
PN (µmol CO₂ m^-2.s^-1)
SE	7.63 Ba	17.45 Aa	12.54 a
E	9.92 Ba	16.18 Aa	13.05 a
M	9.95 Ba	19.30 Aa	14.62 a
Mean	9.17 B	17.64 A
CO₂ IC (mmol m^-2.s^-1)
SE	205.67 Ba	276.00 Aa	240.83 a
E	167.17 Ba	244.33 Ab	205.75 a
M	208.67 Ba	272.00 Aa	240.33 a
Mean	193.83 B	264.11 A
TRANS (mmol m^-2.s^-1)
SE	1.98 Ba	4.45 Aa	3.22 a
E	2.32 Ba	3.83 Aa	3.07 a
M	2.52 Ba	4.50 Aa	3.51 a
Mean	2.27 B	4.26 A
C (mmol m^-2.s^-1)
SE	67.67 Ba	241.67 Aa	154.67 a
E	69.83 Aa	185.50 Aa	127.67 a
M	100.67 Ba	258.83 Aa	179.75 a
Mean	103.39 B	204.67 A
WUE
SE	3.86 Aa	3.96 Aa	3.91 a
E	4.45 Aa	4.36 Aa	4.41 a
M	3.90 Aa	4.42 Aa	4.16 a
Mean	4.07 A	4.29 A

Soybean cultivars	C	NC	Mean	C	NC	Mean
Soybean cultivars	POP_i (thousand plants.ha^-1)			POP_f (thousand plants.ha^-1)
SE	316.6 Aa	331.5 Aa	324.0 a	315.8 Aa	327.8 Aa	321.8 aA
E	261.1 Bb	300.0 Ab	280.4 b	251.8 Bb	301.8 Aa	276.9 b
M	198.2 Bc	242.6 Ac	220.4 c	224.0 Ab	234.2 Ab	229.1 c
Mean	258.6 B	291.3 A		263.8 B	288.0 A
Soybean cultivars	PH (cm)			SDM (g)
SE	67.6 Bb	71.1 Ac	69.4 c	13.2 Ba	21.8 Ab	17.5 b
E	70.5 Bb	75.1 Ab	72.8 b	12.1 Ba	32.3 Aa	22.2 ab
M	86.1 Ba	93.9 Aa	89.9 a	16.7 Ba	30.8 Aa	23.8 a
Mean	74.7 B	79.9 A		14.0 B	28.3 A
Soybean cultivars	RDM (g)			CC (%)
SE	1.9 Ab	2.6 Ab	2.3 b	89.7 Ba	94.7 Aa	92.2 a
E	1.4 Bb	3.1 Aab	2.2 b	78.0 Ab	81.7 Ab	79.8 b
M	2.5 Ba	4.1 Aa	3.3 a	76.2 Bb	82.2 Ab	79.2 b
Mean	1.9 B	3.3 A		81.3 B	86.2 A
Soybean cultivars	FPH (cm)			TNP
SE	13.95 Ab	13.8 Ab	13.9 b	34.4 Ab	43.0 Ab	38.7 b
E	12.1 Ac	12.5 Ac	12.3 c	34.7 Bb	52.0 Ab	43.3 b
M	17.9 Aa	17.5 Aa	17.7 a	64.2 Aa	69.0 Aa	66.6 a
Mean	14.65 A	14.60 A		44.42 B	54.7 A
Soybean cultivars	TGM (g)			GY (kg.ha^-1)
SE	165.0 Ab	170.4 Ab	167.7 b	3,593.9 Ab	3,835.1 Ab	3,714.5 b
E	131.6 Ac	137.3 Ac	134.5 c	3,427.2 Bb	3,927.2 Ab	3,690.8 b
M	187.0 Aa	186.8 Aa	186.9 a	4,406.5 Aa	4,701.8 Aa	4,554.1 a
Mean	161.2 A	164.8 A		3,818.25 B	4,154.7 A

		Agronomic traits										Physiological characteristics
(m)		POP_i	POP_f	PH	CC	RDM	SDM	FPH	TNP	TGM	GY	PN	CO₂CI	TRANS	C	WUE
0.0-0.1	Water content at -6 kPa	0.21	0.14	0.07	0.54	0.22	0.07	0.28	0.05	0.48	0.07	0.23	0.33	0.21	0.32	0.01
	Soil aeration capacity	-0.05	0.02	0.39	0.27	0.21	0.21	0.45	0.27	0.59	0.50	0.12	0.23	0.09	0.19	-0.06
	Bulk density	0.06	0.21	-0.54	-0.21	-0.46	-0.49	-0.43	-0.41	-0.45	-0.43	-0.45	-0.35	-0.29	-0.44	-0.24
	Total porosity	-0.06	-0.21	0.54	0.21	0.46	0.49	0.43	0.41	0.45	0.43	0.45	0.35	0.29	0.44	0.24
	Water holding capacity	0.11	0.05	-0.37	-0.08	-0.14	-0.22	-0.36	-0.26	-0.44	-0.49	-0.05	-0.12	-0.02	-0.09	0.08
	Air holding capacity	-0.11	-0.05	0.37	0.04	0.15	0.23	0.36	0.26	0.46	0.51	0.04	0.12	0.01	0.08	-0.07
	Penetration resistance	-0.21	0.29	-0.31	-0.34	-0.48	-0.63	-0.08	-0.28	-0.19	-0.31	-0.80	-0.61	-0.75	-0.78	-0.11
0.1-0.2	Water content at -6 kPa	0.43	-0.01	-0.66	0.31	-0.39	-0.13	-0.67	-0.49	-0.74	-0.53	-0.14	-0.11	-0.05	-0.18	-0.17
	Soil aeration capacity	-0.24	-0.15	0.64	-0.11	0.56	0.29	0.52	0.56	0.71	0.50	0.38	0.33	0.26	0.37	0.18
	Bulk density	0.13	0.35	-0.56	0.10	-0.45	-0.41	-0.29	-0.50	-0.38	-0.38	-0.60	-0.43	-0.50	0.57	-0.18
	Total porosity	-0.13	-0.35	0.56	-0.10	0.45	0.41	0.29	0.50	0.38	0.38	0.60	0.43	0.50	-0.57	0.18
	Water holding capacity	0.28	0.11	-0.67	0.15	-0.54	-0.27	-0.57	-0.56	-0.75	-0.54	-0.34	-0.31	-0.23	-0.36	-0.17
	Air holding capacity	-0.28	-0.11	0.67	-0.15	0.54	0.27	0.57	0.56	0.75	0.54	0.34	0.31	0.23	0.36	0.17
	Penetration resistance	0.66	-0.14	-0.68	0.47	-0.23	-0.02	-0.76	-0.54	-0.68	-0.56	0.11	0.01	0.11	0.07	0.07

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[1] *Corresponding author: camilajbferreira@gmail.com