Year of publication |
2009 |
2011 |
2013 |
2015 |
2017 |
Study Design |
RCT |
CCT |
RCT |
RCT |
RCT |
Characteristics of the participants |
n = 50 Test: 25 (male/female 12/13) Control: 25 (male/female 12/13) Age range 24.4 years |
n = 28 Test: 14 Control: 14 Age range 27.5 years |
n = 18 Test: 9 (female) Control: 14 Control: 9 (female) Age range 38 years |
n = 34 Test: 14 (male/female 9/5) Control: 16 (male/female 11/5) 4 participants were lost Age range Test/Control 22.1/21.6 |
n = 51 Test: 26 (male/female9/17) Control: 25 (male/female 10/15) Age range Test/Control 22.8/21.64 |
Probiotics |
Lactobacillus casei Shirota |
Lactobacillus casei Shirota |
Lactobacillus reuteri |
Lactobacillus brevis CD2 |
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. |
Administration methods |
Milk drink (Yakult®) (65 ml once a day) |
Milk drink (Yakult®) (65 ml once a day) |
Lozenge (1) Twice a day |
Lozenge (1) 3 times a day |
Yogurt (110g/day) |
Time of experiment |
8 weeks + 4 days |
4 weeks |
3 weeks |
2 weeks |
4 weeks + 5 days |
Experimental gingivitis |
Mechanical hygiene interruption 4 days after a period of 8 weeks of probiotic intake |
Mechanical hygiene interruption 14 days after 2 weeks of probiotic intake |
Use of a stent to prevent brushing during 3 weeks of probiotic intake |
Mechanical hygiene interruption 14 days during the probiotic intake |
Mechanical hygiene interruption 5 days after a period of 4 weeks of probiotic intake |
Data collection |
After 8 weeks of probiotic consumption (baseline) and 96 hours later (final) |
1 (baseline), 3, 5, 7, and 14 days (final) |
0 (baseline) and 21 days (final) |
0 (baseline), 3, 7, 10, and 14 days (final) |
0 (baseline), 28 and 33 days (final) |
Clinical parameters/Biomarkers |
PI, PBI, IPI, GCF, MOP, PMN – elastase(NE), MMP-3 |
PI, GI, BOP, GCF volume |
PI, GI, BOP, GCF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, TNF-α, MIP1-β |
PI, GI, BOP, GCF, MMP-8, PGE2, NO |
PI, GI, PD, BOP, GCF volume, IL-1β |
Final Outcomes (mean difference ± SD, ρ-value) |
PI: test: 2.52±0.61 control: 2.14±0.30 ρ < 0.0001 PBI: test: 1.17±0.57 control:1.12 ± 0.36 ρ < 0.001-0.003 IPI: test: 9.31±8.8 control: 96.6±8.0 ρ < 0.001 GCF biomarkers: MOP: test: 3.58±5.27 control: 8.50 ± 8.00 ρ = 0.014 PMN-elastase (NE): test: 0.0198±0.0117 control: 0.0430 ± 0.0387 ρ = 0.001 MMP-3: test: 27.03±8.59 control: 30.21 ± 11.00 ρ < 0.001 |
PI: test: 2.14±0.56 control: 2.2 ± 0.32 ρ < 0.001 GI: test: 1.29±0.42 control: 1.16 ±0.42 ρ < 0.0001 BOP%: test: 8.25±12.72% control: 23.76 ± 11.9% ρ = 0.005 GCF (PU): test: 18.78 ± 16.7 control: 35.72 ± 16.1 ρ = 0.005 |
PI: test: 18 control: 18 ρ < 0.05
GI: test: 15 control: 14 ρ < 0.05
BOP: test: 18 control: 17 ρ < 0.05 **GCF(µL): test: 0,25±0.30 control: 0.22 ± 0.24 ρ < 0.05 IL-1β: test: 76.6 ± 70.2 control: 60.5 ± 65.4 ρ < 0.05 IL-6: test: 5.15 ± 16.2 control: 1.58 ± 2.45 ρ NS IL-8: test: 36.8 ± 34.0 control: 33.4 ± 27.5 ρ < 0.05 IL-10: test: 0.43 ± 0.46 control: 0.38 ± 0.26 ρ NS IL-18: test: 98.6 ± 105.7 control: 116.2 ± 112.1 ρ <0.05 TNF-α: test: 1.45 ± 4.14 control: 0.66 ± 1.03 ρ NS MIP1-β: test: 7.8 ± 11.3 control: 5.5 ± 2.3 ρ < 0.05 |
PI: test: 1.44 ± 0.27 control: 1.41 ± 0.31 ρ < 0.001 GI: test: 0.25 ± 0.11 control: 0.2 5± 0.11 ρ = 0.001 ***BOP: test: 16.71 ± 7.76 control: 16.88 ± 9.75 ρ = 0.194 GCF biomarkers: MMP-8: test: 2688.6±2373.9 control: 2495.6 ± 2656.1 ρ NS PGE2: test: 3.41 ± 4.80 control: 2.42 ± 4.08 ρ NS NO: test: 9120.2 ± 4094.5 control: 10651.5 ± 6027.3 ρ = 0.05 |
PI: test: 0.28 ± 0.14 control: 0.37 ± 0.15 ρ < 0.001 GI: test: 0.80 ± 0.33 control: 1.52 ±0.44 ρ < 0.001 BOP: test: 11.87 ± 4.12 control: 22.81 ± 6.12 ρ < 0.001 PD: test: 1.44 ± 0.15 control: 1.58 ± 0.12 ρ NS GCF (µL): test: 0.19 ± 0.04 control: 0.14 ± 0.04 ρ = 0.101 IL-1β: test: 0.09 ± 0.07 control: 0.63 ± 0.44 ρ < 0.001 |
Conclusions |
A beneficial effect of probiotic milk drink on gingival inflammation. |
Daily consumption of a probiotic dairy drink reduces the effects of induced gingival inflammation associated with a higher plaque score due to the high carbohydrate content of probiotic milk. |
There was no difference between groups. |
L. brevis CD2 delays the development of gingivitis by regulating the inflammatory cascade. |
Positive effect on gingival parameters in the probiotic group and reduction of clinical and immunological inflammation. |