Occurrence and characterization of insect galls in two reserves of the Peruvian Amazon

Grandez-Rios, Julio Miguel; Araújo, Walter Santos de; Coronado, Eurídice N. Honorio; Baker, Timothy R.; Martínez, Rodolfo Vásquez; Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo; García-Villacorta, Roosevelt; Llampazo, Gerardo Flores; Huaymacari, José Reyna; Azevedo, Maria Antonieta Pereira de; Maia, Valeria Cid

doi:10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2023-1568

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Español English

sumário « anterior atual seguinte »

Sumário

Inventory • Biota Neotrop. 23 (4) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2023-1568 copy

Occurrence and characterization of insect galls in two reserves of the Peruvian Amazon

Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em duas reservas da Amazônia peruana

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

An insect gall inventory was carried out in two reserves of the Peruvian Amazon, Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve and Quistococha Regional Reserve, both situated in Iquitos, northeastern Peru. Four vegetation types were surveyed between December, 2021 and December, 2022: terra firme forest, white-sand wet forest, and white-sand dry forest in Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve, and palm swamp forest in Quistococha Regional Reserve. Overall, we found 262 gall morphotypes, distributed across 75 host species representing 66 plant genera and 30 families. Fabaceae was the plant family with the greatest number of gall morphotypes (n = 48), followed by Calophyllaceae (n = 21) and Euphorbiaceae (n = 20). The plant genera that supported the highest diversity of galls were Caraipa (n = 17), Eschweilera (n = 16), Tapirira (n = 16), Micrandra (n = 14), and Iryanthera (n = 10). The plant species Tapirira guianensis (n = 16), Caraipa utilis (n = 14), Micrandra elata (n = 14), Eschweilera coriacea (n = 11), and Sloanea parvifructa (n = 10) exhibited the highest richness of galls. Among the host plants, C. utilis stands alone as the only species noted as both endemic to the Amazonian region and bearing a Vulnerable (VU) conservation status. The leaves were the most attacked organs (90% of all galls). Most morphotypes are glabrous (89%), green (67%), globoid (53%), and one-chambered (91%). We found galling insects belonging to the orders Diptera, Thysanoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hemiptera. The galling insects of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) were the most common, inducing 22% of the gall morphotypes. In addition to the gallers, we also observed the presence of successors, cecidophages, and parasitoids. Among the sampled vegetation types, the terra firme forest presented the highest richness of gall morphotypes and host plant species. This is the first systematic inventory of insect galls in this part of the Peruvian Amazon.

Keywords
Cecidomyiidae; Fabaceae; galls; host plant

Host family	Number of plant genera	Number of plant species	Number of gall morphotypes
Anacardiaceae	1	1	16
Annonaceae	3	4	7
Apocynaceae	2	2	5
Araliaceae	1	1	3
Bignoniaceae	1	1	5
Burseraceae	1	1	1
Calophyllaceae	2	3	21
Chrysobalanaceae	1	1	3
Elaeocarpaceae	1	1	10
Euphorbiaceae	4	4	20
Fabaceae	11	12	48
Humiriaceae	1	1	2
Lauraceae	5	5	17
Lecythidaceae	3	4	18
Lepidobotryaceae	1	1	1
Malpighiaceae	1	1	2
Malvaceae	3	3	12
Melastomataceae	1	1	2
Meliaceae	1	1	3
Metteniusaceae	1	1	2
Moraceae	3	3	3
Myristicaceae	2	4	12
Myrtaceae	3	3	6
Nyctaginaceae	1	2	5
Olacaceae	1	1	2
Phyllanthaceae	3	3	11
Salicaceae	1	1	3
Sapindaceae	2	3	5
Sapotaceae	3	4	14
Urticaceae	2	2	3

Total	66	75	262

Family	Species	Organ	Shape	Color	Pubescence	Chambers	Vegetation type	Gall-inducers	Associated fauna	Conservation status (IUCN 2023IUCN (INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE). 2023. The IUCN Red List of threatened species. Version 2023–1. http://www. iucnredlist.org/ (last access on 14/12/2023). http://www. iucnredlist.org/... )	Figure number
Anacardiaceae	Tapirira guianensis Aubl.	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Yes	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 1
		Leaf	Conical	Green	Yes	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 2
		Leaf	Fusiform	Brown	Yes	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 3
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 4
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Yes	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 5
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Yes	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 6
		Leaf	Fusiform	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Thysanoptera	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 7
								(Plagiothrips sp. 2)
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Thysanoptera			Fig. 8
								(Plagiothrips sp. 2)
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 9
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 10
		Leaf	Marginal roll	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 11
		Leaf	Conical	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 12
		Stem	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSd	Cecidomyiidae			Fig. 13
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSd	Cecidomyiidae	Allohorgas sp. 2 (P)		Fig. 14
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Conical	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 15
		Leaf	Fusiform	Brown	No	Multilocular	WSd	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 16
Annonaceae	Diclinanona tessmannii Diels	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 17
		Stem	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 18
	Guatteria megalophylla Diels	Leaf	Conical	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 19
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified	Formicidae (S)		Fig. 20
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 21
	Porcelia nitidifolia Ruiz & Pav.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 22
	Unonopsis spectabilis Diels	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Yes	One-chambered	TF	Cecidomyiidae		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 23
Apocynaceae	Aspidosperma excelsum Benth.	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 24
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF / WSd	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 25
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 26
	Parahancornia peruviana Monach.	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	PS	Unidentified		-	Fig. 27
		Leaf	Fusiform	Green	No	One-chambered	PS	Unidentified			Fig. 28
Araliaceae	Dendropanax umbellatus (Ruiz & Pav.) J.F. Macbr.	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Yes	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified		-	Fig. 29
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 30
		Leaf	Fusiform	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 31
Bignoniaceae	Tabebuia insignis (Miq.) Sandwith	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	PS	Unidentified		Near Threatened (NT)	Fig. 32
		Leaf	Fusiform	Green	No	One-chambered	PS	Unidentified	Polynema sp. (P)		Fig. 33
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	PS	Unidentified			Fig. 34
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	PS	Unidentified	Adraneothrips sp. (S)		Fig. 35
									(Thysanoptera)
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	PS	Unidentified			Fig. 36
Burseraceae	Protium crassipetalum Cuatrec.	Leaf	Marginal roll	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera (P)	-	Fig. 37
									Holothrips sp. 1 (S)
									(Thysanoptera)
									Formicidae (S)
Calophyllaceae	Caraipa tereticaulis Tul.	Leaf	Fusiform	Green	No	Multilocular	WSw	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera (P)	Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 38
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 39
		Leaf	Marginal roll	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 40
	Caraipa utilis Vásquez	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified		Vulnerable (VU)	Fig. 41
		Stem	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 42
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	Multilocular	WSw	Cecidomyiidae	Magellanium sp. 2 (P)		Fig. 43
									(Hymenoptera)
									Holothrips sp. 1 (S)
									(Thysanoptera)
		Leaf	Marginal roll	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Cecidomyiidae	Holothrips sp. 1 (S)		Fig. 44
									(Thysanoptera)
									Collembola (S)
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 45
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 46
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Cecidomyiidae	Collembola (S)		Fig. 47
									Formicidae (S)
									Eupelmidae (P)
									Braconidae (P)
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSw	Cecidomyiidae	Tenuipetiolus sp. (P)		Fig. 48
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified	Phylloxeroxenus sp. (P)		Fig. 49
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 50
		Stem	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 51
		Stem	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 52
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	Multilocular	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 53
		Stem	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSw	Cecidomyiidae	Curculionidae (C)		Fig. 54
									(Coleoptera)
	Haploclathra cordata Vásquez	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified		-	Fig. 55
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	Multilocular	WSw	Unidentified	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 56
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 57
		Leaf	Conical	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 58
Chrysobalanaceae	Couepia williamsii J.F. Macbr.	Leaf	Marginal roll	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Lopesiini		-	Fig. 59
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 60
		Bud	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Contarinia sp.			Fig. 61
Elaeocarpaceae	Sloanea parvifructa Steyerm.	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified		-	Fig. 62
		Leaf	Marginal roll	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Cecidomyiidae	Horismenus sp. (P)		Fig. 63
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	Multilocular	WSw	Lopesiini	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 64
		Stem	Globoid	Green	No	Multilocular	WSw	Asphondyliini	Collembola (S)		Fig. 65
									Prodecatoma sp. (P)
									Platyrileya sp. 1 (P)
									Torymus sp. 1, 2 (P)
									Cerocephala sp. (P)
									Lambdobregma sp. (P)
									Allorhogas sp. 1 (P)
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 66
		Leaf	Fusiform	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 67
		Leaf	Fusiform	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 68
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified	Apidae (S)		Fig. 69
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 70
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 71
Euphorbiaceae	Alchorneopsis floribunda (Benth.) Müll. Arg.	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	PS	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 72
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	Yes	Multilocular	PS	Unidentified	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 73
	Hevea guianensis Aubl.	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 74
	Micrandra elata (Didr.) Müll. Arg.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	Multilocular	WSd	Unidentified	Eulophidae (P)	Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 75
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 76
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	Multilocular	WSd	Lasiopteridi	Neopomphale sp. 2 (P)		Fig. 77
									Calorileya sp. (P)
									Coccobius sp. (P)
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Amorphous	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Cecidomyiidae	Neopomphale sp. 2 (P)		Fig. 78
									(Hymenoptera)
		Stem	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSd	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 79
		Leaf	Marginal roll	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Lopesiini	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 80
									Plagiothrips sp.1 (S)
									(Thysanoptera)
		Stem	Fusiform	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Cecidomyiidae	Collembola (S)		Fig. 81
									Formicidae (S)
									Magellanium sp.1 (P)
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 82
									Collembola (S)
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 83
		Leaf	Fusiform	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 84
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 85
		Stem	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSd	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 86
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 87
		Stem	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 88
	Nealchornea yapurensis Huber	Leaf	Fusiform	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 89
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 90
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 91
Fabaceae	Abarema auriculata (Benth.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Yes	One-chambered	WSw	Lopesiini	Hymenoptera (P)	Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 92
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Cecidomyiidae			Fig. 93
	Cynometra bauhiniifolia Benth.	Leaf	Fusiform	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 94
		Leaf	Marginal roll	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 95
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Lasiopteridi	Acari (S)		Fig. 96
		Stem	Fusiform	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 97
	Dialium guianense (Aubl.) Sandwith	Leaf	Fusiform	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 98
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Clinodiplosini	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 99
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 100
		Leaf	Conical	Green	Yes	One-chambered	TF	Cecidomyiidae			Fig. 101
	Dicymbe uaiparuensis R.S. Cowan	Leaf	Conical	Green	Yes	One-chambered	WSw	Cecidomyiidae	Baryscapus sp. (P)	-	Fig. 102
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 103
	Dimorphandra macrostachya Benth.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 104
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 105
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	Yes	One-chambered	WSw	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 106
		Leaf	Pocket	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Cecidomyiidae	Galeopsomyia sp. (P)		Fig. 107
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Clinodiplosini	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 108
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 109
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified	Sciaridae (C)		Fig. 110
									(Diptera)
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 111
	Hymenaea courbaril L.	Stem	Globoid	Brown	No	Multilocular	TF	Asphondyliini	Euteloidea sp. (P)	Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 112
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Conical	Green	No	Multilocular	TF	Bruggmanniella sp.			Fig. 113
		Leaf	Lenticular	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 114
	Inga nobilis Willd.	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 115
	Macrolobium limbatum Spruce ex Benth.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 116
		Leaf	Fusiform	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 117
		Fruit	Lenticular	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSd	Lepidoptera			Fig. 118
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 119
	Macrolobium microcalyx Ducke	Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	Multilocular	WSd	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 120
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd / WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 121
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	Multilocular	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 122
		Leaf	Conical	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 123
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 124
		Leaf	Fusiform	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 125
	Parkia igneiflora Ducke	Leaf	Fusiform	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 126
		Leaf	Cup	Yellow	Yes	One-chambered	WSw	Cecidomyiidae	Braconidae (P)		Fig. 127
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 128
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 129
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 130
	Tachigali loretensis van der Werff	Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified		-	Fig. 131
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 132
		Leaf	Marginal roll	Green	Yes	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified	Formicidae (S)		Fig. 133
									Holothrips sp. 1 (S)
									(Thysanoptera)
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 134
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	Yes	Multilocular	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 135
		Leaf	Rosette	Green	Yes	Multilocular	WSd	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 136
	Vatairea erythrocarpa (Ducke) Ducke	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 137
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 138
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 139
Humiriaceae	Vantanea parviflora Lam.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 140
		Leaf	Fusiform	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Lepidoptera			Fig. 141
Lauraceae	Aniba taubertiana Mez	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 142
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 143
		Leaf	Fusiform	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 144
		Bud	Globoid	Brown	Yes	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 145
	Nectandra longifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Nees	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		-	Fig. 146
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 147
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Cecidomyiidae			Fig. 148
		Leaf	Fusiform	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 149
		Leaf	Marginal roll	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 150
	Ocotea argyrophylla Ducke	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Yes	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 151
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 152
		Leaf	Conical	Brown	No	Multilocular	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 153
		Leaf	Fusiform	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 154
	Persea boliviensis Mez & Rusby ex Rusby	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified		-	Fig. 155
		Bud	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Cecidomyiidae			Fig. 156
	Pleurothyrium cuneifolium Nees	Leaf	Lenticular	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 157
		Leaf	Fusiform	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 158
Lecythidaceae	Allantoma pluriflora S.A. Mori, Y.Y. Huang & Prance	Leaf	Lenticular	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 159
	Eschweilera coriacea (DC.) S.A. Mori	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 160
		Leaf-Petiole	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Cecidomyiidae	Holothrips sp. 1 (S)		Fig. 161
									(Thysanoptera)
		Stem	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Cecidomyiidae			Fig. 162
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Contarinia sp.	Formicidae (S)		Fig. 163
									Baryconus sp. (P)
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 164
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 165
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	Multilocular	TF	Cecidomyiidae			Fig. 166
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 167
		Leaf	Marginal roll	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 168
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 169
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Contarinia sp.			Fig. 170
	Eschweilera rufifolia S.A. Mori	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	Multilocular	TF	Unidentified	Formicidae (S)	-	Fig. 171
									Plagiothrips sp.1 (S)
									(Thysanoptera)
									Braconidae (P)
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 172
		Leaf	Lenticular	Brown	Yes	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 173
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 174
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	Multilocular	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 175
	Gustavia longifolia Poepp. ex O. Berg	Leaf	Fusiform	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		-	Fig. 176
Lepidobotryaceae	Ruptiliocarpon caracolito Hammel & N. Zamora	Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	Multilocular	TF	Unidentified	Eupelmidae (P)	Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 177
									(Hymenoptera)
Malpighiaceae	Bunchosia argentea (Jacq.) DC.	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 178
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 179
Malvaceae	Lueheopsis hoehnei Burret	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Yes	One-chambered	PS	Unidentified		-	Fig. 180
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	Yes	One-chambered	PS	Lopesiini	Euderus sp. (P)		Fig. 181
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	PS	Unidentified			Fig. 182
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	Multilocular	PS	Unidentified	Chrysonotomyia sp. (P)		Fig. 183
									Euderomphale sp. (P)
									Metaphycus sp. (P)
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Fusiform	Green	No	One-chambered	PS	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 184
	Pachira brevipes (A. Robyns) W.S. Alverson		Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 185
		Leaf
		Stem	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 186
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 187
		Stem	Fusiform	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 188
	Theobroma subincanum Mart.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Yes	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 189
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Yes	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 190
		Leaf	Fusiform	Brown	Yes	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 191
Melastomataceae	Mouriri vernicosa Naudin	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 192
		Leaf	Marginal roll	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified	Hymenoptera (P)		Fig. 193
Meliaceae	Carapa procera DC.	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 194
		Leaf	Fusiform	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 195
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 196
Metteniusaceae	Emmotum floribundum R.A. Howard	Leaf	Fusiform	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified		-	Fig. 197
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 198
Moraceae	Brosimum utile (Kunth) Oken	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	PS	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 199
	Perebea xanthochyma H. Karst.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Yes	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 200
	Trymatococcus amazonicus Poepp. & Endl.	Fruit	Lenticular	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 201
Myristicaceae	Iryanthera juruensis Warb.	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 202
		Leaf	Fusiform	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 203
	Iryanthera laevis Markgr.	Leaf	Fusiform	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 204
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 205
	Iryanthera lancifolia Ducke	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 206
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 207
		Leaf	Lenticular	Black	Yes	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 208
		Leaf	Fusiform	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 209
		Leaf	Conical	Green	Yes	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 210
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 211
	Virola pavonis (A. DC.) A.C. Sm.	Leaf	Lenticular	Brown	No	One-chambered	PS / WSd	Contarinia sp.	Hymenoptera (P)	Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 212
		Leaf	Conical	Green	No	One-chambered	PS	Cecidomyiidae			Fig. 213
Myrtaceae	Blepharocalyx eggersii (Kiaersk.) Landrum	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 214
	Eugenia riparia DC.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified	Neopomphale sp. 1 (P)	-	Fig. 215
									(Hymenoptera)
		Leaf	Fusiform	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 216
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	Yes	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 217
	Myrcia crebra (McVaugh) A.R. Lourenço & E. Lucas	Leaf	Lenticular	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSd	Cecidomyiidae		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 218
		Stem	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 219
Nyctaginaceae	Neea spruceana Heimerl	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 220
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Cecidomyiidae			Fig. 221
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 222
	Neea verticillata Ruiz & Pav.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified	Hymenoptera (P)	-	Fig. 223
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 224
Olacaceae	Cathedra acuminata (Benth.) Miers	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSd	Unidentified	Hymenoptera (P)	Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 225
		Stem	Globoid	Brown	No	Multilocular	WSd	Unidentified			Fig. 226
Phyllanthaceae	Amanoa guianensis Aubl.	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	PS	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 227
		Leaf	Marginal roll	Green	No	One-chambered	PS	Cecidomyiidae			Fig. 228
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	PS	Unidentified			Fig. 229
		Stem	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	PS	Unidentified			Fig. 230
	Hieronyma oblonga (Tul.) Müll. Arg.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Contarinia sp.	Hymenoptera (P)	Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 231
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified	Acari (S)		Fig. 232
	Richeria grandis Vahl	Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		-	Fig. 233
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	Multilocular	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 234
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified	Acari (S)		Fig. 235
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 236
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Hemiptera (Psyllidae)	Aranobroter sp. (P)		Fig. 237
									(Hymenoptera)
Salicaceae	Casearia arborea (Rich.) Urb.	Leaf	Fusiform	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 238
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 239
		Stem	Fusiform	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 240
Sapindaceae	Cupania diphylla Vahl	Leaf	Conical	Brown	Yes	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 241
	Cupania latifolia Kunth	Leaf	Marginal roll	Green	Yes	One-chambered	TF	Clinodiplosini		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 242
		Leaf	Fusiform	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 243
	Talisia firma Radlk.	Leaf	Fusiform	Green	No	One-chambered	PS	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 244
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	PS	Unidentified			Fig. 245
Sapotaceae	Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum (Pierre) Baehni	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 246
		Leaf	Fusiform	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 247
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 248
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 249
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 250
		Leaf	Fusiform	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 251
	Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) A. Chev.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified	Hymenoptera (P)	Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 252
		Stem	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	WSw	Cecidomyiidae			Fig. 253
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 254
		Leaf	Marginal roll	Green	No	One-chambered	WSw	Unidentified			Fig. 255
	Pouteria subrotata Cronquist	Leaf	Conical	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 256
		Leaf	Clavate	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 257
		Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 258
	Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk.	Leaf	Fusiform	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 259
Urticaceae	Cecropia distachya Huber	Leaf	Globoid	Green	No	One-chambered	TF	Cecidomyiidae		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 260
	Pourouma bicolor Mart.	Leaf	Clavate	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified		Least Concern (LC)	Fig. 261
		Leaf	Globoid	Brown	No	One-chambered	TF	Unidentified			Fig. 262

Gall-inducing taxa	Gall morphotypes
Gall-inducing taxa	N	%
Diptera (Cecidomyiidae)	58	22.14
Thysanoptera	2	0.76
Lepidoptera	2	0.76
Hemiptera (Psyllidae)	1	0.38
Unidentified	199	75.95
Total	262	100

Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP Departamento de Biologia Vegetal - Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP CP 6109, 13083-970 - Campinas/SP, Tel.: (+55 19) 3521-6166, Fax: (+55 19) 3521-6168 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: contato@biotaneotropica.org.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

[1] * Corresponding author: jgrandezrios.86@gmail.com