Insect galls from the Serra da Bandeira (Barreiras, Western Bahia, Brazil)

Menezes, Jeferson Brito de; Lima, Valdeir Pereira; Calado, Daniéla Cristina

doi:10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2023-1527

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Inventory • Biota Neotrop. 23 (4) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2023-1527 copy

Insect galls from the Serra da Bandeira (Barreiras, Western Bahia, Brazil)

Galhas de insetos da Serra da Bandeira (Barreiras, Oeste da Bahia, Brasil)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Understanding the diversity of insect galls is pivotal to the establishment of conservation planning in different Brazilian ecosystems. Here, we (1) characterize the insect galls found on plant host species, (2) identify the gall-inducing insects to the lowest possible taxonomic level, and (3) record the presence of gall-associated fauna. Our study was carried out monthly from August, 2017 to July, 2018 along nine trails in Serra da Bandeira, which is located in an area of Cerrado stricto sensu over a year. We found 48 distinct gall morphotypes, belonging to 12 botanical families. The most morphotypes commonly found were globoid (27.1%), lenticular (27.1%) and cylindrical (25%). The plant organs most affected by galling insects were the leaves (73%), followed by the stem (19%), flower (4%), inflorescence (2%) and fruits (2%). The host botanical families holding the highest number of galls were Fabaceae (26), Malpighiaceae (5) and Anacardiaceae, Combretaceae and Euphorbiaceae (3). We observed that the genus Copaifera Lindl. (Fabaceae) had the greatest diversity of gall morphotypes, harboring 19 morphotypes distributed in three species that occur sympatrically - Copaifera sabulicola J. Costa (Fabaceae), Copaifera depilis Dwyer (Fabaceae) and Copaifera luetzelburgii Harms (Fabaceae). For the first time in Brazil, we recorded the occurrence of galls on flowers of Manihot caerulescens (Euphorbiaceae), on inflorescences of Mimosa acutistipula (Fabaceae) and flower buds of Anacardium humile (Anacardiaceae), which were induced by Cecidomyiidae. Inducers of the order Diptera (Family Cecidomyiidae) were the most abundant, found in 14 morphotypes of galls. Regarding the associated fauna, we found insects primarily belonging the order Hymenoptera, and identified them as parasitoids. The information provided can be used highly by decision makers for conservation programs, as well as in other strategies for the conservation of biological diversity in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Keywords
Cerrado; Cecidomyiidae; Gall inducing insects; Galling insects; Insect-plant interaction

Gall	Host plant	Organ	Shape	Foliar surface	Color	Trichomes	Occurrence	Inducer	Associated fauna	Fig.
ANACARDIACEAE
1	Anacardium humile A.St.Hil	Leaf	Globoid	Abaxial	Green	Absent	Grouped	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera	1a
2	Anacardium humile A.St.Hil	Leaf	Conical	Abaxial	Green	Absent	Isolated	Not determined	–	1b
3	Anacardium humile A.St.Hil	Flower	Globoid	–	Green	Absent	Isolated	Cecidomyiidae	–	1c
BIGNONIACEAE
4	Bignoniaceae Juss.	Leaf	Conical	Both	Green	Absent	Grouped	Not determined	Hymenoptera	1d
CARYOCARACEAE
5	Caryocar brasiliense Cambess	Leaf	Globoid	Adaxial	Green/Brown	Absent	Grouped	Not determined	–	1e
COMBRETACEAE
6	Terminalia fagifolia Mart.	Leaf	Conical	Both	Brown	Present	Grouped	Not determined	–	1f
7	Terminalia sp. L.	Leaf	Cylindrical	Adaxial	Green	Absent	Grouped	Not determined	–	1g
8	Combretaceae R. Br.	Leaf	Conical	Abaxial	Green/Red	Absent	Grouped	Not determined	Hymenoptera	1h
ERYTHROXYLACEAE
9	Erythroxylum sp Kunth	Leaf	Globoid	Adaxial	Red	Present	Grouped	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera	1i
EUPHORBIACEAE
10	Manihot caerulescens Pohl.	Flower	Cylindrical	–	Green/Red	Absent	Grouped	Iatrophobia brasiliensis (Rübsaamen, 1908)	Hymenoptera	1j
11	Manihot caerulescens Pohl.	Leaf	Cylindrical	Adaxial	Green/Red	Absent	Grouped	Iatrophobia brasiliensis (Rübsaamen, 1908)	Hymenoptera	1k
12	Manihot caerulescens Pohl.	Fruit	Cylindrical	–	Green/Red	Absent	Grouped	Cecidomyiidae	–	1l
FABACEAE
13	Copaifera sabulicola J. Costa	Leaf	Lenticular	Extralaminar	Green/Red	Absent	Grouped	Not determined	–	1m
14	Copaifera sabulicola J. Costa	Stem	Lenticular	–	Brown	Absent	Grouped	Not determined	–	1n
15	Copaifera sabulicola J. Costa	Leaf	Lenticular	Extralaminar	Green	Absent	Grouped	Not determined	–	1o
16	Copaifera sabulicola J. Costa	Leaf	Globoid	Abaxial	Brown	Present	Isolated	Not determined	–	1p
17	Copaifera sabulicola J. Costa	Leaf	Globoid	Abaxial	Brown	Absent	Grouped	Hymenoptera	Hymenoptera	1q
18	Copaifera sabulicola J. Costa	Leaf	Lenticular	Intralaminar	Brown	Absent	Isolated	Not determined	Hymenoptera/Acari	1r
19	Copaifera sabulicola J. Costa	Leaf	Globoid	Abaxial	Green/Brown	Absent	Isolated	Not determined	Hymenoptera	1s
20	Copaifera sabulicola J. Costa	Leaf	Leaf Fold	Both	Green/Brown	Absent	Isolated	Not determined	Hymenoptera	1t
21	Copaifera sabulicola J. Costa	Stem	Globoid	–	Brown	Absent	Grouped	Not determined	Hymenoptera	2a
22	Copaifera sabulicola J. Costa	Leaf	Lenticular	Extralaminar	Brown	Present	Isolated	Not determined	–	2b
23	Copaifera depilis Dwyer	Stem	Lenticular	–	Brown	Absent	Grouped	Not determined	Hymenoptera	2c
24	Copaifera depilis Dwyer	Stem	Globoid	–	Red/Brown	Absent	Isolated	Not determined	Hymenoptera	2d
25	Copaifera depilis Dwyer	Leaf	Cylindrical	Both	Red/Brown	Absent	Isolated	Not determined	Hymenoptera	2e
26	Copaifera depilis Dwyer	Leaf	Lenticular	Extralaminar	Green/Brown	Absent	Grouped	Not determined	Hymenoptera	2f
27	Copaifera depilis Dwyer	Leaf	Globoid	Abaxial	Brown	Absent	Isolated	Not determined	Hymenoptera	2g
28	Copaifera luetzelburgii Harms	Leaf	Cylindrical	Abaxial	Red/Brown	Present	Grouped	Not determined	Hymenoptera	2h
29	Copaifera luetzelburgii Harms	Leaf	Lenticular	Extralaminar	Brown	Present	Grouped	Not determined	Hymenoptera	2i
30	Copaifera luetzelburgii Harms	Leaf	Lenticular	Intralaminar	Green/Brown	Absent	Isolated	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera	2j
31	Mimosa sericantha Benth	Stem	Cylindrical	–	Green/Brown	Present	Grouped	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera	2k
32	Mimosa sericantha Benth	Leaf	Cylindrical	Adaxial	Green/Brown	Present	Grouped	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera	2l
33	Caliandra sp. Benth	Stem	Globoid	–	Green/Red/Brown	Present	Grouped	Hymenoptera	Lepidoptera	2m
34	Caliandra sp. Benth	Leaf	Fusiform	Both	Green	Absent	Grouped	Not determined	Lepidoptera	2n
35	Mimosa acutistipula Benth	Inflorescence	Cylindrical	–	Green	Absent	Grouped	Cecidomyiidae	Hymenoptera	2o
36	Fabaceae Lindl.	Leaf	Fusiform	–	Green	Present	Isolated	Not determined	–	2p
37	Bauhinia sp1 L.	Leaf	Globoid	Adaxial	Brown	Present	Grouped	Not determined	–	2q
38	Bauhinia sp2 L.	Stem	Fusiform	–	Brown	Absent	Grouped	Cecidomyiidae	–	2r
MALPIGHIACEAE
39	Diplopterys sp. A. Juss.	Leaf	Conical	Abaxial	Green	Absent	Grouped	Not determined	Hymenoptera/ Pseudoscorpiones	2s
40	Diplopterys sp. A. Juss.	Stem	Globoid	–	Green/Red	Absent	Grouped	Not determined	Hymenoptera	2t
41	Byrsonima sp. Rich	Leaf	Lenticular	Intralaminar	Green/Brown	Absent	Isolated	Not determined	–	3a
42	Malpighiaceae sp1 Juss	Leaf	Lenticular	Intralaminar	Green	Absent	Grouped	Not determined	–	3b
43	Malpighiaceae sp2 Juss	Leaf	Conical	Adaxial	Green	Present	Isolated	Not determined	–	3c
MALVACEAE
44	Malvaceae Juss	Leaf	Cylindrical	Adaxial	Green	Present	Grouped	Cecidomyiidae	–	3d
MYRTACEAE
45	Eugenia sp. L.	Stem	Cylindrical	Abaxial	Green	Present	Grouped	Cecidomyiidae	–	3e
46	Eugenia sp. L.	Leaf	Cylindrical	–	Green	Present	Grouped	Cecidomyiidae	–	3f
OCHNACEAE
47	Ouratea sp. Aubl.	Leaf	Lenticular	Intralaminar	Green/Brown	Absent	Grouped	Not determined	–	3g
VERBENACEAE
48	Verbenaceae J. St.–Hill	Leaf	Globoid	Adaxial	Green	Present	Isolated	Not determined	–	3h

Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP Departamento de Biologia Vegetal - Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP CP 6109, 13083-970 - Campinas/SP, Tel.: (+55 19) 3521-6166, Fax: (+55 19) 3521-6168 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
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[1] * Corresponding author: vallldeir@gmail.com