Echinodermata associated to rhodoliths from Seixas Beach, State of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil

This study presents the species of echinoderms found inside rhodolith branches from Seixas Beach, State of Paraíba, Brazil, during one year of rhodolith sampling. A total of 64 specimens were analyzed and identified into 12 species, belonging to 11 genera, eight families and three classes. Brief taxonomic descriptions, figures and ecological notes for recorded species are provided. Ophiuroidea and Holothuroidea were the most representative taxa. Biogenic structures are an important habitat for young specimens and some small species of Echinodermata. Some species complete their life cycle in these structures, while others spend part of their life in these substrates and may also migrate to other habitats. The work complements the knowledge of echinoderm biodiversity from Northeastern of Brazil and aims to support future projects of protection and sustainable management of this area.

Keywords:
Echinoderms; inventory; Brazilian coast

Authorship

Jessica Prata ^**Corresponding author: Jessica Prata, e-mail: jessie.prata@gmail.com

Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Cidade Universitária, Campus I, s/n, 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, BrazilUniversidade Federal da ParaíbaBrazilJoão Pessoa, PB, BrazilUniversidade Federal da Paraíba, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Cidade Universitária, Campus I, s/n, 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil

Dimitri Araujo Costa

Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Aplicadas e Educação, Campus IV, Rua da Mangueira s/n, 58297-000, Rio Tinto, PB, BrazilUniversidade Federal da ParaíbaBrazilRio Tinto, PB, BrazilUniversidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Aplicadas e Educação, Campus IV, Rua da Mangueira s/n, 58297-000, Rio Tinto, PB, Brazil

Cynthia Lara de Castro Manso

Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Laboratório de Invertebrados Marinhos, Departamento de Biociências, Itabaiana, SE, BrazilUniversidade Federal de SergipeBrazilItabaiana, SE, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Sergipe, Laboratório de Invertebrados Marinhos, Departamento de Biociências, Itabaiana, SE, Brazil

Maria Cristina Crispim

Martin Lindsey Christoffersen

*Corresponding author: Jessica Prata, e-mail: jessie.prata@gmail.com

Author Contributions J.P. contributed substantially in the conception and organization of the work, in the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of the data and in the writing of the manuscript. D.A.C. contributed in data acquisition, collection of specimens and drafting of the work. C.L.C.M. contributed to the analysis, and interpretation of data and in critical reviewing the paper, adding intellectual content. M.L.C. contributed in critically reviewing and adding intellectual content, being responsible for the English text; finally, M.C.C. contributed to critical review and the adding of intellectual content.

Conflicts of interest The authors declares that they have no conflict of interest related to the publication of this manuscript.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures

Figures (11)

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Figure 1
Study area with location of collecting points at Seixas Beach, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.

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Figure 2
Amphipholis squamata. a, dorsal view of the animal; b, ventral view of the animal; c, dorsal view of the disk; d, ventral view of the disk; e, detail of the jaws; f, dorsal view of the arm; g, ventral view of the arm. ADS, adoral shield; AS, arm spine; BS, bursal slit; CD, central dorsal scale; DAP, dorsal arm plate; IP, infradental papillae; LAP, lateral arm plate; OP, oral papillae; OS, oral shield; RS, radial shield; TS, tentacle scale; VAP, ventral arm plate. Scales: a-d, f, 1 mm; e, 0.5 mm. The arms are oriented from the distal to proximal region.

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Figure 3
Amphipholis januarii. a, dorsal view of the animal; b, ventral view of the animal; c, dorsal view of the disk; d, ventral view of the disk; e, detail of the jaws; f, dorsal view of the arm; g, ventral view of the arm; h, lateral view of the arm. ADS, adoral shield; AS, arm spine; BS, bursal slit; CD, central dorsal scale; D, distal region; DAP, dorsal arm plate; IP, infradental papillae; MP, madreporite; OP, oral papillae; OS, oral shield; P, proximal region; RS, radial shield; TS, tentacle scale; VAP, ventral arm plate. Scales: a-b, 10 mm; c-d, f-h, 2 mm; e, 1 mm.

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Figure 4
Microphiopholis gracilimna. a, dorsal view of the animal; b, ventral view of the animal; c, dorsal view of the disk; d, ventral view of the disk; e, detail of the jaws; f, dorsal view of the arm; g, ventral view of the arm; h, lateral view of the arm. ADS, adoral shield; AS, arm spine; BS, bursal slit; CD, central dorsal scale; D, dorsal region; DAP, dorsal arm plate; IP, infradental papillae; LAP, lateral arm plate; MP, madreporite; OP, oral papillae; OS, oral shield; P, proximal region; RS, radial shield; TS, tentacle scale; VAP, ventral arm plate. Scales: a-b, 5 mm; c, 1 mm; d-h, 2 mm.

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Figure 5
Ophiactis savignyi. a, dorsal view of the animal; b, ventral view of the animal; c, dorsal view of the disk; d, ventral view of the disk; e, detail of the jaws; f, dorsal view of the arm; g, ventral view of the arm. ADS, adoral shield; AP, apical papillae; AS, arm spine; BS, bursal slit; CD, central dorsal scale; D, dorsal region; DAP, dorsal arm plate; DS, dorsal scales; LAP, lateral arm plate; OP, oral papillae; OS, oral shield; P, proximal region; RS, radial shield; SP, spines of the disk; TS, tentacle scale; VAP, ventral arm plate. Scales: a-b, 5 mm; c-g, 1 mm.

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Figure 6
Ophiocomella ophiactoides. a, dorsal view of the animal; b, ventral view of the animal; c, dorsal view of the disk; d, ventral view of the disk; e, detail of the jaws; f, dorsal view of the arm, oriented from the distal to proximal region; g, ventral view of the arm, oriented from the proximal to the distal region. ADS, adoral shield; AP, apical papillae; AS, arm spine; BS, bursal slit; D, distal region; DAP, dorsal arm plate; LAP, lateral arm plate; MP, madreporite; OP, oral papillae; OS, oral shield; P, proximal region; RS, radial shield; SP, spines of the disk; TS, tentacle scale; VAP, ventral arm plate. Scales: a-b, d-f, 1 mm; c, g, 2 mm.

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Figure 7
Ophioderma apressa. a, dorsal view of the disk; b, dorsal view of the arm; c, ventral view of the disk; d, ventral view of the arm; e, detail of the jaws; f, lateral view of the arm. ADS, adoral shield; AS, arm spine; BS, bursal slit; D, dorsal region; DAP, dorsal arm plate; LAP, lateral arm plate; OP, oral papillae; OS, oral shield; P, proximal region; TS, tentacle scale; VAP, ventral arm plate. Scales: a, 10 mm; b, d, f, 2 mm; c, 5 mm; e, 1 mm.

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Figure 8
Echinometra lucunter. a, dorsal view of the animal; b, ventral view of the animal; Euthyonidiella occidentalis. c, dorsal view of the animal; d, rosette from tentacle; e, table from tentacles; f, rods from tentacle; g, tables from body wall; h, endplate from tube feet; i, rod from tube feet. Scales: a-b, 5 mm; c, 2 mm; d, f, 10 µm; e, g, i, 20 µm; h, 50 µm.

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Figure 9
Stolus cognatus. a, dorsal view of the animal; b, rosettes from tentacle; c, rods from tentacles; d, plates from body wall; e, supporting rod from tube feet; f, supporting plate from tube feet. Thyone pawsoni. g, dorsal view of the animal; h, tables from body wall; I, tables from tube feet. TE, tentacles; TF, tube feet. Scales: a, 2mm; b-c, 10 µm; d-e, 50 µm; f, h-i, 20 µm; g, 1 mm.

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Figure 10
Lissothuria braziliensis. a, dorsal view of the animal; b, lateral view of the animal, c, ventral view of the animal; d-e tables hourglass-shaped; f, endplate; g, scales from body wall; h, j, curved supporting rods from tube feet; i, with plane plates from tube feet. SC, large scales from dorsal side; TE, tentacles; TF, tube feet. Scales: a-c, 6 mm; d-e, h-j, 20 µm; f, 40 µm; g, 100 µm.

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Figure 11
Chiridota rotifera. a, dorsal view of the animal; b, wheel ossicles from body wall; c, rods from body wall. TE, tentacles; WT, warts or papillae formed by agglomeration of ossicles. Scales: 2 mm; b, 50 µm; c, 20 µm.

Figure 1 Study area with location of collecting points at Seixas Beach, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.

Figure 2 Amphipholis squamata. a, dorsal view of the animal; b, ventral view of the animal; c, dorsal view of the disk; d, ventral view of the disk; e, detail of the jaws; f, dorsal view of the arm; g, ventral view of the arm. ADS, adoral shield; AS, arm spine; BS, bursal slit; CD, central dorsal scale; DAP, dorsal arm plate; IP, infradental papillae; LAP, lateral arm plate; OP, oral papillae; OS, oral shield; RS, radial shield; TS, tentacle scale; VAP, ventral arm plate. Scales: a-d, f, 1 mm; e, 0.5 mm. The arms are oriented from the distal to proximal region.

Figure 3 Amphipholis januarii. a, dorsal view of the animal; b, ventral view of the animal; c, dorsal view of the disk; d, ventral view of the disk; e, detail of the jaws; f, dorsal view of the arm; g, ventral view of the arm; h, lateral view of the arm. ADS, adoral shield; AS, arm spine; BS, bursal slit; CD, central dorsal scale; D, distal region; DAP, dorsal arm plate; IP, infradental papillae; MP, madreporite; OP, oral papillae; OS, oral shield; P, proximal region; RS, radial shield; TS, tentacle scale; VAP, ventral arm plate. Scales: a-b, 10 mm; c-d, f-h, 2 mm; e, 1 mm.

Figure 4 Microphiopholis gracilimna. a, dorsal view of the animal; b, ventral view of the animal; c, dorsal view of the disk; d, ventral view of the disk; e, detail of the jaws; f, dorsal view of the arm; g, ventral view of the arm; h, lateral view of the arm. ADS, adoral shield; AS, arm spine; BS, bursal slit; CD, central dorsal scale; D, dorsal region; DAP, dorsal arm plate; IP, infradental papillae; LAP, lateral arm plate; MP, madreporite; OP, oral papillae; OS, oral shield; P, proximal region; RS, radial shield; TS, tentacle scale; VAP, ventral arm plate. Scales: a-b, 5 mm; c, 1 mm; d-h, 2 mm.

Figure 5 Ophiactis savignyi. a, dorsal view of the animal; b, ventral view of the animal; c, dorsal view of the disk; d, ventral view of the disk; e, detail of the jaws; f, dorsal view of the arm; g, ventral view of the arm. ADS, adoral shield; AP, apical papillae; AS, arm spine; BS, bursal slit; CD, central dorsal scale; D, dorsal region; DAP, dorsal arm plate; DS, dorsal scales; LAP, lateral arm plate; OP, oral papillae; OS, oral shield; P, proximal region; RS, radial shield; SP, spines of the disk; TS, tentacle scale; VAP, ventral arm plate. Scales: a-b, 5 mm; c-g, 1 mm.

Figure 6 Ophiocomella ophiactoides. a, dorsal view of the animal; b, ventral view of the animal; c, dorsal view of the disk; d, ventral view of the disk; e, detail of the jaws; f, dorsal view of the arm, oriented from the distal to proximal region; g, ventral view of the arm, oriented from the proximal to the distal region. ADS, adoral shield; AP, apical papillae; AS, arm spine; BS, bursal slit; D, distal region; DAP, dorsal arm plate; LAP, lateral arm plate; MP, madreporite; OP, oral papillae; OS, oral shield; P, proximal region; RS, radial shield; SP, spines of the disk; TS, tentacle scale; VAP, ventral arm plate. Scales: a-b, d-f, 1 mm; c, g, 2 mm.

Figure 7 Ophioderma apressa. a, dorsal view of the disk; b, dorsal view of the arm; c, ventral view of the disk; d, ventral view of the arm; e, detail of the jaws; f, lateral view of the arm. ADS, adoral shield; AS, arm spine; BS, bursal slit; D, dorsal region; DAP, dorsal arm plate; LAP, lateral arm plate; OP, oral papillae; OS, oral shield; P, proximal region; TS, tentacle scale; VAP, ventral arm plate. Scales: a, 10 mm; b, d, f, 2 mm; c, 5 mm; e, 1 mm.

Figure 8 Echinometra lucunter. a, dorsal view of the animal; b, ventral view of the animal; Euthyonidiella occidentalis. c, dorsal view of the animal; d, rosette from tentacle; e, table from tentacles; f, rods from tentacle; g, tables from body wall; h, endplate from tube feet; i, rod from tube feet. Scales: a-b, 5 mm; c, 2 mm; d, f, 10 µm; e, g, i, 20 µm; h, 50 µm.

Figure 9 Stolus cognatus. a, dorsal view of the animal; b, rosettes from tentacle; c, rods from tentacles; d, plates from body wall; e, supporting rod from tube feet; f, supporting plate from tube feet. Thyone pawsoni. g, dorsal view of the animal; h, tables from body wall; I, tables from tube feet. TE, tentacles; TF, tube feet. Scales: a, 2mm; b-c, 10 µm; d-e, 50 µm; f, h-i, 20 µm; g, 1 mm.

Figure 10 Lissothuria braziliensis. a, dorsal view of the animal; b, lateral view of the animal, c, ventral view of the animal; d-e tables hourglass-shaped; f, endplate; g, scales from body wall; h, j, curved supporting rods from tube feet; i, with plane plates from tube feet. SC, large scales from dorsal side; TE, tentacles; TF, tube feet. Scales: a-c, 6 mm; d-e, h-j, 20 µm; f, 40 µm; g, 100 µm.

Figure 11 Chiridota rotifera. a, dorsal view of the animal; b, wheel ossicles from body wall; c, rods from body wall. TE, tentacles; WT, warts or papillae formed by agglomeration of ossicles. Scales: 2 mm; b, 50 µm; c, 20 µm.

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Echinodermata associated to rhodoliths from Seixas Beach, State of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil

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[1] *Corresponding author: Jessica Prata, e-mail: jessie.prata@gmail.com