Effect of solvent polarity on extraction yield and antioxidant properties of phytochemicals from bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>) seeds

Nawaz, Haq; Shad, Muhammad Aslam; Rehman, Najiha; Andaleeb, Hina; Ullah, Najeeb

doi:10.1590/s2175-97902019000417129

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Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Article • Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 56 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902019000417129 copy

Effect of solvent polarity on extraction yield and antioxidant properties of phytochemicals from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The effect of solvent polarity on extraction yield and antioxidant properties of phytochemical compounds in bean seeds was studied. Seed flour of three varieties of bean was extracted in a series of organic solvents with increasing polarity (n-hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, acetone and water). Preliminary screening of phytochemicals showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthocyanins, terpenoids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid and reducing compounds in all extracts. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of results showed that extraction yield, phytochemical content and antioxidant properties were significantly influenced (p<0.05) by the polarity of extracting solvents. The regression analysis of data showed polarity-dependent second order polynomial variations in the extraction yield, phytochemical contents, antioxidant activity, reducing properties and free radical scavenging activity of each variety. Extraction in highly polar solvents resulted in high extract yield but low phenolic and flavonoid content as compared to non-polar ones. The polarity-dependent increase in total antioxidant activity and reducing properties indicates the extraction of strong antioxidant compounds in polar solvents. The study suggests the use of a combination of polar and nonpolar solvents to increase the extraction efficiency of phytochemicals with good antioxidant quality from the bean and other legume seeds.

Keywords:
Beans seeds/antioxidant properties; Phaseolus vulgaris/phytochemical composition; Regression analysis; Solvent polarity

Screening tests	White beans							Red kidney beans							Small common beans
Screening tests	HE^* * HE: Hexane extract (0), PeE: Petroleum ether extract (0.1), ChE: Chloroform extract (4.1), EaE: Ethyl acetate extract (4.4), EE: Ethanol extract (4.9), AE: Acetone extract (5.1), WE: Water extract (9.2). Values in parenthesis indicate the polarity of respective solvent in terms of its dipole moment (D).	PeE	ChE	EaE	EE	AE	WE	HE	PeE	ChE	EaE	EE	AE	WE	HE	PeE	ChE	EaE	EE	AE	WE
Tannins	+^ positive (+) and negative (-) signs indicate the presence and absence of phytochemical compounds respectively.	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Saponins	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Flavonoids	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Cardiac glycosides	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Anthocyanins	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Terpenoids	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Phlobatannins	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Anthraquinones	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Carotenoids	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Reducing Compounds	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Ascorbic acid	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+

Property	Variety	Regression equation	^* * R2: Regression coefficient. R²	Pred. R²	^ p-value show the significant difference between the extracts of a single bean variety in different solvents at the confidence level p<0.05 using Tukey's multiple range test. X: Solvent polarity, WB: white beans, RKB, red kidney beans, SCB: small common beans P-value
TEC (g⁄100g dry wt.)	WB	$TEC = 0.0792 X^{2} - 0.3221 X + 0.636$	0.9725	0.9725	0.00
	RKB	$TEC = 0.1367 X^{2} - 0.5489 X + 0691$	0.9921	0.9254	0.00
	SCB	$TEC = 0.0753 X^{2} - 0.2746 X + 0.612$	0.9225	0.9906	0.00
TPA (g⁄100g dry wt.)	WB	$TPA = 0.0007 X^{2} - 0.012 X + 0.0614$	0.8411	0.8356	0.00
	RKB	$TPA = 0.011 X^{2} - 0.0153 X + 0.0612$	0.934	0.9205	0.00
	SCB	$TPA = 0.0007 X^{2} - 0.0139 X + 0.0815$	0.7118	0.7067	0.00
TF (g⁄100g dry wt.)	WB	$TF = 0.0004 X^{2} - 0.007 X + 0.0347$	0.5455	0.8655	0.62
	RKB	$TF = 0.001 X^{2} - 0.0013 X + 0.0487$	0.5563	0.543	0.00
	SCB	$TF = 0.0003 X^{2} - 0.0093 X + 0.068$	0.8672	0.546	0.00
TETAOA (g⁄100g dry wt.)	WB	$TETAOA = 0.0307 X^{2} - 0.1785 X + 0.494$	0.8889	0.8768	0.00
	RKB	$TETAOA = 0.0573 X^{2} - 0.3006 X + 0.426$	0.9813	0.9761	0.00
	SCB	$TETAOA = 0.0384 X^{2} - 0.2493 X + 0.609$	0.9333	0.924	0.00
IRC (Abs.at 700 nm)	WB	$IRC = 0.0058 X^{2} - 0.0053 X + 0.3084$	0.5965	0.5978	0.47
	RKB	$IRC = 0.0054 X^{2} - 0.0074 X + 0.287$	0.6494	0.7042	0.00
	SCB	$IRC = 0.0069 X^{2} - 0.014 X + 0.2619$	0.7055	0.6539	0.00
LARC (%)	WB	$LARC = 0.3391 X^{2} - 0.9829 X + 20.256$	0.8577	0.8654	0.00
	RKB	$LARC = 0.2622 X^{2} - 0.4199 X + 22.77$	0.827	0.8509	0.00
	SCB	$LARC = 0.3925 X^{2} - 0.951 X + 22.927$	0.8449	0.8318	0.00
HRSC (%)	WB	$HRSC = 0.2181 X^{2} - 7.1778 X + 74.11$	0.7899	0.7879	0.00
	RKB	$HRSC = 0.5616 X^{2} - 0.1202 X + 35.485$	0.974	0.9726	0.00
	SCB	$HRSC = 0.2933 X^{2} - 3.1876 X + 38.468$	0.8362	0.7207	0.00
DPPH RSC (%)	WB	$DPPH RSC = - 0.4458 X^{2} + 3.808 X + 20.571$	0.5637	0.5669	0.00
	RKB	$DPPH RSC = - 0.6702 X^{2} + 5.9405 X + 21.505$	0.5745	0.5806	0.00
	SCB	$DPPH RSC = - 0.6731 X^{2} + 6.4319 X + 18.884$	0.5219	0.5168	0.02

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, n. 580, 05508-000 S. Paulo/SP Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 3091-3824 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: bjps@usp.br

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[1] *Correspondence: H. Nawaz. Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan-60800, Pakistan. Tel: 092-061-9210391. Email: haqnawaz@bzu.edu.pk