Selective Separation and Preconcentration of Caffeine from Natural and Pharmaceutical Products using New Polyurethane Foams

Ali, Samah; Azeem, Sami M. Abdel; Naqvi, Arshi; El-Shahat, Mohamed F.; Mohamed, Amr

doi:10.1590/s2175-97902022e20175

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Article • Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 58 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902022e20175 copy

Selective Separation and Preconcentration of Caffeine from Natural and Pharmaceutical Products using New Polyurethane Foams

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Two polyurethane foam-based sorbents (PUF) were synthesized by imprinting and grafting techniques and examined for selective separation and preconcentration of caffeine (CAF) in some pharmaceutical products and in black tea. Molecularly imprinted PUF was synthesized based on hydrogen-bonding interactions between CAF and alizarin yellow G (AYG) and subsequent polymerization into PUF. The static experiments indicated optimum sorption conditions at pH=6.5 and 5.5 for imprinted PUF (AY-IPUF) and grafted PUF (AY-GPUF), respectively. In the online experiments, the suitable preconcentration time was found to be 40 and 20s for (AY-IPUF) and (AY-GPUF), respectively, at a flow rate of 1.75 mL.min^-1. Desorption of CAF has been affected by passing 500 μL of 0.05, 0.01 mol.L⁻¹ HCl eluent onto (AY-IPUF) and (AY-GPUF), respectively. The online methods have provided satisfactory enrichment factors of 8.4 and 10.5 for (AY-IPUF) and (AY-GPUF), respectively. The time consumed for preconcentartion, elution and determination steps was 1.48 and 1.05 min, thus, the throughput was 42 and 57 h^-1, for (AY-IPUF) and (AY-GPUF), respectively. The developed sorbents were studied for the determination of CAF in pharmaceutical samples which will be helpful to minimize caffeinism. Finally, in silico bioactivity, ADMET and drug-likeness predictive computational studies of caffeine were also carried out.

Keywords:
Polyurethane foam (PUF); Alizarin yellow G; Caffeine separation; Adsorption isotherms; in silico screening

Foam Type	Capacity	Langmiur Isotherm			Freundlich Isotherm
Foam Type	Q (mg.g^-1)	q_m (mg.g^-1)	b (L.mg^-1)	R²	K_F	n	R²
AY-GPUF	6.5	7.75	0.006	0.990	0.131	1.61	0.981
AY-IPUF	1.4	4.2	0.006	0.101	0.049	1.29	0.875

Foreign Substance	Tolerance level, (mg.L^-1)	Recovery (%)
Foreign Substance	Tolerance level, (mg.L^-1)	AY-IPUF	AY-GPUF
Urea	600	99	100
Starch	3422	104	109.8
Glycine	>750	100	100
Serine	1050	100	100
Glutamine	1460	100	100
Histidine	200	97	100
Phenyl alanine	>1668	100	98
NaCl	850	100	100
Citrate	2940	99	100
Arginine	1742	100	100
CaCl₂	1100	99	100

Parameter	AY-IPUF	AY-GPUF
pH range	6-8	4-6
Enrichment factor	8.4	10.5
Precision (RSD, n=5) (%)	0.28	1.24
Regression equation	y = 0.005х + 0.015	y = 0.005х - 0.017
Correlation Coefficient	0.982	0.993
Detection limit(µg.mL^-1)	2.26	0.98
Quantification limit (µg.mL^-1)	7.54	3.25

Sorbent	Taken (mg)	Found (mg)	Recovery (%)	RSD (%)
AY-GPUF	0.50	0.49	98.0	1.20
	3.00	3.13	104	7.40
	10.0	9.97	99.7	7.30
AY-IPUF	0.50	0.51	102	1.40
	3.00	2.98	99.0	0.10
	5.00	4.99	99.0	0.05

Material	AY-IPUF		AY-GPUF
Material	mean(mg)±SD	RSD (%)	mean(mg)±SD	RSD (%)
Tea	6.90 ± 0.0023	0.33	6.72 ± 0.0017	0.257

Sorbent	Reported (mg)	Found^* (mg)	Recovery (%)	RSD (%)
AY-GPUF	3.00	3.02	100.8	0.90
AY-IPUF	2.50	2.72	108.8	0.40

Extracting Substance	Technique	Capacity (mg.g-1)	Detection limit (µg.mL^-1)	EF^a	Analytical range, (µg.mL^-1)	Ref.
AY-GPUF	On-line/Off-line SPE	6.5	0.98	10.5	1.0-80.0	This work
AY-IPUF	On-line/Off-line SPE	1.4	2.26	8.4	1.0-80.0	This work
Untreated-PUF	Off-line SPE	4.1	0.016	-	0.05-30	Azeem, S. et al., 2011Azeem SMA, Ali S, El-Shahat MF. Sorption characteristics of caffeine onto untreated polyurethane foam: application to its determination in human plasma. Anal Sci. 2011;27(11):1133.
MWCNTs^b	Off-line SPE	-	0.3 µg.L^-1		0.0011-9.7	Talio et al., 2014Talio MC, Acosta MG, Alesso M, Luconi MO, Fernández LP. Quantification of caffeine in dietary supplements and energy drinks by solid-surface fluorescence using a pre-concentration step on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and Rhodamine B. Food Addit Contam Part A. 2014;31(8):1367-74.
HCLPS^c	Off-line SPE	1.26 mmol.g^-1	0.6	-	1.8-9.5	Andreeva et al., 2010Andreeva E, Dmitrienko S, Zolotov Y. Sorption of caffeine and theophylline on hypercrosslinked polystyrene. Moscow Univ Chem Bull. 2010;65:38-41.
DCM^d	HLLME^e/GS	-	0.05	11	0.16-50	Amini et al., 2018Amini T, Hashemi P. Preconcentration and GC-MS determination of caffeine in tea and coffee using homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction based on solvents volume ratio alteration. J Chromatogr B. 2018;1092:252-7.

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, n. 580, 05508-000 S. Paulo/SP Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 3091-3824 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: bjps@usp.br

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[1] *Correspondence: A. Mohamed. Department of Chemistry. College of Science. Taibah University. Universities Road. 41411-Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia. Phone: +966508871818. E-mail: addeck@ taibahu.edu.sa.