| Laing, DG; Wilkes, FJ; Underwood, N; Tran, L11
|
Medicine |
2011 |
Australia |
432 Aboriginal (166) and non-Aboriginal (266) children from public
schools: 186 boys and 246 girls |
8–12 years |
To determine the level of existing taste disorders in Aboriginal and
non-Aboriginal children, matched for age and gender and living in the
same social and educational environment |
Five increasing concentrations of sweet, salty, sour and bitter tastes,
and corresponding chemical substances (sucrose, sodium chloride, citric
acid and quinine hydrochloride); five samples of water; mouth rinsing
with water provided at every offered taste; 20–30 s between tastes;
representative figures; classification of taste disorder (three errors in
five solutions of each taste) |
41 children with disorders of taste; higher prevalence in Aboriginal
children and in girls; greater difficulty in sweet taste, followed by
bitter, sour, and salty tastes |
| Shin, IH; Park, DC; Kwon, C; Yes, SG12
|
Medicine (Otorrhinolaryn-gology) |
2011 |
South Korea |
42 children (24 boys and 18 girls) with chronic otitis media with
effusion and 42 control children matched for gender and age |
3–7 years |
To evaluate the changes in taste thresholds in children with chronic
otitis media with effusion and to correlate with body mass index |
Electrogustometer; record the minimum voltage with gustatory detection.
Chemical test of the taste; application throughout the oral cavity; four
concentrations for taste (sweet-sucrose, sour-citric acid, salty-sodium
chloride, and bitter-quinine hydrochloride); threshold set by the minimum
concentration identified by taste |
Average of taste thresholds in electrogustometry significantly higher in
the left and right sides of the tongue in subjects. Chemical taste test,
with medium thresholds to sweet and salty tastes significantly higher in
the study group; chronic otitis media with effusion can cause changes in
taste, and this may be related to pediatric obesity |
| Knof, K; Lanfer, A; Bildstein, MO; Buchecker, K; Hilz,
H17
|
Food Technology |
2011 |
Germany |
191 children (54% boys and 46% girls) from North of Germany |
3–10 years |
To present a new model for evaluation of taste sensitivity and
preference in children |
Non-quantitative test of taste preference and sensitivity test. Five
concentrations, in ascending order, of sweet, sour, salty, and bitter
tastes presented in small cups with a volume of 20 ml; the indication of
presence or absence of a taste, and preference should be requested;
duration of 15 min; distilled water offered between each taste test;
chemical agents used: sucrose, monosodium glutamate, sodium chloride, and
caffeine |
Possibility of evaluation of the sensitivity of, and preference in,
taste in young children, provided that the procedure applied is adapted
to this population |
| Furquim, TRD; Poli-Frederico, RC; Maciel, SM; Gonini-Júnior, A; Walter,
LRF6
|
Odontology |
2010 |
Brazil |
181 children from rural and urban areas of Londrina (106 girls and 75
boys) |
Children who have completed 12 years by the end of 2005 |
To evaluate if the sensitivity to bitter taste and the perception of
sweet taste have an influence on dental caries in urban and rural
areas |
Method of “whole mouth” described by Nilsson and Holm (1983) for sweet
taste; drip method (simplified) described by Harris and Kalmus (1949) for
bitter taste; in both, increasing serial concentrations of sweet
(sucrose) and bitter (phenylthiocarbamide) solutions applied repeatedly;
an initial familiarization with solutions; mouth rinsing at every tasting
procedure; the first concentration perceived of the exposed taste should
be recorded |
Statistically significant higher value in sensitivity, only for bitter
taste in students from rural areas, compared to students from urban
areas; females with higher scores of gustatory sensation; statistically
significant association between the presence of dental caries and the
greater perception of sweet taste, both in urban and rural areas; greater
severity of dental caries among children with less sensitivity to bitter
taste, with a statistically significant association only in children of
the urban area |
| Baik, J; Lee, H14
|
Nutrition |
2009 |
South Korea |
407 children (199 boys and 208 girls) recruited, but 91 students from
five elementary schools located in a rural area of Kyeonggi Province,
South Korea, were included in the study analysis |
6–9 years |
To compare the physical growth, taste acuity, food behaviors, and
preferences among groups, divided by level of presence of residual
plaque |
The acuity of sweet (sucrose) and salty (sodium chloride) tastes
punctuated by the minimum detection threshold of solutions; Previous
guidance given to participants. Six concentrations of each taste provided
in ascending order; exposure to the solution with the taste and to two
other samples with water, asking to identify the taste solution |
Detection for the solution of sodium chloride and sucrose in 5.13 and
6.61 mmol/L, respectively; the presence of residual dental plate does not
seem to result in a lower acuity of taste |
| Armstrong, JE; Hutchinson, I; Laing, DG et al.13
|
Medicine |
2007 |
Australia |
34 children (13 boys and 21 girls) recruited from a local school |
6–9 years |
To determine whether facial electromyography can provide reliable
answers about different smell and taste stimuli and whether, through the
use of electromyography, it is possible to discriminate olfactory and
gustatory stimuli as pleasant or unpleasant |
Eight concentrations of two tastes (pleasant – sweet/sucrose – and
unpleasant – bitter/quinine hydrochloride); facial control of the
activity of zygomatic muscles and levator labii by EMG; mouth rinsing
with water between each taste test; inclusion of two distractor tastes
(citric acid – sour, and sodium chloride – salty) |
Over 90% zygomatic muscle response to eight offered tastes; 97.1% for
bitter taste and 100% for sweet taste. For levator labii muscle, 67.6% of
responses to sweet taste and 90% to bitter taste. Electromyographic
activity in both muscles chosen allowed the assessment of discrimination
among pleasant and unpleasant tastes and odors, indicating that the
children perceived the hedonic qualities of the stimuli, suggesting that
the facial expression measured by electromyography can provide objective
data, adequate to the evaluation of smell and taste senses in
children |
| Rogers, SJ; Hepburn, S; Wehner, E18
|
Psychiatry |
2003 |
USA |
102 children divided into four groups: classic autism
(n = 26), fragile X syndrome (n =
20), developmental delay of unknown etiology (n = 32),
and children with typical development (n = 24) |
1–4 years |
To assess the presence of sensory symptoms in autistic children, related
to parents’ reports, intellectual ability, age, severity of autism, and
specific symptoms and maladaptive behaviors |
Short Sensory Profile (questionnaire with scores, in which parents of
children score on the sensory profile of their children with regard to
tactile, gustatory and olfactory, visual, auditory, and motion
sensibility). Scale of 0–4; the greater the number, the greater the
involvement |
Significant differences in taste and smell sensitivity between groups
compared by mental and chronological age were detected. However, children
with autism showed a more abnormal sensitivity to smell and taste when
compared to children from other groups |
| Vissera, J; Kroezeb, JHA; Kampsa, WA; Bijleveld, CMA16
|
Psychology |
2000 |
Netherlands |
45 children (25 boys and 20 girls) from primary schools |
3–6 years |
To develop an evaluation test of taste to the child population, by
studying the perception of taste in young children |
Thirteen concentrations of sweet taste and 13 of bitter taste tested in
isolated rooms with a child's story contextualizing the moment. Detection
thresholds for sucrose and urea measured during the increasing
presentation of the concentrations, and aversion to urea hedonistically
evaluated with the aid of drawings of facial expressions. Three solutions
(two with distilled water and the other with the taste solution)
presented. Mouth rinsing with water at every tasting |
All children understood the task, performing it on the first and second
times with stabilizing responses. Only on the third time did the scores
related to bitter taste test decrease, probably due to the degree of
distraction of children, demonstrating that it is possible to study the
perception of taste in very young children, if the age is taken into
account in the development of the test. Valid data can be obtained if the
procedures are of short duration, easy to understand, and intrinsically
motivating |
| Buzina, R; Jusic, M; Sapunar, J; Milanovic, N15
|
Nutrition |
1980 |
Yugoslavia |
110 children (78 boys and 32 girls) |
9–12 years |
To investigate whether the nutritional status of zinc is associated with
functional disorders, such as physical development, anorexia, and
hypogeusia |
“Taste acuity kit,” prepared for the study according to Henkin (1969,
1971). Recognition and detection threshold measured during the
presentation and selection of the four tastes - sodium chloride (salty),
sucrose (sweet), urea (bitter), and hydrochloric acid (sour).
Presentation of sequences of three drops of solutions on the surface of
the tongue (two drops of water + one drop of solute dissolved in water).
13 different solutions. For every taste, 3 concentrations. Results
obtained by detection and recognition threshold (lowest concentration
perceived and discriminated by the child). Hypogeusia considered, with
failure in the detection or recognition of three concentrations of the
same taste |
The results showed that the occurrence of moderate to severe degree
hypogeusia was statistically significant, when associated with reduced
zinc content of hair. Children with moderate to severe hypogeusia
belonged to the most malnourished group in the studied population |
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