Resveratrol
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Sun et al. 2019 3636. Sun J, Zhou Y, Su Y, Li S, Dong J, He Q, et al. Resveratrol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticle supplementation ameliorates physical fatigue by improving mitochondrial quality control. Crystals 2019; 9: 559, doi: 10.3390/cryst9110559. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9110559...
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C57BL/6J mice |
SLN |
Running training, 120 min/day, for 8 weeks + 25 mg/kg administered 1 h before exercise, 6 days/week, for 8 weeks |
Time to exhaustion running test |
No effect. However, only nanocompound presented changes compared to the control (see right column). |
↑ Running distance; ↓ Respiratory exchange ratio during low-moderate intensity exercise; ↑ Mitochondrial biogenesis and elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria; ↑ Mitochondrial function. |
Qin et al. 2020 3737. Qin L, Lu T, Qin Y, He Y, Cui N, Du A, et al. In vivo effect of resveratrol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles to relieve physical fatigue for sports nutrition supplements. Molecules 2020; 25: 5302, doi: 10.3390/molecules25225302. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules2522530...
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C57BL/6J mice |
SLN |
Running training, 120 min/day, for 4 weeks + 150 mg/kg ingested once daily, 6 days/week, for 8 weeks |
Time to exhaustion running test |
No effect. However, only nanocompound presented changes compared to the placebo (see right column). |
↑ Time to exhaustion and running distance; ↓ Lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress; ↓ Levels of malondialdehyde and lipid peroxidation; ↑ Levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase; ↑ Muscular fiber integrity (presence of normal fiber shape); ↓ Inflammatory infiltration, edema, and myonecrosis. |
Yen et al. 2017 1414. Yen CC, Chang CW, Hsu MC, Wu YT. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for resveratrol: enhanced oral bioavailability and reduced physical fatigue in rats. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18: 1853, doi: 10.3390/ijms18091853. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18091853...
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Sprague-Dawley rats |
SNEEDS |
50 mg/kg administered 6 h before exercise |
Time to exhaustion swimming test (load of 15% of body weight) |
↑ Mean maximum concentration of resveratrol; ↑ Oral resveratrol bioavailability; ↑ Time to exhaustion. |
↑ Time to exhaustion; ↓ Serum ammonia; ↑ Plasma glucose; ↑ Lactate clearance during exercise. |
Iron
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Xu et al. 2014 3838. Xu Z, Liu S, Wang H, Gao G, Yu P, Chang Y. Encapsulation of iron in liposomes significantly improved the efficiency of iron supplementation in strenuously exercised rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 162: 181-188, doi: 10.1007/s12011-014-0143-0. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-014-0143-...
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Wistar rats |
LIP |
High intensity running training for 4 weeks to induce anemia. After anemia was confirmed, 2 more weeks of training receiving ferric ammonium citrate liposomes or heme iron liposomes at 5 mg iron/100 g body weight |
No measurement of performance |
↑ Serum iron; ↑ Red blood cells, hematocrit, and hemoglobin; ↑ Liver iron content and superoxide dismutase in heme iron liposomes vs free heme iron; ↑ Serum and liver superoxide dismutase in ferric ammonium citrate liposomes vs free ferric ammonium citrate; ↓ Serum and liver malondialdehyde superoxide dismutase in heme iron liposomes vs free heme iron. |
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Nitroxide radicals
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Toriumi et al. 2021 1919. Toriumi T, Kim A, Komine S, Miura I, Nagayama S, Ohmori H, et al. An antioxidant nanoparticle enhances exercise performance in rat high-intensity running models. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10: e2100067, doi: 10.1002/adhm.202100067. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202100067...
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Fischer 344 rats |
RNP |
Subcutaneous infusion of redox-active nanoparticles (from 200 to 400 mg/kg) before exercise |
Time to exhaustion running test at maximal aerobic velocity |
↓ Time to exhaustion in low molecular weight free antioxidant supplementation; Presence of mitochondria damage in low molecular weight free antioxidant supplementation. |
↑ Time to exhaustion in a dose-dependent manner; ↓ Hemolysis; ↓ Exercise-induced reduction in red blood cells and increase in plasma free iron; ↓ Oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle; ↓ Markers of muscle damage in the blood. |
Folic acid
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Qin et al. 2014 8181. Qin L, Wang W, You S, Dong J, Zhou Y, Wang J. In vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo antifatigue effect of layered double hydroxide nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for folic acid. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9: 5701-5710, doi: 10.2147/IJN.S74306. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S74306...
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Kunming mice |
LDH |
5 mg/kg for 28 days |
Time to exhaustion swimming test (load of 10% of body weight) |
Tendency to prolong the time to exhaustion, increase muscle and hepatic glycogen levels, and reduce blood urea nitrogen and lactic acid (non-significant). |
↑ Time to exhaustion; ↑ Muscle and hepatic glycogen levels; ↓ Blood urea nitrogen and blood lactic acid. |