Moniliophthora roreri and Trichoderma harzianum
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Phytopathogen-endophyte |
T39 butenolide, harzianolide, sorbicillinol |
Production of the described compounds was dependent on the phytopathogen presence and was spatially localized in the interaction zone. |
6161 Tata A, Perez C, Campos ML, Bayfield MA, Eberlin MN, Ifa DR. Imprint desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging for monitoring secondary metabolites production during antagonistic interaction of fungi. Anal Chem. 2015;87:12298-12304.
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Trichoderma atroviride and Arabidopsis sp. |
Endophyte-plant |
Indole-acetic acid-related indoles |
Colonization of plant roots by endophyte promotes growth and enhances systemic disease resistance in the plant. |
7171 Salas-Marina MA, Silva-Flores MA, Uresti-Rivera EE, Castro-Longoria E, Herrera-Estrella A, Casas-Flores S. Colonization of Arabidopsis roots by Trichoderma atroviride promotes growth and enhances systemic disease resistance through jasmonic acid/ethylene and salicylic acid pathways. Eur J Plant Pathol. 2011;131:15-26.
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Xylella fastidiosa and Methylobacterium mesophilicum
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Phytopathogen-endophyte |
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Genes related to growth were down-regulated while genes related to energy production, stress, transport, and motility were up-regulated in the phytopathogen. |
7474 Dourado MN, Santos DS, Nunes LR, Costa de Oliveira RL, de Oliveira MV, Araujo WL. Differential gene expression in Xylella fastidiosa 9a5c during co-cultivation with the endophytic bacterium Methylobacterium mesophilicum SR1.6/6. J Basic Microbiol. 2015;55:1357-1366.
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Burkholderia gladioli, B. seminalis and orchid |
Phytopathogen-endophyte-plant |
Extracellular polysaccharides; altering hormone metabolism (suggested) |
The endophyte strain probably interacts with the plant by using extracellular polysaccharides and by altering hormone metabolism, as was suggested by genomic analysis. |
7575 Araujo WL, Creason AL, Mano ET, et al. Genome sequencing and transposon mutagenesis of Burkholderia seminalis TC3.4.2R3 identify genes contributing to suppression of orchid necrosis caused by B. gladioli. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2016;29:435-446.
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Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens and Aeschynomene afraspera
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Symbiont-plant |
C35 hopanoids |
C35 hopanoid are essential for symbiose and are related to evasion of plant defense, utilization of host photosynthates, and nitrogen fixation. |
8686 Kulkarni G, Busset N, Molinaro A, et al. Specific hopanoid classes differentially affect free-living and symbiotic states of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens. MBio. 2015;6:e01251-e01315.
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Stachybotrys elegans and Rhizoctonia solani
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Mycoparasite-host |
Trichothecenes and atranones |
The mycotoxins produced by the mycoparasite induced alterations in R. solani metabolism, growth, and development. The biosynthesis of many antimicrobial compounds by R. solani were down regulated. |
1717 Chamoun R, Aliferis KA, Jabaji S. Identification of signatory secondary metabolites during mycoparasitism of Rhizoctonia solani by Stachybotrys elegans. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:353.
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Streptomyces coelicolor and other actinomycetes |
Microbial community |
Prodiginines, actinorhodins, coelichelins, acyl-desferrioxamines, and many unknown compounds |
Most of the compounds produced in each interaction were unique; the study revealed 227 compounds differentially produced in the interactions. |
9292 Traxler MF, Watrous JD, Alexandrov T, Dorrestein PC, Kolter R. Interspecies interactions stimulate diversification of the Streptomyces coelicolor secreted metabolome. MBio. 2013;4.
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Aspergillus nidulans and Streptomyces rapamycinicus
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Microbial community |
Aromatic polyketides |
An intimate physical interaction between the microorganisms leaded to the activation of fungal secondary metabolite genes which were otherwise silent. The actinomycete triggered alterations in fungal histone acetylation. |
1414 Schroeckh V, Scherlach K, Nutzmann HW, et al. Intimate bacterial-fungal interaction triggers biosynthesis of archetypal polyketides in Aspergillus nidulans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:14558-14563.
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9393 Nutzmann HW, Reyes-Dominguez Y, Scherlach K, et al. Bacteria-induced natural product formation in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans requires Saga/Ada-mediated histone acetylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108:14282-14287.
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Pseudomonas species |
Microbial community |
Pyoverdines (siderophore) |
Pyoverdines are essential to infection and biofilm formation and have been reported to act as signaling molecules triggering a cascade that results in the production of several virulence factors. |
9595 Visca P, Imperi F, Lamont IL. Pyoverdine siderophores: from biogenesis to biosignificance. Trends Microbiol. 2007;15:22-30.
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9696 Lamont IL, Beare PA, Ochsner U, Vasil AI, Vasil ML. Siderophore-mediated signaling regulates virulence factor production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:7072-7077.
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Vibrio sp. and diverse marine bacteria strains |
Microbial community |
Exogenous siderophores, such as N,N′-bis (2,3 dihydroxybenzoyl)-O-serylserine |
Many marine bacteria strains were reported to produce siderophores and iron-regulated outer membrane proteins only in the presence of exogenous siderophores produced by other species. |
9797 Guan LL, Kanoh K, Kamino K. Effect of exogenous siderophores on iron uptake activity of marine bacteria under iron-limited conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001;67:1710-1717.
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Burkholderia spp., Rhizopus spp. and rice |
Symbiont-phytopathogen-plant |
Rhizoxin, bongkrekic acid, and enacyloxins |
The fungus is not capable of formating spores in the absence of the endosymbiont. The endosymbiont is responsible for the production of the phytotoxin rhizoxin, the causal agent of rice seedling blight. The fungus induces the growth of the endosymbiont. |
9898 Partida-Martinez LP, Hertweck C. Pathogenic fungus harbours endosymbiotic bacteria for toxin production. Nature. 2005;437:884-888.
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9999 Partida-Martinez LP, Monajembashi S, Greulich KO, Hertweck C. Endosymbiont-dependent host reproduction maintains bacterial-fungal mutualism. Curr Biol. 2007;17:773-777.
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101101 Ross C, Opel V, Scherlach K, Hertweck C. Biosynthesis of antifungal and antibacterial polyketides by Burkholderia gladioli in coculture with Rhizopus microsporus. Mycoses. 2014;57:48-55.
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Vibrio fischeri and fishes or squids |
Symbiont-fish |
Quorum sensing |
In the symbiotic association with fishes and squids the autoinducer molecule reaches a threshold and luminescence genes are activated. |
9191 McCormick SP, Stanley AM, Stover NA, Alexander NJ. Trichothecenes: from simple to complex mycotoxins. Toxins. 2011;3:802-814.
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9292 Traxler MF, Watrous JD, Alexandrov T, Dorrestein PC, Kolter R. Interspecies interactions stimulate diversification of the Streptomyces coelicolor secreted metabolome. MBio. 2013;4.
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Rhizobium leguminosarum and plant |
Symbiont-plant |
Quorum sensing |
The quorum sensing system in these bacteria is related to different functions: nodulation efficiency, growth inhibition, nitrogen fixation and plasmid transfer. |
111111 Boyer M, Wisniewski-Dye F. Cell-cell signalling in bacteria: not simply a matter of quorum. Fems Microbiol Ecol. 2009;70:1-19.
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Xanthomonas or Xylella and grapevines or citrus |
Pathogen-host |
Quorum sensing |
Quorum sensing signaling molecules control the expression of virulence factor as well as biofilm formation. |
104104 Danhorn T, Fuqua C. Biofilm formation by plant-associated bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2007;61:401-422.
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Pantoea stewartii and Zea mays
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Pathogen-host |
Quorum sensing |
QS mutants of P. stewartii were not able to disperse and migrate in the vasculature, consequently decreasing the disease. |
114114 Koutsoudis MD, Tsaltas D, Minogue TD, von Bodman SB. Quorum-sensing regulation governs bacterial adhesion, biofilm development, and host colonization in Pantoea stewartii subspecies stewartii. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:5983-5988.
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Pseudomonas syringae and tabacco and bean
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Phytopathogen-plant |
Quorum sensing |
QS system allows this bacterium to control motility and exopolysaccharide synthesis essential on biofilm formation and leaves colonization. |
115115 Quinones B, Dulla G, Lindow SE. Quorum sensing regulates exopolysaccharide production, motility, and virulence in Pseudomonas syringae. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2005;18:682-693.
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Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Microbial community |
Quorum sensing |
P. aeruginosa QS system may block the yeast-to-hypha transition or activates the hypha-to-yeast reversion of C. albicans. Farnesol produced by C. albicans downregulate the QS system of P. aeruginosa. |
123123 De Sordi L, Muhlschlegel FA. Quorum sensing and fungal-bacterial interactions in Candida albicans: a communicative network regulating microbial coexistence and virulence. FEMS Yeast Res. 2009;9:990-999.
124 Hogan DA, Kolter R. Pseudomonas-Candida interactions: an ecological role for virulence factors. Science. 2002;296:2229-2232.
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125125 Cugini C, Calfee MW, Farrow JM, Morales DK, Pesci EC, Hogan DA. Farnesol, a common sesquiterpene, inhibits PQS production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol Microbiol. 2007;65:896-906.
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