CULTIVATION OF <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> IN MEDIUM SUPPLEMENTED WITH DESALINATION CONCENTRATE GROWN IN A PILOT-SCALE OPEN RACEWAY

Matos, Â. P.; Ferreira, W. B.; Morioka, L. R. I.; Moecke, E. H. S.; França, K. B.; Sant’Anna, E. S.

doi:10.1590/0104-6632.20180354s20170338

Â. P. Matos Corresponding author: E-mail address: angelosotam@gmail.com (AP Matos)

Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Av. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Itacorubi, 88034-001, Florianópolis - SC, Brazil

Laboratory of Reference in Desalination, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Aprígio Veloso, Bodocongó, 58109-970, Campina Grande – PB, Brazil

W. B. Ferreira

Department of Environmental Engineering, State University of Paraíba, Rua Baraúnas 351, 58429-500, Campina Grande – PB, Brazil

L. R. I. Morioka

Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Av. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Itacorubi, 88034-001, Florianópolis - SC, Brazil

E. H. S. Moecke

Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Av. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Itacorubi, 88034-001, Florianópolis - SC, Brazil

Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Southern University of Santa Catarina, Av. Pedra Branca, Unidade Pedra Branca, 88137-270, Palhoça – SC, Brazil

K. B. França

Laboratory of Reference in Desalination, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Aprígio Veloso, Bodocongó, 58109-970, Campina Grande – PB, Brazil

E. S. Sant’Anna

Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Av. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Itacorubi, 88034-001, Florianópolis - SC, Brazil

Corresponding author: E-mail address: angelosotam@gmail.com (AP Matos)

Parameters	Groundwater	DC
pH	7.3 ± 0.5	8.1 ± 0.4
Electrical conductivity (EC, mS cm^-1)	3.0 ± 0.8	5.6 ± 0.5
Langelier Saturation Index (LSI)	0.08	1.35
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS (mg L^-1)	1823.8 ± 94	3410.0 ± 126
Cl (mg L^-1)	720.7 ± 35	1418.2 ± 96
Na (mg L^-1)	464.0 ± 66	723.8 ± 98
CaCO3 (mg L^-1)	506.5 ± 97	1080.0 ± 125
Ca (mg L^-1)	74.0 ± 10	145.0 ± 23
Mg (mg L^-1)	77.2 ± 21	172.2 ± 14
SiO₂ (mg L^-1)	48.2 ± 11	82.4 ± 24
SO42- (mg L^-1)	15.6 ± 0.6	102.1 ± 12
K (mg L^-1)	7.0 ± 2	15.0 ± 5
NO3- - N (mg L^-1)	8.2 ± 0.1	15.4 ± 0.1
NH4+ (mg L^-1)	0.59 ± 0.3	1.35 ± 0.8
PO43- - P (mg L^-1)	0.20 ± 0.1	0.80 ± 0.3
Fe (mg L^-1)	0.05 ± 0.1	0.08 ± 0.1

Water quality variable	BBM	BBM + DC
Temperature (°C)	22.0-32.3^a	23.0-33.1^a
DO (mg L^-1)	12.50 ±1.0^a	10.15 ± 0.5^a
pH	8.10-9.20^a	8.12-9.60^a
EC (mS cm^-1)	1.1 ± 0.1^a	2.2 ± 0.3^b
Alkalinity (mg CaCO₃ L^-1)	200.5 ± 24^a	538.6 ± 45^b
Turbidity (NTU)	0.2 ± 0.1^a	0.7 ± 0.2^a
TSS (mg L^-1)	57.5 ± 5.2^a	100.5 ± 3.3^b
Chlorophyll a (µg mL^-1)	300 ± 20^a	400 ± 25^a
NH₄-N (mg L^-1)	0.25 ± 0.10^a	1.10 ± 0.15^b

Treatment	BBM	BBM + DC
MCD (cel. mL^-1 x 10⁴)	121 ± 10^a	89 ± 12^a
Specific growth rate µ (day^-1)	0.26 ± 0.05^a	0.25 ± 0.05^a
Biomass conc. (mg L^-1)	275 ± 20^a	220 ± 12^a

Month	Productivity (g m^-2 day^-1)	A* (m²)	D** (m)	V*** (m s^-1)	Duration	Species	Location	Temp (ºC)	Reference
Summer	8.56	8	0.3	0.25	Batch 14 days	Chlorella vulgaris	Brazil	22-33	This work*
Summer	6.87	8	0.3	0.25	Batch 14 days	Chlorella vulgaris	Brazil	22-33	This work**
Summer	8.10	1.5	0.1	0.30	Batch 15 days	Chlorella variabilis	India	36	*Bhowmich et al.* (2014)**Bhowmick, G. D., Subramanian, G., Mishra, S., Sen, R., Raceway pond cultivation of a marine microalga of Indian origin for biomass and lipid production: A case study. Algal Research, 6, 201-209 (2014).
Summer	26.3	25	0.2	0.20	Semi continuous	Tetraselmis sp. MUR 233	Australia	10-28	*Sing et al.* (2014)**Sing, S. F., Isdepsky, A., Borowitzka, M. A., Lewis, D. M., Pilot-scale continuous recycling of growth medium for the mass culture of a halotolerant Tetraselmis sp. in raceway ponds under increasing salinity: A novel protocol for commercial microalgal biomass production. Bioresource Technology, 161, 47-54 (2014).
Autumn	7.2	1	0.2	0.22	Semi continuous	Tetraselmis sp. MUR 233	Australia	12-22	*Raes et al.* (2014)**Raes, E. J., Isdepsky, A., Muylaert, K., Borowitzka, M. A., Moheimani, N. R., Comparison of growth of Tetraselmis in a tubular photobioreactor (Biocoil) and a raceway pond. Journal of Applied Phycology, 26, 247-255 (2014).
Summer	14.0	0.08	0.05	17 rpm	Batch 19 days	Spirulina sp. LEB-18	Brazil	26-44	*Borges et al.* (2013)**Borges, J. A., Rosa, G. M., Meza, L. H. R., Henrard, A. A., Souza, M. R. A. Z., Costa, J. A. V., Spirulina sp. LEB-18 culture using effluent from the anaerobic digestion. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 30, 277-287 (2013).
Summer	10.6	25	0.15	0.23	Semi continuous 55 days	Spirulina (Arthrospira)	South Africa	20-35	Grobbellar (2009)Grobbelaar, J. U., From laboratory to commercial production: a case of study of a Spirulina (Arthrospira) facility in Musina, South Africa. Journal of Applied Phycology, 21, 523-527 (2009).
Summer	28.0	20		12 rpm	Semi continuous 24 days	Microcystis aeruginosa	Malaysia	29-34	*Ashokkumar et al.* (2014)**Ashokkumar, V., Agila, E., Salam, Z., Ponraj, M., Din, M. F. M., Ani, F. N., A study on large scale cultivation of Microcystis aeruginosa under open raceway pond at semi-continuous mode for biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology, 172, 186-193 (2014).
Spring	6.0-7.9	1192	0.26		Semi continuous	Nannochloropsis oculata	China	12-26	*Cheng et al.* (2015)**Cheng, J., Yang, Z., Huang, Y., Huang, L., Hu, L., Xu, D., Zhou, J., Cen, K., Improving growth rate of microalgae in a 1192 m2 raceway pond to fix CO2 from flue gas in a coal-fire power plant. Bioresource Technology, 190, 235-241 (2015).
-	9.0-13.0	100	0.15		Semi continuous	Haematococcus pluvialis	United States	16-34	Olaizola (2000)Olaizola, M., Commercial production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis using 25,000-liter outdoor photobioreactors. Journal of Applied Phycology, 12, 499-506 (2000).
Summer	6.62	30.37	0.07	0.25	Semi continuous	Scenedesmus acutus	United States	12-38	*Eustance et al.* (2016)**Eustance, E., Badvipour, S., Wray, J. T., Sommerfield, M. R., Biomass productivity of two Scenedesmus strains cultivated semi-continuously in outdoor raceway ponds and flat-panel photobioreactor. Journal of Applied Phycology, 28, 1471-1483, (2016).
Spring	24.0	32	0.12	0.20	Semi continuous	Scenedesmus sp.	Spain	-	*Morales-Amaral et al.* (2015)**Morales-Amaral, M. M., Gómez-Serrano, C., Acién, F. G., Fernández-Sevilha, J. M., Molina-Grima, E., Outdoor production of Scenedesmus sp. in thin-layer and raceway reactors using centrate from anaerobic digestion as the sole nutrient source. Algal Research, 12, 99-108 (2015).
Annually	4.4-11.5	14,000	0.35	0.20	Semi continuous	Consortium algal/bacterial	New Zealand	13-15	*Craggs et al.* (2012)**Craggs, R. J., Sutherland, D., Campbell, H., Hectare-scale demonstration of high rate algal ponds for enhanced wastewater treatment and biofuel production. Journal of Applied Phycology, 24, 329-337 (2012).

Composition (%)	BBM	BBM + DC
Ash	14.5 ± 2.5^a	32.8 ± 3.0^b
Moisture	15.2 ± 0.9^a	18.8 ± 1.4^a
Protein	37.2 ± 2.7^a	20.0 ± 2.1^b
Fiber	7.0 ± 0.5^a	7.1 ± 0.6^a
Carbohydrate	20.3 ± 1.1^a	19.6 ± 1.2^a
Lipids	5.8 ± 0.6^a	3.7 ± 0.5^a

FAMEs (%)	BBM	BBM + DC
C12:0	1.26 ± 0.2	0.34 ± 0.1
C14:0	0.51 ± 0.2	1.15 ± 0.2
C16:0	16.5 ± 1.2	16.6 ± 1.5
C18:0	0.54 ± 0.1	3.52 ± 0.4
Other SFA	1.21 ± 0.4	2.25 ± 0.8
Ʃ SFA	20.2 ± 1.5	23.8 ± 1.2
C15:1	4.2 ± 0.8	nd
C16:1	1.8 ± 0.3	2.9 ± 0.5
C18:1	7.6 ± 1.1	11.8 ± 1.1
Other MUFA	0.9 ± 0.1	2.3 ± 0.3
Ʃ MUFA	14.5 ± 1.3	17.0 ± 1.3
C18:3 ω3 (ALA)	21.0 ± 1.0	18.5 ± 2.3
C22:6 ω3 (DHA)	0.60 ± 0.1	0.28 ± 0.1
Ʃ PUFA-ω3	21.6 ± 1.3	18.7 ± 1.2
C18:2 ω6	11.2 ± 0.8	8.7 ± 0.6
C18:3 ω6 (GLA)	0.7 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.3
C20:3 ω6	0.2 ± 0.1	0.4 ± 0.1
Ʃ PUFA-ω6	12.3	10.1 ± 0.4
Total PUFA	33.9 ± 1.5	28.8 ± 1.4
PUFA/SFA	1.67	1.21

[1] Corresponding author: E-mail address: angelosotam@gmail.com (AP Matos)

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CULTIVATION OF Chlorella vulgaris IN MEDIUM SUPPLEMENTED WITH DESALINATION CONCENTRATE GROWN IN A PILOT-SCALE OPEN RACEWAY

ABSTRACT