Development and stability of intimate soap formulations using <i>Sapindus saponaria</i> L. extract as a natural surfactant

Cavaletti, J. C. S.; Prando, W. L. M.; Ribeiro, E. B.; Valladão, D. M. de S.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.276940

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 83 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.276940 copy

Development and stability of intimate soap formulations using Sapindus saponaria L. extract as a natural surfactant

Desenvolvimento e estabilidade de formulações de sabonete íntimo usando como tensoativo natural o extrato de Sapindus saponaria L.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The use of synthetic surfactants reflects the high demand in the hygiene and cleaning sector for products with low-cost and good-effectiveness. These ingredients are the main components of intimate soap formulations. Sapindus saponaria L. is a plant rich in saponins, with the potential to be used as a natural surfactant due to its amphiphilic character and its foam-forming properties. Therefore, this study aimed to develop intimate soap formulations using S. saponaria extract as a natural surfactant and analyze its stability and surfactant characteristics. Preliminary and accelerated stability parameters, rheological characteristics, surface tension, foaming power, foam stability and emulsification potential were evaluated. The formulations were stable at a pH suitable for the intimate region (4.0 to 4.5), the presence of S. saponaria extract provided greater reduction of surface tension, better foaming and foam stability and greater emulsification power, desirable characteristics for an intimate liquid soap. These results demonstrate that the incorporation of S. saponaria extract into liquid soap formulations is an excellent option as a natural surfactant to reduce the use of synthetic anionic surfactants such as SLES.

Keywords:
saponins; surfactant; cosmetics; lauryl-free

Phase	Raw material	F1 (%)	F2 (%)	F3 (%)
A	Cocamidopropyl betaine	25	25	15
A	Coconut fatty acid diethanolamide	5	5	10
A	Polyethylene glycol 6000 distearate	3	3	3
B	Propylene glycol	2	2	2
B	Nipaguard	0.2	0.2	0.2
C	S. saponaria Extract	0	10	10
C	Disodium EDTA^* * EDTA- Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid	0.05	0.05	0.05
C	Distilled water	64.75	54.75	59.75
D	Citric acid	q.s. pH 4-5	q.s. pH 4-5	q.s. pH 4-5

Time	Formulation	Color, Odor and Appearance	pH	Electric Conductivity (mS/cm)	Refractive index
After 24 h	F1	N	4.03 ± 0.37	16.91 ± 0.20	1.3704 ± 0.01
	F2	N	4.14 ± 0.24	15.26 ± 0.12	1.3877 ± 0.02
	F3	N	4.16 ± 0.24	10.25 ± 0.19	1.3975 ± 0.01
After 14 days	F1	N	4.06 ± 0.14	16.85 ± 0.18	1.3755 ± 0.01
	F2	N	4.13 ± 0.36	15.22 ± 0.20	1.3946 ± 0.00
	F3	N	4.17 ± 0.36	10.07 ± 0.19	1.3875 ± 0.02

Sample	T (ºC)	Days	Organoleptic Characteristics	pH	Electric Conductivity (mS/cm)	Refractive Index
F1	5 ± 2	0	N	4.23 ± 0.00	15.53 ± 0.00	1.3705 ± 0.00
		30	N	4.28 ± 0.13	15.85 ± 0.28	1.3711 ± 0.02
		60	N	4.30 ± 0.13	15.64 ± 0.09	1.3704 ± 0.02
		90	N	4.30 ± 0.35	15.72 ± 0.47	1.3710 ± 0.03
	25 ± 2	0	N	4.23 ± 0.00	15.53 ± 0.00	1.3705 ± 0.00
		30	N	4.24 ± 0.35	15.99 ± 0.25	1.3745 ± 0.02
		60	N	4.26 ± 0.23	15.81 ± 0.41	1.3744 ± 0.04
		90	N	4.26 ± 0.13	16.08 ± 0.12	1.3722 ± 0.02
	45 ± 2	0	N	4.23 ± 0.00	15.53 ± 0.00	1.3705 ± 0.00
		30	M	4.46 ± 0.48	16.26 ± 0.21	1.3744± 0.046
		60	M	4.50 ± 0.15	16.67 ± 0.19	1.3752 ± 0.06
		90	M	4.57 ± 0.15	16.49 ± 0.08	1.3728 ± 0.01
	UV	0	N	4.23 ± 0.00	15.53 ± 0.00	1.3705 ± 0.00
		30	N	4.27 ± 0.27	16.00 ± 0.40	1.3732 ± 0.03
		60	N	4.32 ± 0.13	16.52 ± 0.36	1.3732± 0.04
		90	N	4.29 ± 0.46	16.49 ± 0.12	1.3771 ± 0.04
F2	5 ± 2	0	N	4.25 ± 0.00	13.62 ± 0.00	1.3812 ± 0.00
		30	N	4.27 ± 0.35	13.70 ± 0.40	1.3850 ± 0.03
		60	N	4.28 ± 0.13	13.67 ± 0.37	1.3848 ± 0.06
		90	N	4.27 ± 0.46	13.70 ± 0.22	1.3824 ± 0.02
	25 ± 2	0	N	4.25 ± 0.00	13.62 ± 0.00	1.3812 ± 0.00
		30	N	4.24 ± 0.23	13.84 ± 0.15	1.3882 ± 0.05
		60	N	4.22 ± 0.23	13.88 ± 0.40	1.3878 ± 0.02
		90	N	4.23 ± 0.36	13.89 ± 0.21	1.3849 ± 0.04
	45 ± 2	0	N	4.25 ± 0.00	13.62 ± 0.00	1.3812 ± 0.00
		30	M	4.26 ± 0.16	13.65 ± 0.25	1.3840 ± 0.03
		60	M	4.27 ± 0.13	13.95 ± 0.25	1.3834 ± 0.05
		90	M	4.27 ± 0.13	14.02 ± 0.10	1.3848 ± 0.03
	UV	0	N	4.25 ± 0.00	13.62 ± 0.00	1.3812 ± 0.00
		30	N	4.24 ± 0.35	13.58 ± 0.25	1.3873 ± 0.03
		60	N	4.25 ± 0.13	13.87 ± 0.23	1.3879 ± 0.03
		90	N	4.24 ± 0.35	13.94 ± 0.21	1.3847 ± 0.01
F3	5 ± 2	0	N	4.28 ± 0.00	12.19 ± 0.00	1.3848 ± 0.06
		30	N	4.28 ± 0.13	12.67 ± 0.19	1.3865 ± 0.03
		60	N	4.30 ± 0.13	12.43 ± 0.42	1.3864 ± 0.04
		90	N	4.29 ± 0.13	12.55 ± 0.21	1.3860 ± 0.02
	25 ± 2	0	N	4.28 ± 0.00	12.19 ± 0.00	1.3859 ± 0.00
		30	N	4.24 ± 0.13	12.36 ± 0.28	1.3890 ± 0.03
		60	N	4.25 ± 0.13	12.16 ± 0.21	1.3909 ± 0.02
		90	N	4.30 ± 0.48	12.69 ± 0.23	1.3852 ± 0.05
	45 ± 2	0	N	4.28 ± 0.00	12.19 ± 0.00	1.3859 ± 0.00
		30	M	4.47 ± 0.31	11.04 ± 0.10	1.3822 ± 0.01
		60	M	4.50 ± 0.12	10.69 ± 0.33	1.3846 ± 0.04
		90	M	4.58 ± 0.21	10.30 ± 0.20	1.3833 ± 0.02
	UV	0	N	4.28 ± 0.00	12.19 ± 0.00	1.3859 ± 0.00
		30	N	4.28 ± 0.23	12.21 ± 0.12	1.3882 ± 0.04
		60	N	4.29 ± 0.13	12.67 ± 0.20	1.3907 ± 0.06
		90	N	4.29 ± 0.48	12.84 ± 0.20	1.3928 ± 0.04

Sample	Density (g/mL)
F1	1.0369 ± 0.01
F2	1.0478 ± 0.00
F3	1.0562 ± 0.00

Sample	Foam (cm)
	0.5% after 30 s	0.5% after 5 min	R5* (%)	1.0% after 30 s	1.0% after 5 min	R5^* * R5 is the ratio of foam volume in 5 min to volume in 30 s. (%)
F1	96 ± 1.28	77 ± 1.48	80.20	108 ± 1.04	76 ± 1.44	70.37
F2	304 ± 0.36	280 ±0.34	92.10	332 ± 0.33	299 ± 0.32	90.06
F3	325 ± 0.34	294 ± 0.38	90.46	360 ± 0.31	327 ± 0.34	90.83
Ext	191 ± 1.55	166 ± 1.35	86.91	235 ± 0.82	197 ± 0.99	83.82

Sample	% Emulsification
F1	18.47 ± 2.17
F2	88.75 ± 1.99
F3	89.90 ± 1.58
Ext 10%	62.90 ± 3.62

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[1] *e-mail: julianacavaletti@gmail.com