Water quality monitoring of the Pirapó River watershed, Paraná, Brazil

Bortoletto, E. C.; Silva, H. A.; Bonifácio, C. M.; Tavares, C. R. G.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.00313suppl

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Articles • Braz. J. Biol. 75 (4 Suppl 2) • Dec 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.00313suppl copy

Water quality monitoring of the Pirapó River watershed, Paraná, Brazil

Monitoramento da qualidade da água na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Pirapó, Paraná, Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of the Pirapó River watershed in Paraná, Brazil, and identify the critical pollution sites throughout the drainage basin. The water quality was monitored during the period from January 2011 to December 2012. Nine points distributed throughout the main channel of the Pirapó River were sampled for a total of 17 samplings. The water quality was evaluated based on the determination of 14 physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. Analysis of the variables monitored in the Pirapó River watershed using factor analysis/principal components analysis (FA/PCA) indicated the formation of three distinct groups of parameters: water temperature (T_water), dissolved oxygen (DO) and a group composed of total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity and nitrite (NO₂^–). The parameters T_water and DO exhibited a relationship with the seasonality, and the TSS, turbidity, and NO₂^– levels were correlated with surface runoff caused by rainfall events. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the sampling points enabled the selection of the 10 most important variables from among the 14 evaluated parameters. The results showed that the nitrate (NO₃^–), NO₂^–, TSS, turbidity and total phosphorous (TP) levels were related to the soil type, and the parameters DO, electrical conductivity (EC), ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH₃) and thermotolerant coliforms (TC) were related to organic matter pollution, with the P5 sampling site being the most critical site. The ordination diagram of the sampling points as a function of the PCA indicated a reduction from 9 to 5 sampling points, indicating the potential for decreasing the costs associated with monitoring.

monitoring; water quality; Pirapó River; pollution; principal component analysis

Points	Location	Latitude	Longitude	Altitude (m)
P1	Downstream of the Abutre confluence	23°26’586”	51°33’186”	553
P2	Upstream of Vitória stream	23°24’018”	51°38’455”	454
P3	Downstream of Araçu stream	23°21’959”	51°42’510”	411
P4	Downstream of Guarujá stream	23°18’257”	51°53’595”	393
P5	Downstream of Maringá stream	23°17’192”	51°55’416”	394
P6	Upstream of Flórida stream	23°07’844”	52°00’329”	377
P7	Upstream of Bandeirantes do Norte River	22°54’637”	52°06’088”	336
P8	Downstream of Bandeirantes do Norte River	22°54’431”	52°04’642”	309
P9	Downstream of the Pau d’Alho confluence	22°32’900”	52°01’722”	269

Sampling	Date of Collection	Arapongas	Astorga	Maringá	Colorado	Jardim Olinda	Mean precipitation
S1	12/01/2011	10.9	23.7	26.2	0	9.1	14.0
S2	10/03/2011	0	0	0	0	0	0
S3	14/04/2011	84.7	86.6	51.9	79.8	90.1	78.6
S4	19/05/2011	0	0	0	0	0	0
S5	26/07/2011	0	0	0	0	0	0
S6	05/09/2011	0	0	0	0	0	0
S7	03/11/2011	0	0	0	0	0	0
S8	08/12/2011	7.3	9.5	3.8	5.3	22	9.6
S9	31/01/2012	0	0	0	0	0	0
S10	11/04/2012	9.8	9.8	3.2	0	11.5	6.9
S11	22/05/2012	0	0	0	0	0	0
S12	28/06/2012	0	0	0	0	0	0
S13	02/08/2012	0	0	0	0	0	0
S14	11/09/2012	0	0	0	0	0	0
S15	09/10/2012	0	0	0	0	0	0
S16	12/11/2012	15.3	8	23.8	0	10	14.27
S17	11/12/2012	0	0	0	0	0	0

	T_water	pH	Turbidity	DO	EC	Color	NO₂^–	NO₃^–	N-NH₃	TC	BOD	TF	TS	TSS
T_water	1.000000
pH	0.336715	1.000000
Turbidity	0.635878	–0.086304	1.000000
DO	–0.629826	0.272578	–0.202108	1.000000
EC	0.197149	–0.009913	–0.432874	–0.649405	1.000000
Color	0.605245	0.205065	0.808912^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	0.031191	–0.587874	1.000000
NO₂^-	0.662921	–0.067101	0.994845^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	–0.237910	–0.427968	0.808741^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	1.000000
NO₃^-	0.818755^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	–0.115196	0.909883^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	–0.567479	–0.108765	0.684734^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	0.929735^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	1.000000
N-NH₃	0.561466	0.032146	0.028361	–0.807961^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	0.875089^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	–0.249285	0.036772	0.334388	1.000000
TC	0.509576	0.206508	–0.213060	–0.762815^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	0.899776^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	–0.344842	–0.190321	0.132518	0.918494^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	1.000000
BOD	0.690767^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	–0.242785	0.460986	–0.871904^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	0.569903	0.064465	0.466435	0.714553^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	0.850951^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	0.673870^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	1.000000
TF	0.784405^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	–0.116850	0.601186	–0.789116^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	0.437983	0.272897	0.614478	0.820888^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	0.779095^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	0.548351	0.938680^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	1.000000
TS	0.594671	0.188346	0.839252^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	0.067015	–0.434612	0.887699^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	0.809290^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	0.684025^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	–0.091781	–0.274755	0.220120	0.401856	1.000000
TSS	0.659693	–0.028990	0.986366^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	–0.201550	–0.401407	0.804945^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	0.972771^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	0.886455^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	0.064859	–0.157167	0.473335	0.589415	0.846534^* * Significant correlations based on the T-test (p<0.05).	1.000000

Variables	Factor 1	Factor 2	Loadings PS1	Loadings PC2
T_water	0.112427	1.041704^* * Significant variables.	–0.028591	0.963255^* * Significant variables.
pH	0.046150	–0.086511	–0.083906	0.021133
Turbidity	0.519820^* * Significant variables.	0.076246	0.943999^* * Significant variables.	0.007288
DO	–0.030292	–0.256418^* * Significant variables.	–0.062074	–0.712241^* * Significant variables.
EC	0.220120	–0.140120	–0.268487	0.153083
True color	–0.109771	–0.169015	0.553159	0.273235
Nitrite	0.482803^* * Significant variables.	0.073322	0.926041^* * Significant variables.	–0.004488
Nitrate	–0.154277	–0.131453	0.424731	0.334702
N_ammoniacal	–0.090561	–0.078128	0.528942	0.207797
TC	–0.208881	0.034835	0.329440	0.010567
BOD	–0.042199	0.033796	0.151566	0.038204
TF	–0.147895	–0.201871	0.284159	0.269895
TS	–0.166225	–0.030082	0.629222	0.088522
TSS	0.545198^* * Significant variables.	0.082911	0.958325^* * Significant variables.	–0.013328
Eigenvalues	5.952619	2.566701
Cumulative Variance (%)	42.51870372	60.85228223

Component	1	2
Eigenvalue	7.026795	4.843601
Cumulative Variance %	50.1914	84.7885
Variables	Coefficients (eigenvectors)
T_water	–0.126027^* * Selected variables.	–0.036799
pH	0.001990	0.014141
Turbidity	–0.125304^* * Selected variables.	0.090732
DO	0.083740	0.146783^* * Selected variables.
EC	–0.001855	–0.201398^* * Selected variables.
True Color	–0.095461	0.131778
NO₂^-	–0.126436^* * Selected variables.	0.086855
NO₃^-	–0.138753^* * Selected variables.	0.018492
N-NH₃	–0.065190	–0.178026^* * Selected variables.
TC	–0.036179	–0.188540^* * Selected variables.
BOD	–0.109851	–0.120382
TF	–0.124113^* * Selected variables.	–0.087152
TS	–0.102820	0.112682
TSS	–0.125521^* * Selected variables.	0.085375

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