Seasonal study of concentration of heavy metals in waters from lower São Francisco River basin, Brazil

Souza, A. M.; Salviano, A. M.; Melo, J. F. B.; Felix, W. P.; Belém, C. S.; Ramos, P. N.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.05215

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Articles • Braz. J. Biol. 76 (04) • Oct-Dec 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.05215 copy

Seasonal study of concentration of heavy metals in waters from lower São Francisco River basin, Brazil

Estudo sazonal das concentrações de metais pesados em águas da bacia do submédio rio São Francisco, Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

In this study we determined the concentration of metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the water lower São Francisco River basin, to evaluate the influence of urbanization and industrialization on environmental changes in the water resource. All samples were analyzed using the IUPAC adapted method and processed in an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The sampling stations located near the industrial areas were influenced by industrialization because they presented higher concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni and Cu. The other sampled locations showed changes with regard the trace elements probably originating in the soil, like Fe, Zn and Pb. There was a gradual increase in the concentrations of metals, in general, in the period of highest rainfall of the hydrographic network. Overall, except for Zn and Mn, the trace elements exceeded the maximum allowed value established by national legislation (CONAMA). Lower São Francisco River basin has suffered interference from urbanization and industrialization, so awareness programs should be developed so as to control and lessen future problems.

Keywords:
trace elements; industrialization; São Francisco river; urbanization

Element	WL¹ / (nm)	Gas flow / (L min^–1)	Gas type	DL² / (mg L^–1)	PQL³ / (mg L^–1)	X	Y	r²
Ni	233.0	2.3	Air-C₂H₂	0.0016	0.0786	0.030	0.003	0.9945
Cd	227.2	1.8	Air-C₂H₂	0.0017	0.0849	0.389	–0.015	0.9949
Zn	214.9	2.0	Air-C₂H₂	0.0114	0.5725	0.038	0.023	0.9998
Pb	218.0	2.1	Air-C₂H₂	0.0001	0.0069	0.017	–0.010	0.9994
Fe	249.3	2.3	Air-C₂H₂	0.0058	1.2919	0.082	0.008	0.9959
Mn	278.5	1.9	Air-C₂H₂	0.0015	0.0773	0.172	0.012	0.9979
Cr	356.9	2.9	Air-Ar⁴	0.0220	1.1023	0.018	0.006	0.9992
Cu	323.7	1.7	Air-C₂H₂	0.0002	0.0098	0.037	0.050	0.9994

Parameters	UA¹		IM²		BP³
Parameters	P1⁴	P2⁵	P1	P2	P1	P2
Temperature (° C)	25.6±1.84	24.4±1.95	25.7±1.34	24.3±1.65	25.4±1.22	24.5±1.04
Dissolved oxygen / (mg L^-1)	7.32±0.68	5.87±0.94	7.76±0.75	5.94±0.49	7.97±0.35	5.89±0.86
Electric conductivity / (μS)	90±3.00	103±2.00	83±5.00	94±4.00	81±2.00	99±6.00
pH	7.14±0.45	8.01±0.74	7.32±0.26	8.34±0.35	7.21±0.94	8.03±0.37
Turbidity / (NTU)⁶	20±4.00	47±7.00	26±2.00	43±3.00	29±5.00	45±6.00
Ammonia / (mg L^-1)	0.010±45^-3	0.013±26^-3	0.009±71^-4	0.011±45^-3	0.008±32^-4	0.012±51^-3

Metal	MAV¹	----------(UA)⁵----------			---------(IM)⁶---------			---------(BP)⁷---------			CV⁴/ (%)
Metal	MAV¹	Mean	Max.v.²	SD³	Mean	Max.v.	SD	Mean	Max.v.	SD	CV⁴/ (%)
Nickel^* * Mean values followed by the same letter in the same row differ according to Tukey's test (p<0.05).	0.025	0.009^ab	0.020	0.005	0.011^a	0.022	0.005	0.007^b	0.016	0.005	53.20
Cadmium	0.001	0.006	0.015	0.004	0.007	0.016	0.003	0.008	0.029	0.009	89.58
Zinc	0.180	0.019	0.033	0.008	0.017	0.029	0.006	0.016	0.064	0.016	64.20
Lead	0.010	0.023	0.048	0.014	0.017	0.042	0.010	0.016	0.028	0.006	56.38
Iron	0.300	0.285	0.872	0.294	0.337	0.917	0.277	0.370	1.098	0.279	88.76
Manganese^* * Mean values followed by the same letter in the same row differ according to Tukey's test (p<0.05).	0.100	0.040^b	0.064	0.016	0.060^a	0.159	0.033	0.028^c	0.060	0.019	57.52
Chromium^* * Mean values followed by the same letter in the same row differ according to Tukey's test (p<0.05).	0.050	0.076^a	0.089	0.020	0.036^b	0.075	0.023	0.032^b	0.058	0.015	65.10
Copper	0.009	0.004	0.014	0.003	0.004	0.009	0.002	0.005	0.011	0.002	64.20

Metal	MAV¹	----------(UA)⁵----------			---------(IM)⁶---------			---------(BP)⁷---------			CV⁴ / (%)
Metal	MAV¹	Mean	Max. v.²	SD³	Mean	Max. v.	SD	Mean	Max. v.	SD	CV⁴ / (%)
Nickel	0.025	0.028	0.054	0.018	0.041	0.096	0.032	0.028	0.053	0.021	76.94
Cadmium^* * Mean values followed by the same letter in the same row differ according to Tukey's test (p<0.05).	0.001	0.012^b	0.021	0.007	0.020^ab	0.035	0.011	0.023^a	0.029	0.005	44.12
Zinc^* * Mean values followed by the same letter in the same row differ according to Tukey's test (p<0.05).	0.180	0.008^ab	0.017	0.007	0.003^b	0.008	0.003	0.013^a	0.019	0.004	60.73
Lead	0.010	0.004	0.006	0.014	0.021	0.049	0.025	0.003	0.010	0.04	96.74
Iron	0.300	0.596	0.821	0.130	1.129	2.090	0.671	0.749	1.162	0.351	53.80
Manganese^* * Mean values followed by the same letter in the same row differ according to Tukey's test (p<0.05).	0.100	0.016^a	0.026	0.006	0.020^a	0.025	0.004	0.005^b	0.011	0.005	37.32
Chromium	0.050	0.011	0.042	0.018	0.030	0.077	0.031	0.033	0.038	0.016	82.73
Copper	0.009	0.018	0.596	0.013	0.006	0.017	0.007	0.013	0.020	0.007	75.44

	Ni	Cd	Zn	Pb	Fe	Mn	Cr	Cu
Ni	1
Cd	–0.43	1
Zn	0.41	–0.12	1
Pb	–0.26	0.76^ significant at 1% of probability (p<0.01).	0.06	1
Fe	0.75^ significant at 1% of probability (p<0.01).	–0.48	0.27	–0.53^* * significant at 5% of probability (p<0.05).	1
Mn	0.07	–0.08	0.15	–0.51^* * significant at 5% of probability (p<0.05).	–0.17	1
Cr	0.61^* * significant at 5% of probability (p<0.05).	–0.35	0.43	–0.53^* * significant at 5% of probability (p<0.05).	0.71^ significant at 1% of probability (p<0.01).	0.79^ significant at 1% of probability (p<0.01).	1
Cu	–0.08	0.31	0.24	0.30	–0.03	0.23	0.18	1

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[1] *e-mail: anderson_zootecnia@yahoo.com.br