Spatial patterns of the leaf crown borer <i>Eupalamides cyparissias</i> (Cramer, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Castiniidae) in coconut (<i>Cocos nucifera</i> L.) tropical region

Pinho, R. C.; Farias, P. R. S.; Batista, T. F. V.; Santos, A. V. F. dos; Bastos, L. F.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.270870

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 83 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.270870 copy

Spatial patterns of the leaf crown borer Eupalamides cyparissias (Cramer, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Castiniidae) in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) tropical region

Padrões espaciais da broca da coroa da folha Eupalamides cyparissias (Cramer, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Castiniidae) em coco (Cocos nucifera L.) região tropical

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The leaf crown borer Eupalamides cyparissias (Cramer, 1775) is an important pest of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) and other palms (Arecaceae) of economic importance, attacking the base of leaves, inflorescences, and infructescences, increasing fruit abortion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial correlation of the infestation rate of E. cyparissias in coconut plantation blocks in the Brazilian Amazon, from January to December 2019, in the city of Santa Izabel, Pará, Brazil. The study area is a farm subdivided into 157 blocks of a commercial plantation of the green dwarf coconut. The Local Moran’s Index was used to evaluate the existence of spatial autocorrelation of the E. cyparissias infestation rate in the 157 blocks with neighboring blocks. The infestation rate was calculated by the ratio between the number of plants attacked by the borer and the total number of plants in a block. There is a significant correlation of the symptomatology of the attack by E. cyparissias in the blocks of the experimental area, which indicates an aggregated pattern of distribution. There is no significant correlation between the attack by the borer and the age of the coconut tree; however there is a significant correlation between the attack by the borer and proximity to forest areas. These results indicate that forest regions are foci of infestation by the borer in coconut plantations.

Keywords:
Moran; spatial autocorrelation; leaf crown borer; Cocos nucifera; spatial distribution; palm

Block	Age	Adjacent forest (meter)	Block	Age	Adjacent forest	Block	Age	Adjacent forest	Block	Age	Adjacent forest
Block	Age	Adjacent forest (meter)	Block	Age	Adjacent forest	Block	Age	Adjacent forest	Block	Age	Adjacent forest	E-132	10	268 m	G-162	10	261 m	I-131	10	986 m	K-142	10	286 m
E-133	10	260 m	G-163	10	257 m	I-132	2	377 m	K-143	10	1711 m
E-142	10	912 m	G-164	10	646 m	I-133	2	392 m	K-144	10	182 m
E-143	10	839 m	H-101	8	0 m	I-141	10	573 m	K-151	10	604 m
E-144	10	298 m	H-102	8	197 m	I-142	10	763 m	K-152	10	87 m
E-164	10	602 m	H-103	8	104 m	I-143	10	636 m	K-153	10	258 m
E-174	10	79 m	H-104	11	284 m	I-151	10	507 m	K-154	10	254 m
F-131	10	301 m	H-111	11	200 m	I-152	10	1301 m	L-111	10	876 m
F-132	10	440 m	H-112	11	0 m	I-153	10	1192 m	L-121	10	277 m
F-133	10	380 m	H-113	11	0 m	I-154	10	1105 m	L-134	10	149 m
F-134	10	839 m	H-114	11	0 m	I-161	10	0 m	L-141	10	0 m
F-141	10	800 m	H-121	11	548 m	I-162	10	169 m	L-142	10	0 m
F-142	10	1013 m	H-122	11	737 m	I-163	10	0 m	L-143	2	432 m
F-143	10	719 m	H-123	11	169 m	I-164	10	126 m	L-144	10	1400 m
F-144	10	881 m	H-124	11	539 m	J-121	10	517 m	L-151	10	285 m
F-161	10	0 m	H-131	10	524 m	J-122	10	513 m	L-152	10	0 m
F-162	10	402 m	H-132	10	445 m	J-123	10	729 m	L-153	10	963 m
F-163	10	743 m	H-133	10	110 m	J-124	10	959 m	L-154	10	504 m
F-164	10	518 m	H-134	10	263 m	J-132	10	485 m	M-131	10	253 m
F-171	10	438 m	H-141	10	403 m	J-133	10	0 m	M-132	10	266 m
F-172	10	691 m	H-143	10	1292 m	J-134	10	520 m	M-133	10	0 m
F-173	10	273 m	H-144	10	332 m	J-141	2	555 m	M-141	10	483 m
G-104	8	745 m	H-151	10	351 m	J-142	10	696 m	M-142	10	1000 m
G-121	4	0 m	H-152	10	281 m	J-143	10	0 m	M-143	10	0 m
G-122	4	0 m	H-153	2	0 m	J-144	10	862 m	M-144	10	0 m
G-123	4	0 m	H-154	10	0 m	J-151	10	653 m	M-151	10	1233 m
G-124	4	217 m	H-161	10	567 m	J-152	10	0 m	M-152	10	593 m
G-131	10	124 m	H-162	10	570 m	J-153	10	0 m	M-153	10	414 m
G-132	4	105 m	H-164	4	164 m	J-154	10	0 m	M-154	10	299 m
G-133	4	0 m	I-101	11	0 m	J-161	10	561 m	N-141	10	0 m
G-134	4	0 m	I-102	11	0 m	K-112	10	66 m	N-142	10	0 m
G-141	10	1407 m	I-103	11	607 m	K-113	10	792 m	N-143	10	0 m
G-142	10	296 m	I-111	11	0 m	K-114	10	260 m	N-144	10	198 m
G-143	10	259 m	I-112	11	0 m	K-121	10	434 m	N-151	10	478 m
G-144	10	291 m	I-113	10	460 m	K-122	10	141 m	N-152	10	203 m
G-151	10	1041 m	I-114	10	797 m	K-123	10	1105 m	N-153	10	0 m
G-152	10	0 m	I-121	11	555 m	K-124	10	261 m	N-154	10	0 m
G-153	10	0 m	I-122	11	585 m	K-131	10	583 m
G-154	10	367 m	I-123	10	364 m	K-133	10	711 m
G-161	10	440 m	I-124	10	590 m	K-141	10	257 m

Month	Global Moran’s Index	p-value	Model	Significance level (%)
Month	Global Moran’s Index	p-value	Model	Significance level (%)	March/18	0.195	0.007	Aggregated	1.0
April/18	0.089	0.053	Random	*
May/18	0.09	0.028	Aggregated	5.0
June/18	0.168	0.010	Aggregated	1.0
July/18	0.165	0.011	Aggregated	5.0
August/18	0.231	0.003	Aggregated	1.0
September/18	0.105	0.040	Aggregated	5.0
October/18	0.173	0.006	Aggregated	1.0
November/18	0.003	0.221	Random	*
December/18	0.122	0.025	Aggregated	5.0
January/19	0.103	0.043	Aggregated	5.0
February/19	-0.01	0.441	Random	*
March/19	0.204	0.003	Aggregated	1.0
April/19	0.111	0.041	Aggregated	5.0
May/19	0.188	0.005	Aggregated	1.0
June/19	0.323	0.001	Aggregated	1.0
July/19	0.17	0.01	Aggregated	1.0
August/19	0.297	0.001	Aggregated	1.0
September/19	0.173	0.008	Aggregated	1.0
October/19	0.226	0.002	Aggregated	1.0
November/19	0.115	0.042	Aggregated	5.0
December/19	0.071	0.101	Random	*
January/20	0.177	0.015	Aggregated	5.0
February/20	0.098	0.051	Random	*
March/20	0.229	0.002	Aggregated	1.0
April/20	0.055	0.113	Random	*
May/20	0.068	0.075	Random	*
June/20	0.129	0.021	Aggregated	5.0
July/20	0.199	0.006	Aggregated	1.0
August/20	0.079	0.066	Random	*
September/20	0.095	0.050	Aggregated	5.0
October/20	0.074	0.073	Random	^* * Not significant; 5.0 - Significant at 5%; 1.0 - Significant at 1%. (Source: prepared by the author).
November/20	0.074	0.073	Random	*

Month	Total plants attacked	Percentage of blocks attacked			CV	Dispersion
Month	Total plants attacked	Average	Minimum	Maximum	CV	Asymmetry	Kurtosis
March/18	247	0%	0%	4%	438%	7	63
April/18	649	0%	0%	16%	350%	6	43
May/18	1303	0%	0%	14%	508%	10	103
June/18	1092	0%	0%	9%	302%	5	32
July/18	1155	0%	0%	7%	297%	4	20
August/18	3460	1%	0%	24%	249%	5	31
September/18	3308	1%	0%	21%	246%	5	28
October/18	3817	1%	0%	23%	254%	5	31
November/18	3180	2%	0%	15%	542%	12	140
December/18	3423	1%	0%	11%	210%	3	7
January/19	3433	1%	0%	20%	280%	4	19
February/19	5986	2%	0%	34%	283%	5	25
March/19	3380	1%	0%	21%	252%	4	16
April/19	4410	2%	0%	40%	282%	5	34
May/19	4555	1%	0%	16%	231%	3	9
June/19	6356	2%	0%	26%	214%	3	12
July/19	5107	2%	0%	26%	267%	4	14
August/19	3127	1%	0%	17%	265%	4	18
September/19	5919	2%	0%	37%	262%	4	23
October/19	5792	2%	0%	25%	242%	4	15
November/19	6558	2%	0%	37%	236%	4	17
December/19	7319	2%	0%	33%	245%	4	15
January/20	5120	2%	0%	50%	303%	6	40
February/20	4751	2%	0%	23%	225%	4	17
March/20	5044	2%	0%	20%	216%	4	14
April/20	6851	3%	0%	62%	301%	5	30
May/20	4435	1%	0%	21%	236%	4	18
June/20	5943	2%	0%	30%	255%	4	15
July/20	5192	2%	0%	34%	272%	4	17
August/20	5913	2%	0%	37%	253%	4	22
September/20	5096	2%	0%	38%	279%	5	26
October/20	4888	2%	0%	38%	261%	4	24
November/20	4888	2%	0%	38%	261%	4	4

Month	Spearman's test (ρ) (rate x age)	Spearman's test (ρ) (rate x forest)	Month	Spearman's test (ρ) (rate x age)	Spearman's test (ρ) (rate x age)
March/18	0.00^* * ρ values greater than 0.05 indicate a correlation that does not differ significantly from 0, so there is evidence that the correlation is not significant.	0.05*	August/19	0.09*	0.54
April/18	-0.02*	0.32	September/19	0.14*	0.40
May/18	0.09*	0.20	October/19	0.14*	0.48
June/18	0.07*	0.39	November/19	0.20*	0.41
July/18	0.14*	0.33	December/19	0.07	0.42
August/18	0.11*	0.29	January/20	0.13*	0.40
September/18	0.20*	0.29	February/20	0.11*	0.41
October/18	0.07*	0.27	March/20	0.09*	0.48
November/18	0.02*	0.31	April/20	0.04*	0.35
December/18	0.16*	0.26	May/20	0.15*	0.50
January/19	0.18	0.34	June/20	0.08*	0.44
February/19	0.21	0.28	July/20	0.09*	0.48
March/19	0.13	0.31	August/20	0.02*	0.47
April/19	0.11*	0.39	September/20	0.08*	0.43
May/19	0.19*	0.33	October/20	0.08*	0.40
June/19	0.11	0.36	November/20	0.08*	0.40
July/19	0.14^* * ρ values greater than 0.05 indicate a correlation that does not differ significantly from 0, so there is evidence that the correlation is not significant.	0.36

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