Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Brazilian Journal of Biology

Español English

Brasil

Español English

sumário « anterior atual seguinte »

Sumário

Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 82 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.267856 copy

Spectral characterization and biological evaluation of biomolecules from the peels of three orange fruits: a comparative study

Caracterização espectral e avaliação biológica de biomoléculas das cascas de três frutos de laranja: um estudo comparativo

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The present work was designed to investigate the presence of bioactive chemicals in the reaction mixtures (RMs) of peels of Valencia, Mandarin, and African navel oranges, through GC-MS and FT-IR studies. Limonene, a unique compound, is present in the RMs of the three orange peels. Moreover, hexadecanoic acid 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester was identified in the RMs of all the three-orange peels. The RM of Mandarin orange exhibited potent cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 ATCC human breast cancer cells (HBC). All the three RMs exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against the human pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603), Salmonella choleraesis (ATCC 10708), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 299).

Keywords:
fruits; oranges; bioactive components; cytotoxicity; antibacterials

S.no	Compound name	Molecular formula	Molecular weight	Retention time (Min)	Probability Index	Percent area of curve
1	Limonene	C₁₀H₁₆	136	19.21	25.93	32.87
2	9-Octadecenamide, (Z)-	C₁₈H₃₅NO	281	86.50	87.91	1.75
3	Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl	C₁₉H₃₈O₄	330	90.51	64.76	0.84
4	Octadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1- (hydroxymethyl)ethyl	C₂₁H₄₂O₄	358	95.22	71.90	0.31
5	Tetradecanamide	C₁₄H₂₉NO	227	78.62	37.17	0.78
6	Hexadecanamide	C₁₆H₃₃NO	255	71.40	29.96	0.78
7	Ethyl iso-allocholate	C₂₆H₄₄O₅	436	67.33	16.08	0.58
8	Ethyl α-d-glucopyranoside	C₈H₁₆O₆	208	59.82	39.88	0.32
9	d-Glycero-d-galacto-heptose	C₇H₁₄O₇	210	52.90	10.78	0.78
10	α-Sitosterol	C₂₉H₅₀O	414	114.34	38.33	0.1
11	Vitamin E	C₂₉H₅₀O₂	430	108.02	66.17	0.1
12	4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,6,7-trimethoxy-	C₂₀H₂₀O₇	372	109.57	79.05	0.1

S.no	Compound name	Molecular formula	Molecular weight	Retention time (Min)	Probability Index	Percent area of curve
1	Limonene	C₁₀H₁₆	136	19.27	16.70	36.31
2	Octadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl	C₂₁H₄₂O₄	358	95.22	55.79	0.78
3	Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl	C₁₉H₃₈O₄	330	90.51	63.90	1.5
4	Tetradecanamide	C₁₄H₂₉NO	227	78.65	47.55	0.92
5	n-Hexadecanoic acid	C₁₆H₃₂O₂	256	71.41	78.31	0.74
6	α-D-Mannofuranoside, 1-O-(10-undecenyl)-	C₁₇H₃₂O₆	332	65.70	27.79	0.31
7	3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone	C₆H₁₀O₅	162	58.62	65.30	0.30
8	Desulphosinigrin	C₁₀H₁₇NO₆S	279	51.26	17.77	0.8
9	2-Methoxy-4-vinyl phenol	C₉H₁₀O₂	150	41.09	58.27	0.32
10	Decanal	C₁₀H₂₀O	156	33.04	42.10	0.12
11	Vitamin E	C₂₉H₅₀O₂	430	108.01	53.86	0.08
12	1-Monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether	C₂₇H₅₄O₄Si₂	498	107.77	35.34	0.02

S.no	Compound name	Molecular formula	Molecular weight	Retention time (Min)	Probability Index	Percent area of curve
1	Limonene	C₁₀H₁₆	136	19.29	19.98	39.06
2	Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl	C₁₉H₃₈O₄	330	90.51	65.93	1.25
3	9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester	C₁₉H₃₄O₂	294	74.93	31.57	0.64
4	Terephthalic acid, di(2-ethylhexyl) ester	C₂₄H₃₈O₄	390	95.60	35.24	0.14
5	α-Sitosterol	C₂₉H₅₀O	414	114.33	40.06	0.15
6	α-D-Glucopyranose, 4-O-α-D-galactopyranosyl-	C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁	342	51.90	11.86	0.12
7	2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol	C₉H₁₀O₂	150	41.07	66.82	0.27
8	Eugenol	C₁₀H₁₂O₂	164	44.52	27.97	0.14
9	cis-Vaccenic acid	C₁₈H₃₄O₂	282	76.88	18.68	1.00
10	Decanal	C₁₀H₂₀O	156	33.05	49.18	0.14
11	Vitamin E	C₂₉H₅₀O₂	420	108.02	48.07	0.16
12	Dichloroxylenol	C₈H₈C_l2O	190	46.67	53.36	0.12

Wave number (cm^-1)	Intensity Estimation	Functional Groups/Class	Compounds
3327	Strong	O-H str. (hydroxyl)	Glycosides, Flavonoids, Saponins, Polysaccharides, Lignin
2946	Strong	C-H str. (Alkene)	Limonene, beta-Sitosterol, Lignin, Aliphatic chains present in the lignocellulose,
2946	Strong	C-H str. (Aldehyde/ketones)
2834	Strong	CH₂ str. (Symmetrical)	Aliphatic compounds, beta-Sitosterol
2834	Strong	CH₂ str. (Symmetrical)	Saponins, Fatty acids
1649	Strong	C=O str (Carboxylic group)	Fatty amides (Hexadecanamide, 9-Octadecenamide, (Z) etc.), Pectin, Lignin, Flavonoids, Proteins, Fatty acids
		C=C str (Aromatic)
		C=C str (Alkenes)	Sitosterol, Limonene
1450	Medium	C-H (Asymmetrical bending)	Flavonoids, Limonene
1320	Weak	CH₂ bend (Alkane, Symmetrical)	Steroidal glycosides, Flavonoids, Saponins, hexose sugars
1110	Strong	C-O-C str (Ether, Ester)	Glycosides, Pectin, Polysaccharides, Lignin, Cellulose, Flavonoids
1017	Strong	C-O str.	Glycogens

Wave number (cm^-1)	Intensity Estimation	Functional Groups/Class	Compounds
3331	S	O-H str. (hydroxyl)	Eugenol, Vitamin E, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Saponins, Lignin, Polysaccharides, Glucopyranose, Dichloroxylenol
2944	S	C-H str. (Alkene)	Limonene, beta-Sitosterol, Lignin, Aliphatic chains present in the lignocellulose, Vitamin E
2944	S	C-H str. (Aldehyde/ketones)
2833	S	CH₂ str. (Symmetrical)	Aliphatic compounds, beta-Sitosterol, Saponins, Fatty acids, Vitamin E
1654	S	C=O str (Carboxylic & Aldehyde group)	Fatty amides (Hexadecanamide, 9-Octadecenamide, (Z), Vaccenic acid etc.), Decanal, Pectin, Lignin, Flavonoids, Sitosterol, Limonene, Proteins, Fatty acids, Esters, Eugenol
		C=C str (Aromatic)
		C=C str (Alkenes)
1449	M	C-H (Asymmetrical bending)	Limonene, Flavonoids
1300	W	CH₂ bend (Alkane, Symmetrical)	Steroidal glycosides, Saponins, hexose sugars, Flavonoids
1115	S	C-O-C str	Glycosides, Polysaccharides, Lignin, Cellulose, Flavonoids, Tocopherol, Glucopyranose, Pectin
1018	S	C-O str	Eugenol, Glycogens

Wave number (cm^-1)	Intensity Estimation	Functional Groups/Class	Compounds
3331	S	O-H str. (hydroxyl)	Vitamin E, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Saponins, Lignin, Polysaccharides
2945	S	C-H str. (Alkene)	beta-Sitosterol, Limonene, Lignin, Aliphatic chains present in the lignocellulose, Vitamin E
2945	S	C-H str. (Aldehyde/ketones)
2832	S	CH₂ str. (Symmetrical)	Aliphatic compounds, beta-Sitosterol, Saponins, Fatty acids, Vitamin E
1658	S	C=O str (Carboxylic group)		Fatty amides (Hexadecanamide, 9-Octadecenamide, (Z) etc.), Pectin, Lignin, Flavonoids, Sitosterol, Limonene, Proteins, Fatty acids
		C=C str (Aromatic)
		C=C str (Alkenes)
1449	M	C-H (Asymmetrical bending)	Limonene, Flavonoids
1310	W	CH₂ bend (Alkane, Symmetrical)	Flavonoids, Steroidal glycosides, Saponins, hexose sugars
1111	S	C-O-C str	Pectin, Glycosides, Polysaccharides, Lignin, Cellulose, Flavonoids, Tocopherol
1019	S	C-O str.	Glycogens

Organisms	Concentration CFU$/mL	Zone of Inhibition (mm)
Organisms	Concentration CFU$/mL	Test 1	Test 2	Test 3	Ciprofloxacin (5 µg/Disc)
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923	2 × 10^-5	12.33 ± 1.15	11 ± 1	10.6 ± 0.47	33.6 ± 1.25
Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228	3 × 10^-5	10.3 ± 0.55	10.6 ± 0.57	11 ± 1.4	33.3 ± 1
Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212	2 × 10^-4	10.6 ± 0.8	10.3 ± 0.6	11.3 ± 1.2	25.3 ± 0.5
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922	4 × 10^-6	12.3 ± 2.08	10.6 ± 0.57	12.3 ± 1.6	35.6 ± 0.94
Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603	2 × 10^-3	12.6 ± 1.15	10.6 ± 0.7	10.3 ± 0.5	26 ± 1.14
Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 10708	2 × 10^-5	10.3 ± 0.57	10.3 ± 0.57	12.3 ± 0.47	33.23 ± 1.24
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853	2 × 10^-5	13.3 ± 0.5	10.7 ± 2.5	11.6 ± 0.5	33 ± 0.81
Proteus mirabilis ATCC 299	3 × 10^-5	12.3 ± 1.5	12.6 ± 0.57	12.6 ± 0.48	23.6 ± 1.25

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia R. Bento Carlos, 750, 13560-660 São Carlos SP - Brasil, Tel. e Fax: (55 16) 3362-5400 - São Carlos - SP - Brazil
E-mail: bjb@bjb.com.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS