Rastreamento de fontes microbianas e resistência antimicrobiana em um sistema fluvial de uma comunidade rural da Bahia, Brasil

Moretto, V. T.; Bartley, P. S.; Ferreira, V. M.; Santos, C. S.; Silva, L. K.; Ponce-Terashima, R. A.; Blanton, R. E.; Reis, M. G.; Barbosa, L. M.

V. T. Moretto

Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz – CPqGM, Salvador, BA, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7493-2009

P. S. Bartley

Case Western Reserve University – CWRU, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Cleveland, OH, US

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6529-4810

V. M. Ferreira

Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz – CPqGM, Salvador, BA, Brasil

Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública – EBMSP, Salvador, BA, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3630-923X

C. S. Santos

Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz – CPqGM, Salvador, BA, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9387-676X

L. K. Silva

Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz – CPqGM, Salvador, BA, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7739-4082

R. A. Ponce-Terashima

Mercer University School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Macon, GA, USA

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6988-0737

R. E. Blanton

Case Western Reserve University – CWRU, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Cleveland, OH, US

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6655-7336

M. G. Reis

Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz – CPqGM, Salvador, BA, Brasil

Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública – EBMSP, Salvador, BA, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3051-9060

L. M. Barbosa ^**e-mail: luciobarbosa@bahiana.edu.br

Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz – CPqGM, Salvador, BA, Brasil

Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública – EBMSP, Salvador, BA, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7272-0515

*e-mail: luciobarbosa@bahiana.edu.br

Figuras (3)
Tabelas (4)

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Figure 1
Study area, rivers and water collection sites. The collection points on the Jiquiriçá River are P1-5; collection points on the Brejões P6-8. P3 is at the junction of the 2 rivers, and P9 and P10 are from the water treatment plant and an outside faucet, respectively. Left inset – Location of Bahia state, Salvador and Jenipapo within Brazil based on Wikimedia Commons (2011)WIKIMEDIA COMMONS, 2011. [viewed 17 December 2019]. Bahia in Brazil.svg [online]. Available from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bahia_in_Brazil.svg.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:... . Right inset – relationship of P12 and P13 to Jenipapo. These 2 points represent the source of piped water for the community and the furthest point upstream for collection on the Brejões River, respectively. Inset modified from Wikimedia Commons (2011)WIKIMEDIA COMMONS, 2011. [viewed 17 December 2019]. Bahia in Brazil.svg [online]. Available from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bahia_in_Brazil.svg.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:... .

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Figure 2
Locations and concentrations of coliforms and E. coli at water collection points. A volume of water (100 µl – 1 ml) collected mid-stream was plated using the Coliscan culture system. Colonies were identified and counted at 48h. The size of the indicated shapes in the figure is proportional to the number of colonies/ml cultured as indicated in the legend. Inset shows points 12 and 13 at the same scale as the main figure.

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Figure 3
Locations and copy numbers for human- and ruminant-indicative Bacteroides spp. DNA extracted from the material retained from filtration of 500 ml was used for qPCR determination of rDNA copy number. The size of the indicated shapes in the figure is proportional to the copy number/ml at that point as indicated in the legend. Inset shows points 12 and 13 at the same scale as the main figure.

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Table 1
Physico-chemical properties of water samples and coliform cultures count from evaluated points in Jenipapo-Bahia.

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Table 2
Bacterial identification and initial screening culture of antibiotic sensitivity of surface water samples from the Jiquiriçá and Brejões Rivers.

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Table 3
Confirmatory antimicrobial resistance profile of E. coli ESBL-producer from different sources.

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Table 4
Initial screening of cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistance profiles in all gram-negative bacteria of water and stool samples in Jenipapo-Bahia.

	Jiquiriçá River					Brejões River					Tap Water
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Discharge (L/sec)^* * The discharge was measured on the Jiquiriçá River prior (point 2) and after joining the Brejões (points 3 and 4). The Brejões River discharge rate is the difference between point 2 and the average of 3 and 4.	-	430.2	1,560.3	1,435.7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Temperature (°C)	22.8	23.0	22.6	22.5	22.6	23.2	22.6	22.2	22.1	22.1	23.1	23.9
pH	7.7	7.9	8.1	8.0	7.6	7.5	7.4	6.6	7.4	7.9	8.4	8.3
Dissolved O₂ (mg/L)	6.8	5.3	5.0	6.0	6.5	7.3	6.0	6.6	6.1	5.6	7.5	7.5
Conductivity (µS/cm)	2,651	2,852	896	935	933	89	574	511	498	497	72	64
Dissolved Solids (ppm)	1,326	1,426	563	468	466	32	287	254	245	246	35	32
Total coliforms (colonies/mL)	172	148	224	284	296	224	136	220	232	242	148	136
E. coli (colonies/mL)	49	23	24	27	46	2	4	10	6	8	2	4

Collection Points	Isolates and Idenfication^* * Genus and species of glucose fermenters and non-glucose fermenters, were identified using biochemical tests by Enterokit B and NF II kit (Probac do Brasil, São Paulo), respectively;	Number of isolates	CIP^ Resistance (CIP: ciprofloxacin; CTX: cefotaxime).	CTX**
	Non-glucose fermenters	28	19	27
1, 2, 3, 9, 10	Stenotrophomonas maltophilia or Burkholderia spp	6	2	6
2, 5	Achromobacter denitrificans or Delftia acidovorans or Oligella urethralis	2	2	2
2, 4, 8, 11	Acinetobacter spp	7	6	7
2, 4, 11	Pseudomonas spp.	5	5	5
9	Chromobacterium violaceum	1	1	1
1, 6, 7, 8, 12	Unidentified	7	3	6
	Glucose fermenters	4	3	1
1, 4, 5, 11	E. coli	4	3	1

ISOLATE	SAM	TZP	CXM	FEP	CAZ	CRO	IPM	CIP	GEN	AMK
^* * Water samples; Water4	S	S	R	R	R	R	S	S	S	S
^ Cow stool sample; Cow2	I	S	R	R	R	R	S	R	S	S
^* ***** Human stool sample. The confirmatory antimicrobial profile was performed in E. coli ESBL-producer collected from stool and water samples. ESBL: extended spectrum beta lactamase producer; SAM: ampicillin/sulbactam acid; TZP: piperacillin/tazobactam; CXM: cefuroxime; FEP: cefepime; CAZ: ceftazidime; CRO: ceftriaxone; IPM: imipenem; CIP: ciprofloxacin; GEN: gentamicin; AMK: amikacin. Hum12	I	S	R	R	R	R	S	R	S	S
Hum13	I	S	R	R	R	R	S	R	S	S
Hum15	R	S	R	R	R	R	S	R	S	S
Hum18	I	S	R	R	R	R	S	R	S	S
Hum21	I	S	R	R	R	R	S	R	S	S
Hum28	R	S	R	R	R	R	S	R	S	S
Hum30	I	S	R	R	R	R	S	R	S	S
Hum35	R	S	R	R	R	R	S	R	S	S
Hum36	R	S	R	R	R	R	S	R	S	S
Hum40	I	S	R	R	R	R	S	R	S	S
Hum50	R	R	R	R	R	R	S	S	S	S

	CIP 10 μ/mL enterobacteria	CIP 10 μ/mL non-enterobacteria	CTX 2 μg/mL enterobacteria	CTX 2 μg/mL non-enterobacteria
Piped water (n=2)	50% (1)	100% (2)	0% (0)	100% (2)
Rivers (n=10)	30% (3)	100% (10)	10% (1)	100% (10)
Humans (n=50)	42% (21)	10% (5)	22% (11)	30% (15)
Pigs (n=4)	100% (4)	50% (2)	0	50% (2)
Horses (n=2)	0	0	0	0
Cow (n=7)	0	0	14% (1)	43% (3)

[1] *e-mail: luciobarbosa@bahiana.edu.br

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Rastreamento de fontes microbianas e resistência antimicrobiana em um sistema fluvial de uma comunidade rural da Bahia, Brasil

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