Incorporation of <i>Cordia glabrata</i> (Mart.) A.DC. extract in microemulsions and their potential antioxidant, photoprotective and virucidal activities

Debiasi, B. W.; Dourado, S. H. A.; Andrighetti, C. R.; Ribeiro, E. B.; Battirola, L. D.; Valladão, D. M. S.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.259451

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.259451 copy

Incorporation of Cordia glabrata (Mart.) A.DC. extract in microemulsions and their potential antioxidant, photoprotective and virucidal activities

Incorporação de extratos de Cordia glabrata (Mart.) A.DC. em microemulsões e suas potenciais atividades antioxidante, fotoprotetora e virucida

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Extracts of species from the Cordia genus have been reported with potential biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antiparasitic. The aim of this study was to develop microemulsions containing ethanolic extracts of C. glabrata leaves and to evaluate their stability and biological activities. The five developed microemulsions presented physicochemical stability and presented Newtonian behavior when submitted to rheological analysis. The diameter values of the globules ranged between 225.74 and 273.33 nm and the zeta potential of the formulations remained between -22.40 and -25.08. All phenolic acids of the extract, quantified by HPLC, showed consistency after being microemulsified. The EC₅₀ values for the antioxidant activity by the DPPH scavenging method ranged between 38.13 and 45.54 µgmL^-1, and between 34.46 and 39.60 mM for the ABTS⁺ scavenging method. The virucidal activity presented a CV₅₀ <0.195 µgmL^-1 and a selectivity index greater than 20. The photoprotection results ranged between 2.14 to 2.84. The study revealed stable microemulsions and potentiation of the antioxidant effect in the microemulsified extracts.

Keywords:
chromatography; HPLC; HSV-2; metabolites; polyphenols

Tests		Formulations
Tests		1MEC	2MEC	3MEC	4MEC	5MEC
Centrifugation	Before	N	N	N	N	N
Centrifugation	After	N	N	N	N	N
Aspect	Before	TL	TL	TL	TL	TL
Aspect	After	TL	TL	TL	TL	TL
pH	Before	6.60 ± 0.00	7.28 ± 0.00	7.04 ± 0.00	7.12 ± 0.00	7.34 ± 0,00
pH	After	6.60 ± 0.25	7.05 ± 0.19	7.00 ± 0.12	6.60 ± 0.05	7.05 ± 0,04
Refractive index	Before	1.4542 ± 0.00	1.4543 ± 0.00	1.4464 ± 0.00	1.4504 ± 0.00	1.4485 ± 0.00
Refractive index	After	1.4580 ± 0.00	1.4550 ± 0.00	1.4543 ± 0.00	1.4509 ± 0.00	1.4497 ± 0.00
Conductivity (µScm^-1)	Before	4.46 ± 0.00	4.74 ± 0.00	3.12 ± 0.00	3.20 ± 0.00	3.92 ± 0.00
Conductivity (µScm^-1)	After	7.27 ± 0.57	6.41 ± 0.79	4.25 ± 0.61	3.55 ± 1.05	5.37 ± 0.82

		Formulations
Tests	Days	1MEC	2MEC	3MEC	4MEC	5MEC
pH	0	6.60 ± 0.00^a	7.28 ± 0.00^a	7.04 ± 0.00^a	7.12 ± 0.00^a	7.34 ± 0.00^a
	30	6.90 ± 0.06^b	6.92 ± 0.10^b	6.85 ± 0.12^a	6.80 ± 0.21^b	6.75 ± 0.29^b
	60	6.72 ± 0.47^a	6.80 ± 0.14^c	6.84 ± 0.21^b	6.80 ± 0.25^c	6.65 ± 0.01^c
	90	6.56 ± 0.14^a	6.56 ± 0.06^c	6.63 ± 0.12^b	6.62 ± 0.04^c	6.52 ± 0.16^c
Electrical conductivity (µScm^-1)	0	4.46 ± 0.00^a	4.74 ± 0.00^a	3.12 ± 0.00^a	2.80 ± 0.00^a	3.92 ± 0.00^a
	30	4.74 ± 0.24^a	3.83 ± 0.04^b	2.77 ± 0.26^b	2.78 ± 0.29^b	2.24 ± 0.52^b
	60	3.91 ± 0.46^b	3.55 ± 1.32^c	2.41 ± 1.17^c	2.62 ± 1.34^c	1.79 ± 0.57^c
	90	4.27 ± 1.65^b	3.59 ± 1.19^c	2.03 ± 0.20^c	2.86 ± 1.23^a	1.23 ± 0.47^c
Refractive index	0	1.4542 ± 0.00^a	1.4543 ± 0.00^a	1.4464 ± 0.00^a	1.4504 ± 0.00^a	1.4485 ± 0.00^a
	30	1.4550 ± 0.00^a	1.4552 ± 0.00^a	1.4519 ± 0.00^b	1.4505 ± 0.00^a	1.4493 ± 0.00^a
	60	1.4598 ± 0.00^b	1.4600 ± 0.00^b	1.4565 ± 0.00^c	1.4549 ± 0.00^b	1.4544 ± 0.00^a,b
	90	1.4609 ± 0.00^b	1.4594 ± 0.00^b	1.4570 ± 0.00^c	1.4562 ± 0.00^c	1.4550 ± 0.00^b

Formulation	Hydrodynamic diameter (nm)	Polydispersity index (PDI)	Zeta potential (mV)
1MEC	259.37 ± 16.53	0.353 ± 0.046	-22.40 ± 1.94
2MEC	263.17 ± 21.10	0.297 ± 0.026	-24.70 ± 4.06
3MEC	273.33 ± 10.82	0.279 ± 0.088	-25.08 ± 0.65
4MEC	246.07 ± 31.16	0.330 ± 0.060	-24.45 ± 0.58
5MEC	225.74 ± 35.60	0.257 ± 0.065	-22.73 ± 1.13

Formulation	Compound	RT (min.)	Amount (mgL^-1)
C. glabrata extract	Gallic acid^a	3.6	3.41
	Caffeic acid^a	10.1	2.89
	P-cumaric acid^a	16.3	4.69
	Ferulic acid^a	20.2	3.98
1 MEC	Gallic acid^a	3.6	3.29
	Caffeic acid^a	9.8	2.86
	P-cumaric acid^a	16.3	3.73
	Ferulic acid^a	19.9	3.77
2 MEC	Gallic acid^a	3.7	3.32
	Caffeic acid^a	9.8	2.63
	P-cumaric acid^a	16.2	3.91
	Ferulic acid^a	19.9	3.55
3 MEC	Gallic acid^a	3.7	2.65
	Caffeic acid^a	10.1	2.82
	P-cumaric acid^a	16.4	3.49
	Ferulic acid^a	20.1	3.60
4 MEC	Gallic acid^a	3.6	3.15
	Caffeic acid^a	10.1	2.95
	P-cumaric acid^a	16.4	3.82
	Ferulic acid^a	19.9	3.73
5 MEC	Gallic acid^a	3.6	3.31
	Caffeic acid^a	9.8	3.10
	P-cumaric acid^a	16.3	3.76
	Ferulic acid^a	19.9	3.80

Formulation	DPPH EC₅₀ (µgmL^-1)	ABTS (mM)
1 MEC	45.54 ± 1.56^a	37.79 ± 0.98^a,b
2 MEC	40.42 ± 0.46^b	35.81 ± 1.94^a,b
3 MEC	42.64 ± 0.69^c	34.46 ± 1.82^a
4 MEC	38.13 ± 2.61^d,b	37.45 ± 0.92^a,b
5 MEC	44.28 ± 1.60^e	39.60 ± 1.11^b

Formulation	^* CC₅₀ (μgmL^-1)	^* CV₅₀ (μgmL^-1)	SI
2 MC	7.79 ± 0.56ª	3.65 ± 1.20ª	2.13^a
2 MEC	5.63 ± 0.44^b	0.27 ± 0.15^b	20.77^b
5 MC	8.75 ± 0.04^c	3.72 ± 1.52^c	2.35^c
5 MEC	8.06 ± 0.04^d	0.40 ± 0.36^d	20.05^d

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