Evaluation of automated monitoring calving prediction in dairy buffaloes a new tool for calving management

Quddus, R. A.; Ahmad, N.; Khalique, A.; Bhatti, J. A.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.257884

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 82 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.257884 copy

Evaluation of automated monitoring calving prediction in dairy buffaloes a new tool for calving management

Avaliação do monitoramento automatizado da previsão de parto em búfalos leiteiros: uma nova ferramenta para o gerenciamento de parto

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Buffalo is one of the leading milk-producing dairy animals. Its production and reproduction are affected due to some factors including inadequate monitoring around parturition, which cause economic losses like delayed birth process, increased risk of stillbirth, etc. The appropriate calving monitoring is essential for dairy herd management. Therefore, we designed a study its aim was, to predict the calving based on automated machine measured prepartum behaviors in buffaloes. The data were collected from n=40 pregnant buffaloes of 2^nd to 5^th parity, which was synchronized. The NEDAP neck and leg logger tag was attached to each buffalo at 30 days before calving and automatically collected feeding, rumination, lying, standing, no. of steps, no. of switches from standing to lying (lying bouts) and total motion activity. All behavioral data were reduced to -10 days before the calving date for statistical analysis to use mixed model procedure and ANOVA. Results showed that feeding and rumination time significantly (P<0.05) decreased from -10 to -1 days before calving indicating calving prediction. Moreover, Rumination time was at lowest (P<0.001) value at 2h before the calving such behavioral changes may be useful to predict calving in buffaloes. Similarly, lying bouts and standing time abruptly decreased (P<0.05) from -3 to -1 days before calving, while lying time abruptly increased (P<0.01) from -3 to -1 days before calving (531.57±23.65 to 665.62±18.14, respectively). No. of steps taken and total motion significantly (P<0.05) increased from -10 to -1 days before calving. Feeding time was significantly (P<0.02) lowered in 3^rd parity buffaloes compared with 2^nd, 4^th and 5^th parity buffaloes, while standing time of 5^th parity buffaloes were lowered (P<0.05) as compared to 2^nd to 4^th parity buffalos at -1 day of prepartum. However, rumination, lying, no. of steps taken and total motion activity at -1 day of prepartum was independent (P>0.05) of parity in buffaloes. Neural network analysis for combined variables from NEDAP technology at the daily level yielded 100.0% sensitivity and 98% specificity. In conclusion NEDAP technology can be used to measured behavioral changes -10 day before calving as it can serve as a useful guide in the prediction calving date in the buffaloes.

Keywords:
calving predication; buffaloes; NEDAP logger technology; automated monitored prepartum behaviors

Behaviors	Days before calving
Behaviors	-10	-6	-3	-1

Feeding time (min/day)	220.71±16.07^a	246.90±12.52^a	181.07±11.60^b	162.47±9.85^b
No. of feeding bout	5.17±0.37^b	5.75±0.64^ab	7±0.64^ab	7.6±0.77^a
Average feeding bout length	35.95±2.9^b	39.48±3.32^ab	46.04±3.96^a	35.53±3.41^b
Rumination time (min/day)	559.69±24.99^a	603.37±15.23^a	568.10±22.09^a	443.99±13.49^b
No. of rumination bout	19.25±0.63^c	22.27±1.07^b	25.42±1.02^a	23.19±1.09^ab
Average rumination bout length	23.85±0.96^ab	26.74±1.29^a	24.75±0.89^ab	23.19±1.09^b
Lying bouts (bouts/day)	10.07±0.24^a	9.85±0.285^ab	9.17±0.22^cb	8.97±0.23^c
Lying time (min/day)	557.40±18.41^b	566.20±13.95^b	531.57±23.65^b	665.62±18.14^a
Average lying bout length	75.36±2.5^a	59.15±2.94^b	59.55±2.323^b	56.09±2.04^b
Standing time (min/day)	515.88±29.66^ab	515.15±31.28^ab	586.06±37.16^a	453.6±18.19^b
No. of standing bout	17.35±0.46	17.77±0.50	17.82±0.78	17±0.74
Average standing bout length	26.71±1.21^b	34.02±2.44^a	29.13±1.36^ab	33.44±3.29^a
No. of steps (steps/day)	1672.3±2.3^c	1776.4±3.1^c	1984.7±2.8^b	2314.1±3.2^a
Total motion (units/day)	241561.4±3.4^c	278391.3±3.6^c	763281.9±3.4^b	1123781.1±3.4^a

Behaviors	Parity
Behaviors	2^nd	3^rd	4^th	5^th

Feeding time (min/day)	226.83±10.57^a	170.56±15.06^b	193.25±13.0^ab	222.16±12.11^a
No. of feeding bout	6.62±0.78^a	6.20±0.55^a	6.32±0.70^a	6.38±0.53^a
Average feeding bout length	46.68±3.6^a	32.45±3.1^b	36.82±3.74^ab	41.46±3.14^ab
Rumination time (min/day)	530.38±21.41^a	533.22±18.78^a	539.95±31.06^a	569.95±18.90^a
No. of rumination bout	21.67±0.87^a	23.70±1.01^a	23.60±1.63^a	22.59±0.67^a
Average rumination bout length	25.05±0.89^a	23.79±1.17^a	23.58±1.39^a	25.83±0.89^a
Lying bouts (bouts/day)	9.3±24^a	9.37±0.20^a	9.67±0.26^a	9.77±0.29^a
Lying time (min/day)	556.35±18.13^b	564.83±20.41^ab	615.07±24.55^a	596.45±18.45^ab
Average lying bout length	60.75±2.2^a	61.78±2.75^a	64.90±3.11^a	63.50±2.73^a
Standing time (min/day)	527.52±26.71^ab	560.58±30.18^a	517.35±36.95^ab	462.11±28.08^b
No. of standing bout	16.75±0.63^b	18.72±0.58^a	16.96±0.82^ab	17.13±0.53^ab
Average standing bout length	33.62±2.83^a	30.37±1.57^a	31.79±2.70^a	28.16±2.13^a
No. of steps (steps/day)	1672.3±2.3^a	1676.4±3.1^a	1614.7±2.8^a	1714.1±3.2^a
Total motion (units/day)	241561.4±3.4^a	251391.3±3.6^a	243281.9±3.4^a	254378.1±3.4^a

Behaviors	Parity
Behaviors	2^nd	3^rd	4^th	5^th

Feeding time (min/day)	9.54±1.87^a	4.95±0.97^b	7.13±1.87^ab	7.86±1.10^ab
No. of feeding bout	0.71±0.09^a	0.65±0.06^b	0.84±0.13^a	0.91±0.06^a
Average feeding bout length	4.90±1.29^a	2.02±0.45^b	2.83±1.12^b	2.78±0.55^b
Rumination time (min/day)	17.27±1.25^b	22.79±1.67 ^a	23.17±2.28 ^a	25.08±1.59 ^a
No. of rumination bout	1.94±0.01^a	2.01±0.11 ^a	1.98±0.19 ^a	1.96±0.11 ^a
Average rumination bout length	3.62±0.59 ^a	5.02±1.04 ^a	5.77±1.57 ^a	5.54±0.90 ^a
Lying bouts (bouts/day)	1.15±0.09 ^a	1.26±0.09 ^a	1.33±0.13 ^a	9.77±0.29^a
Lying time (min/day)	18.46±0.97^b	21.69±1.17^a	23.19±1.76^a	22.18±1.31^a
Average lying bout length	6.25±0.94 ^a	6.98±0.96 ^a	7.36±1.38 ^a	63.50±2.73^a
Standing time (min/day)	34.97±1.28^a	30.27±1.34 ^a	29.79±1.93 ^a	28.40±1.35 ^a
No. of standing bout	1.75±0.11 ^a	1.62±0.09 ^a	1.74±0.14 ^a	1.62±0.09 ^a
Average standing bout length	10.41±1.87 ^a	8.44±1.32^b	7.62±1.51 ^b	8.08±1.31 ^b
No. of steps (steps/day)	272.3±2.3^a	316.4±2.1^a	314.7±2.4^a	334.1±2.7^a
Total motion (units/day)	2461.4±3.4^a	2391.3±3.6^a	2431.9±3.4^a	2438.1±3.4^a

Analysis	Technology	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	Positive predictive value (%)	Negative predictive value (%)
Random forest	Nedap neck tag	47	96	52	72
	Nedap leg tag	68	89.3	71.1	83
	Combination	81	90.2	61.2	77
Linear discriminate analysis	Nedap neck tag	49.2	93.4	44.9	86.5
	Nedap leg tag	74.1	87.4	87	91.1
	Combination	70.2	83.9	67.0	95.0
Neural network	Nedap neck tag	21.1	99.3	24.0	91.0
	Nedap leg tag	67.0	97.4	67.3	85.0
	Combination	100	98.9	76.7	89.9

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