Phenology of two <i>Ficus</i> species in seasonal semi-deciduous forest in Southern Brazil

Bianchini, E.; Emmerick, J. M.; Messetti, A. V. L.; Pimenta, J. A.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.10614

E. Bianchini ^**e-mail: bianchi@uel.br

Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina – UEL, CP 10011, CEP 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil

J. M. Emmerick

Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina – UEL, CP 10011, CEP 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil

A. V. L. Messetti

Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina – UEL, CP 10011, CEP 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil

J. A. Pimenta

Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina – UEL, CP 10011, CEP 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil

*e-mail: bianchi@uel.br

Figures (3)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1
The means monthly rainfall (bars) and temperature (line) for Londrina Municipality, Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Rainfall and Temperature averages are from 1976 to 2012 (records granted by the Instituto Agronômico do Paraná). Errors bars indicate standard errors.

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Figure 2
Leaf fall (a, b) and leaf flushing (c, d) in Ficus adhatodifolia (a, c) and F. eximia (b, d) trees in the Mata dos Godoy State Park, Londrina Municipality, Paraná State, Southern Brazil. The values are based on 74 months of observations. Solid circles = % of individuals; leaked circles = II (intensity index). Errors bars indicate standard errors.

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Figure 3
Syconia production (a, b) and dispersal (c, d) in Ficus adhatodifolia (a, c) and F. eximia (b, d) trees in the Mata dos Godoy State Park, Londrina Municipality, Paraná State, Southern Brazil. The values are based on 74 months of observations. Solid circles = % of individuals; leaked circles = II (intensity index). Errors bars indicate standard errors.

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Table 1
Results of circular statistic analyses testing for the occurrence of seasonality on phenological phases in Ficus adhatodifolia (FA) and F. eximia (FE) at the Mata dos Godoy State Park, Londrina Municipality, Paraná State, Southern Brazil.

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Table 2
Results of generalized least squares regressions that explain the effect of monthly rainfall, mean monthly temperature and photoperiod on the phenology of Ficus adhatodifolia at the Mata dos Godoy State Park, Londrina municipality, Paraná State, Southern Brazil. PM – prior month of phenological observations; SC – Standard coefficient; SM – same month of phenological observations.

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Table 3
Results of generalized least squares regressions that explain the effect of monthly rainfall, mean monthly temperature and photoperiod on the phenology of Ficus eximia at the Mata dos Godoy State Park, Londrina Municipality, Paraná State, Southern Brazil. PM – prior month of phenological observations; SC – Standard coefficient; SM – same month of phenological observations.

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Table 4
Species observed eating syconia of Ficus adhatodifolia (FA) and Ficus eximia (FE) in the Mata dos Godoy State Park, Londrina Municipality, Paraná State, Southern Brazil, from September 2005 to July 2006.

	Leaf shed	Leaf flush	Fig production	Fig dispersal
FA
Observations (n)	187	75	156	157
Mean group	May	October	February	February
Circular standard deviation	145.1°	68.7°	108.4°	115.2°
Length of mean vector (r)	0.04	0.49	0.17	0.13
Rayleigh test uniformity (P)	0.74	<0.01	<0.05	0.06
FE	Leaf shed	Leaf flush	Fig production	Fig dispersal
Observations (n)	133	107	88	82
Mean group	June	August	August	September
Circular standard deviation	98.7°	91.3°	115.1°	99.6°
Length of mean vector (r)	0.23	0.28	0.13	0.22
Rayleigh test uniformity (P)	<0.01	<0.01	0.21	0.02

	Rainfall			Temp			Photo
	SC	t	P	SC	t	P	SC	t	P
Leaf shed
SM^#	–0.03	–0.31	0.75	0.01	0.03	0.98	–0.03	–0.50	0.62
PM^#	0.21	2.44	0.017	–0.08	–1.03	0.30	–0.01	–0.05	0.96
Leaf flush
SM^§	0.03	0.33	0.74	0.12	0.96	0.34	0.01	1.42	0.16
^PM£	0.06	0.53	0.59	–0.12	–0.66	0.51	–0.07	–0.57	0.57
Fig produc.
SM^§	0.36	3.80	<0.01	0.35	4.41	<0.01	0.23	2.49	0.02
PM^§	0.46	5.05	<0.01	0.39	5.55	<0.01	0.35	4.76	<0.01
Fig dispers.
SM^§	0.20	1.98	0.05	0.252	2.56	<0.01	0.132	1.26	0.210
PM^§	0.34	3.52	<0.01	0.283	3.52	<0.01	0.252	3.19	< 0.01

	Rainfall			Temp			Photo
	SC	t	P	SC	t	P	SC	t	P
Leaf shed
SM^#	–0.30	–3.14	<0.01	–0.24	–0.01	<0.01	–0.30	–3.87	<0.01
PM^#	–0.11	–1.05	0.30	–0.27	–2.80	<0.01	–0.21	–2.36	0.02
Leaf flush
SM^§	0.06	0.51	0.61	–0.18	–1.73	0.087	–0.17	–1.55	0.13
PM^#	–0.01	–0.01	0.99	–0.32	–3.34	<0.01	–0.29	–3.15	<0.01
Fig produc.
SM^§	–0.12	–1.31	0.20	–0.09	–0.99	0.32	–0.06	–0.58	0.56
PM^§	–0.08	–0.86	0.39	–0.17	–1.88	0.06	–0.11	–1.15	0.25
Fig dispers.
SM^#	0.06	0.53	0.60	–0.04	0.30	0.67	–0.01	–0.09	0.93
PM^§	–0.15	–1.32	0.19	–0.19	–1.91	0.06	–0.16	–1.58	0.12

	Species	FA	FE
Mammals	Cebus apella (Linnaeus, 1758)	X	X
	Dasyprocta azarae Lichtenstein, 1823	X
Birds	Pachyramphus validus (Lichtenstein, 1823)	X
	Dacnis cayana (Linnaeus, 1766)		X
	Baryphtengus ruficapillus (Vieillot, 1818)	X
	Aratinga auricapillus (Kuhl, 1820)	X	X
	Pionus maximiliani (Kuhl, 1820)	X	X
	Pyrrhura frontalis (Vieillot, 1817)	X	X
	Ramphastos dicolorus Linnaeus, 1766	X
	Selenidera maculirostris (Lichtenstein, 1823)	X	X
	Euphonia chlorotica (Linnaeus, 1766)	X

[1] *e-mail: bianchi@uel.br

Brasil

Brasil

Phenology of two Ficus species in seasonal semi-deciduous forest in Southern Brazil

Fenologia de duas espécies de Ficus em floresta estacional semidecidual no sul do Brasil

Abstract