Estudos de prevalência parasítica em pássaros de estimação de Punjab, Paquistão

Sadaf, T.; Javid, A.; Hussain, A.; Bukhari, S. M.; Hussain, S. M.; Ain, Q.; Ashraf, S.; Suleman, S.; Saleem, M.; Azam, S. M.; Ahmad, U.; Ali, W.

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Sumário

Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 83 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.246229 copiar

Estudos de prevalência parasítica em pássaros de estimação de Punjab, Paquistão

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Durante este estudo de um ano, amostras de sangue e fezes de pombos (Zenaida asiatica), patos (Anas platyrhynchos), pombos (Columba livia), perdizes (Alectoris chukar), perus (Meleagris gallopavo) e ganso (Chen caerulescens) foram coletados para avaliar a prevalência de parasitas nessas aves. As aves foram mantidas no Centro de Conservação e Pesquisa de Aves, Departamento de Vida Selvagem e Ecologia, Universidade de Veterinária e Ciências Animais, Lahore. Todas essas espécies de aves foram mantidas em gaiolas separadas e todo o seu corpo foi inspecionado regularmente para registrar parasitas externos. Para parasitas internos, foram analisadas 100 amostras de sangue e 100 amostras fecais de cada espécie. Durante o presente estudo, duas espécies de ectoparasitas, ou seja, carrapatos de aves (Args persicus) e ácaros (Dermanyssus gallinae), enquanto 17 espécies de endoparasitas, três de sangue e 14 de amostras fecais, foram identificadas. Os parasitas sanguíneos prevalentes foram Plasmodium juxtanucleare, 29,3%, Aegyptinella pullorum, 15%, e Leucoctoyzoon simond, 13%. As espécies parasitas registradas em amostras fecais incluíram 6 espécies de nematoides viz. Syngamus traqueia com prevalência parasitária de 50%, Capillaria anatis, 40%, Capillaria annulata, 37,5%, Heterakis gallinarum, 28,3%, Ascardia galli, 24% e Allodpa suctoria, 2%. Da mesma forma, duas espécies de trematódeos viz. Prosthogonimus ovatus com prevalência parasitária de 12,1% e Prosthogonimus macrorchis, 9,1%, também foram registrados nas amostras fecais das aves. Espécies de cestoide único Raillietina echinobothrida com prevalência parasitária de 27% e 3 espécies de protozoários, ou seja, Eimeria maxima tendo prevalência de 20,1%, Histomonas meleagridis, 8%, e Giardia lamblia, 5,3%, foram registradas. Em nossa recomendação, são indicados medicação adequada e saneamento das casas e gaiolas dos pássaros para evitar parasitas.

Palavras-chave:
Plasmodium; parasitas sanguíneos; aves domésticas; Haemoproteus; Leucocytozoon

Parasites	Turkey	Pigeon	Duck	Dove	Partridge	Geese	Diagnosis	Total Samples Collected	Samples positive for Parasite	Percent Prevalence
Nematodes
Syngamus trachea	●	●●	●●	●●	●●	●	Faecal smears analysis	600	300	50%
Capillaria annulata	●	●	●●	●●	●	●●	Faecal smears analysis	600	225	37.5%
Capillaria anatis	●●	●●	●	●●	●●	●	Faecal smears analysis	600	240	40%
Ascardia galli	●	●●	●	●	●●	●	Faecal smears analysis	600	144	24%
Heterakis gallinarum	●	●●	●	●●	●	●	Faecal smears analysis	600	170	28.3%
Allodapa suctoria	●	●	●	●	●	●●	Faecal smears analysis	600	12	2%
Cestode
Raillietina echinobothrida	●	●	●●	●●	●●	●●	Faecal smears analysis	600	162	27%
Trmatode
Prosthogonimus ovatus	●●	●●	●	●●	●●	●	Faecal smears analysis blood, analysis is also performed	600	73	12.1%
Prosthogonimus macrorchis	●●	●●	●	●	●	●●	Faecal smears analysis,blood analysis also performed	600	55	9.1%
Protozoa
Giardia lamblia	●	●	●●	●	●●	●	Faecal analysis or necroscopy	600	32	5.3%
Eimeria maxima	●	●●	●	●●	●●	●●	Faecal analysis or necroscopy	600	121	20.1
Histomonas meleagridis	●	●●	●●	●●	●●	●●	Faecal analysis or necroscopy	600	48	8%
Haemoparasite
leucoctoyzoon simond	●	●●	●	●●	●●	●●	Blood smear method	600	78	13%
Plasmodium juxtanucleare	●	●●	●●	●●	●●	●●	Blood smear method	600	176	29.3%
Aegyptinella pullorum	●	●	●	●	●	●	Blood smear method	600	90	15%
Ectoparasite
Fowl tick Args persicus	●	●●	●	●	●	●●	Physical observation	Observation made on weekly basis	56
Mite Dermanyssus gallinae	●	●●	●	●●	●●	●●	Physical observation	Observation made on weekly basis	31

Parasites	Prediction site	Morphology	Life cycle	Clinical diagnosis	Control measures
Nematodes (Round worm)
Syngamus trachea	Lungs and trachea	Worms are medium sized and red in colour. Females are greater than male measuring 5 to 20 mm, and male is 2 to 6 mm and egg size is 70 to 100 um	Direct or indirect	Coughing, sneezing and respiratory disorder. Death occurs when mucus block the trachea.	Keep the bird’s bedding as dry as possible and frequently change it. Broad spectrum anthelmintics are used for treatment.
Capillaria annulata	Mucosa of crop and Esophagous	Males are 15 to 25 mm, females are 37 to 80 mm,and eggs are ~30x70 um	Direct or indirect	Seriously harm the lining of crop and oesophagus.	Restrict their access to humid area. Strict hygiene of feeder and drinker. Tablets and injections are used for single animal treatment but for flock anthelmintics are used.
Capillaria anatis	Cecum	Males are 15 to 25 mm, females are 37 to 80 mm,and eggs are ~30x70 micrometer	Direct or indirect	Diarrhoea	Anthelmintics are used.
Ascardia galli	Small intestine	Worms are semitransparent, female length is 72 to 160mm, and male length is 51 to 61mm. eggs are 72 to 93 um.	Direct	Enteritis, loss of appetite, unthriftiness, pale combs and wattles, droopy wings	Pasture rotation, Avoid to moisture content, anthelmintics are used.
Heterakis gallinarum	Caeca	Male is 7 to 13 mm female is 10 to 15 mm long, eggs are ovoid, about 45x75 um.	Direct	Nodules and small bleeding in cecal wall. Causative agent for black head disease.	Anthelmintics are used.
Allodapa suctoria	Caeca	Male is 7 to 10 mm, female is 9 to 18 mm long and egg size is 52 to 64 um.	Indirect	Vomiting, nausea	Control intermediate host.
Cestode (Tape worm)
Raillietina echinobothrida	Small intestine	10 to 25 cm. size of egg is 74 to 93 um.	Indirect	Reduce growth, abdominal disturbance	Control intermediate host.
Trematodes (flukes)
Prosthogonimus ovatus	Cloaca and rectum	8 to 9mm and egg is 22 to 24 um	Indirect	Milky discharge from cloaca, lay soft shell egg.	Control of secondary host.
Prosthogonimus macrorchis	Intestine	7 to 9 mm and egg is 20 um	Indirect	Reduce growth, thriftiness, abdominal discomfort.	Sanitary practices, avoid from moisture area
Protozoa (single cell)
Giardia lamblia	Intestinal tract	11 to 14 µm in length and 7 to 10 µm in width. Two forms trophozoite and cyst: trophozoite is active form and cyst is dormant.	Direct.	Weight loss, Diarrhoea is foul smelling, scratching and preening.	Keep drinking bottle clean.Use cool boiled water. Metronidazole is used for common treatment.
Eimeria maxima	Small intestine	Three developmental stages: schizonts, gamonts and oocysts.	Direct	Cause catarrhalic or haemorrhagic enteritis, bloody diarrhoea,	Continuous medication is given in food and and water. sulfonamides drug is most common
Histomonas meleagridis	Caeca and liver	It has two forms: a tissue-dwelling (amoebic) form and a caecal lumen (has single flagellum) form	Direct	Infection occur only when they penetrate from blood streams to liver.	Dimetridazole is very effective for treating histomonosis.
Blood parasites:
Leucocyzoon n simond	Leucocyte and erythrocyte	Oval in shape. Mature gametocyte is 14-22 um. gametocyte is elongated when found in leukocytes and round when found in erythrocytes.	Indirect	The animals are listless, anorectic, anaemic and have a laboured breathing. CNS symptoms.	Treatment mostly is not effective and medication is used in combination form pyrimethamine (1 ppm) nd sulfadimethoxine (10 ppm) in the feed
Plasmodium juxtanucleare	Erythrocyte	Round oval or irregular in shape mature gametocyte is 15.5 um	Indirect	Anaemia, diarrhoea and weight loss that may lead to death.	Treatment is difficult in birds. Because duration of disease is 2-3 days.
Aegyptinella pullorum	Erythrocyte	Small 5 to 10 um, round to oval bodies.	Indirect	Ruffled feather birds may become anorectic, droopy and may suffer from diarrhoea	Duration is very small. biosecurity measures should be taken to reduce the introduction
Ectoparasites:
Fowl tick: Args persicus	Skin	Soft bodied tick and the size of female is 10 x 6 mm	Direct	Anaemia, weight loss, depression, toxaemia, and paralysis	Houses should be cleaned,walls, ceilings, cracks, and crevices should be highly sprayed with carbaryl or coumaphos
Mite: Dermanyssus gallinae	Skin	The adult female mites size is 1 mm in length. The colour may be grey to deep red	Direct	Reduction in egg production, anaemia and itching effect may change bird behaviour.	Cracks and crevices should be filled in-house should be clean and spray should be used.

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[1] *e-mail: arshadjavid@uvas.edu.pk