Neuroprotective effects of a combination of Boswellia papyrifera and Syzygium aromaticum on AlCl3 induced Alzheimer's disease in male albino rat

Aljarari, R. M.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.272466

R. M. Aljarari ^**e-mail: rmaljerary@uj.edu.sa

University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Biology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9366-5321

*e-mail: rmaljerary@uj.edu.sa

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Figure 1
Effects of the B. papyrifera and S. aromaticum and/or combination on the spatial working memory of AlCl₃ induced rats using Y-maze test. (a) number of arm entries (b) and SAP%; spontaneous alternation. Values are means ± S.E.M. (n = 8 animals per group). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA Followed by Bonferroni's post hoc analyses - * compared to the control group; @ compared to AlCl₃ group (p < 0.05).

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Figure 2
Effects of the B. papyrifera and S. aromaticum and/or combination on the (a) Cortical AChE; and (b) Hippocampal AChE on the brain homogenates of the AlCl₃ induced rats. Values are means ± S.E.M. (n = 8 animals per group). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA Followed by Bonferroni's post hoc analyses - * compared to the control group; @ compared to AlCl3 group (p < 0.05).

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Figure 3
Effects of the B. papyrifera and S. aromaticum and/or combination on the (a) Cortical MDA, (b) and Hippocampal MDA on the brains of the AlCl3 induced rats. Values are means ± S.E.M. (n = 8 animals per group). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA Followed by Bonferroni's post hoc analyses - * compared to the control group; @ compared to AlCl₃ group (p < 0.05).

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Figure 4
Effects of the B. papyrifera and S. aromaticum and/or combination on the (a) Cortical SOD; superoxide dismutase (b) and Hippocampal SOD on the brain homogenates of the AlCl₃ induced rats. Values are means ± S.E.M. (n = 8 animals per group). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA Followed by Bonferroni's post hoc analyses - * compared to the control group; @ compared to AlCl₃ group (p < 0.05).

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Figure 5
Effects of the B. papyrifera and S. aromaticum and/or combination on the (a) Cortical GSH, (b) and Hippocampal GSH on the brain homogenates of the AlCl₃ induced rats. Values are means ± S.E.M. (n = 8 animals per group). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA Followed by Bonferroni's post hoc analyses - * compared to the control group; @ compared to AlCl₃ group (p < 0.05).

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Figure 6
Cerebral cortex sections of albino rats (H&E; X400) (a) control rats had normal neurons, neuroglia, and neuropil (b) Group II rats showed pyknotic pyramidal cells with neurofibrillary tangles (yellow arrow), perineuronal space (chevron) and neuropil vacuolation (black arrow); (c) Group III rats had nearly normal pyramidal neurons (yellow arrow) and some pyknotic neurons with neurofibrillary tangles (black arrow); (d) Group IV rats showed pyknotic neurons (yellow arrow) with neuropil vacuolation (red arrow); (e) Group ꓦ rats showed nearly normal pyramidal neurons (yellow arrow) and few pyknotic neurons with pericellular space (chevron).

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Figure 7
Hippocampus sections of albino rats (H&E X400) (a) Control rats (Group I) had normal structure of molecular (M), pyramidal (P), and polymorphic (PL) layers. normal pyramidal cells (arrow) and neuroglia (chevron) were observed; (b) Group II rats showed pyramidal neurons with neurofibrillary tangles (black arrow), pyknotic neurons with pericellular space (yellow arrow), and neuropil vacuolation (chevron); (c) Group III rats revealed nearly normal pyramidal neurons (white arrows), few pyknotic neurons (yellow arrow), and neuroglia with pericellular space (yellow chevron) in the molecular layer and the polymorphic layer (red chevron); (d) Group IV rats had few nearly normal pyramidal neurons (white arrow), pyknotic degenerated neurons with perivascular space (yellow arrow), and pyknotic neuroglia with pericellular space (chevron); (e) Group ꓦ rats showed nearly normal-shaped pyramidal neurons (yellow arrow), and diminished neuropil vacuolation. Some neuroglia appeared pyknotic with pericellular space (white arrow).

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Table 1
Different compounds present in Boswellia papyrifera extract using GC-MS analysis with their retention time (RT), area percentage, and molecular mass.

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Table 2
Different compounds present in S. aromaticum extract using GC-MS analysis with their retention time (RT), area percentage, and molecular mass.

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(1)

Peak#	RT (min)	Area	Area%	Name	m/z
1	15.649	544128	0.17	Acetic acid, octyl ester	43.00
2	25.290	1895579	0.59	1,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-, (E)-	41.05
3	38.131	10841587	3.37	Isopropyl-1,5,9-trimethyl-15-oxabicyclo[10.2.1]pentadeca-5,9-dien-2-ol	43.05
4	39.311	1105805	0.34	3-Buten-2-one, 4-(2-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexyl)-	43.00
5	40.515	616123	0.19	1-(7-Hydroxy-1,6,6-trimethyl-10-oxatricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,4)]dec-9-yl)ethanone	43.00
6	42.715	7699172	2.40	2,5,5,8a-Tetramethyl-4-methylene-6,7,8,8a-tetrahydro-4H,5H-chromen-4a-yl hydroper	43.00
7	42.886	17848957	5.55	2,5,5,8a-Tetramethyl-4-methylene-6,7,8,8a-tetra	43.00
8	43.349	25401485	7.91	Nerolidol isobutyrate	43.00
9	43.895	21086450	6.56	1-Isopropyl-5,9,13-trimethyl-4,16-dioxatricyclo[11.2.1.03,5]hexadec-8-en-12-ol	43.00
10	44.134	39159240	12.19	(3E,5E,7E)-6-Methyl-8-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)-3,5,7-octatrien-2-one	43.00
11	44.520	11424568	3.56	Ethyl geranyl acetate	43.00
12	45.024	30424455	9.47	Nerolidol isobutyrate	43.00
13	45.151	18310770	5.70	(-)-Spathulenol	43.00
14	45.749	22108164	6.88	1-Isopropyl-5,9,13-trimethyl-4,16-dioxatricyclo[11.2.1.03,5]hexadec-8-en-12-ol	43.00
15	45.935	8915031	2.77	Unknown	43.00
16	46.155	9440885	2.94	Ethyl geranyl acetate	43.00
17	46.375	5557849	1.73	1H-2,8a-Methanocyclopenta[a]cyclopropa[e]cyclodecen-11-one, 1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a	43.00
18	46.703	6848096	2.13	Retinol, acetate	43.00
19	46.875	4536434	1.41	Oleoyl chloride	55.05
20	47.095	3183673	0.99	Unkonwn	43.00
21	54.126	807020	0.25	9,19-Cyclo-27-norlanostan-25-one, 3-(acetyloxy)-24-methyl-, (3.beta.,24R)-	123.15
22	56.416	5095573	1.59	24-Norursa-3,12-dien-11-one	232.15

Peak#	RT (min)	Area	Area%	Name	m/z
1	20.505	823932865	57.05	Phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-, acetate	164.10
2	20.710	441447768	30.75	3-Allyl-6-methoxyphenol	164.05
3	21.377	1134395	0.08	Benzaldehyde, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-	152.05
4	21.749	352330	0.02	Caryophyllene	93.05
5	24.551	75659551	5.24	Phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-, acetate	164.05
6	25.157	400846	0.03	Cyclohexane, 1,5-dimethyl-2,3-divinyl-	41.00
7	25.317	284437	0.02	1,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-, (E)-	69.05
8	25.624	495853	0.03	Caryophyllenyl alcohol	111.10
9	25.947	12349774	0.86	Caryophyllene oxide	43.0
10	26.425	1374588	0.10	Ledol	43.0
11	26.570	702554	0.05	(1R,3E,7E,11R)-1,5,5,8-Tetramethyl-12-oxabicyclo[9.1.0]dodeca-3,7-diene	43.0
12	26.655	469193	0.03	Mandelic acid, 3,4-dimethoxy-, methyl ester	167.05
13	26.769	692034	0.05	1H-Benzocyclohepten-7-ol, 2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8-octahydro-1,1,4a,7-tetramethyl-, cis-	43.0
14	26.988	2979224	0.21	4a(2H)-Naphthalenol, 1,3,4,5,6,8a-hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-, (1S,4S	119.05
15	27.112	2505413	0.17	Caryophyllene oxide	71.05
16	27.211	3595764	0.25	Caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5.alpha.-ol	136.05
17	27.319	1289093	0.04	1-Naphthalenol, 1,2,3,4,4a,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, [1R-(1.a 0.11 .alpha.-Cadinol	43.00
18	27.406	608762	0.12	Andrographolide	161.10
19	27.615	1606041	0.26	1H-Cycloprop[e]azulen-4-ol, decahydro-1,1,4,7-tetramethyl-, [1aR-(1a.alpha.,4.beta.,4 2.70 2',3',4'Trimethoxyacetophenone	95.10
20	27.694	1717535	0.06	Caryophyllene oxide	41.00
21	28.014	3797711	0.10	2-Propenal, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-	41.00
22	29.482	828750	0.25	Caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5.alpha.-ol 0.09 .tau.-Muurolol	43.00
23	29.555	1377167	0.04	1-Naphthalenol, 1,2,3,4,4a,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, [1R-(1.a 0.11 .alpha.-Cadinol	137.10
24	29.959	886479	0.06	Humulenol-II	85.05
25	30.130	869528	0.06	Benzyl Benzoate	105.00
26	30.257	865127	0.06	3-Allyl-6-methoxyphenol	137.10
27	30.341	1416105	0.10	2,4,6-Trimethoxyacetophenone	85.05
28	30.516	410249	0.03	Caryophyllene oxide	105.00
29	30.798	382291	0.14	3.alpha.,7.beta.-Dihydroxy-5.beta.,6.beta.-epoxycholestane	137.10
30	31.495	437839	0.02	9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester	137.10
31	32.547	1702214	0.12	Isopropyl-1,5,9-trimethyl-15-oxabicyclo[10.2.1]pentadeca-5,9-dien-2-ol	85.05
32	36.710	282777	0.05	Oleoyl chloride	43.00
33	38.082	1663251	0.03	[1,1'-Biphenyl]-2,2'-diol, 3,3'-dimethoxy-5,5'-di-2-propenyl-	67.00
34	38.512	224803	0.03	Phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-, acetate	43.00
35	44.115	4788212	0.05	Phenol, 4,4'-(tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan-1,4-diyl)bis[2-methoxy-	43.00
36	44.594	719862	0.03	28-Norolean-17-en-3-ol	326.10
37	44.877	1067555	0.06	Humulenol-II	326.10
38	46.825	760765	0.06	Benzyl Benzoate	382.10
39	47.036	478433	0.06	3-Allyl-6-methoxyphenol	55.05
40	47.804	1386777	0.10	2,4,6-Trimethoxyacetophenone	326.10
41	56.399	1410044	0.12	(3S,3aS,6R,7R,9aS)-1,1,7-Trimethyldecahydro-3a,7 methanocyclopenta[8]annulene-3	232.15

[1] *e-mail: rmaljerary@uj.edu.sa

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Neuroprotective effects of a combination of Boswellia papyrifera and Syzygium aromaticum on AlCl₃ induced Alzheimer's disease in male albino rat

Efeitos neuroprotetores de uma combinação de Boswellia papyrifera e Syzygium aromaticum em Alzheimer induzido por AlCl₃ em ratos albinos machos

Abstract

Brasil

Brasil

Neuroprotective effects of a combination of Boswellia papyrifera and Syzygium aromaticum on AlCl3 induced Alzheimer's disease in male albino rat

Efeitos neuroprotetores de uma combinação de Boswellia papyrifera e Syzygium aromaticum em Alzheimer induzido por AlCl3 em ratos albinos machos

Abstract

Neuroprotective effects of a combination of Boswellia papyrifera and Syzygium aromaticum on AlCl₃ induced Alzheimer's disease in male albino rat

Efeitos neuroprotetores de uma combinação de Boswellia papyrifera e Syzygium aromaticum em Alzheimer induzido por AlCl₃ em ratos albinos machos