Speak
*-jeʔẽŋ
TUP Anheeng ‘falar’ (VLB, I, 133) : TEN u-ze’eg ‘falar’ (HH13:201) : TOC -se’éng ‘falar’ (CR03:216) : KAM je’eŋ ‘falar, fala’ (S00:458) : WAJ - : KAY -je’eg̃ ‘falar’ (W05:36) : GUY añee ‘Ich spreche, antworte’ (H32:152) : OGU añeȇ chupe ‘hablar’ (R22:323) : KAA je’ẽ ‘comunicação dos animais, como o pássaro, o sapo’ (KK07:86) : KAG -nhi’ig̃ ‘speak’ (B12:188)
Fear
*-tsɨkɨje/*kɨtsɨje
TUP Cigquigjê ‘Medo, timor’ (VLB, II, 34) : TEN u-kyze ‘ter medo’ (HH13:160) : TOC kyysé ‘medo’ (CR03:114) : KAM -kyje ‘temer’ (S00:218) : WAJ ɔ-kɨyɛ ‘peur (avoir)’ (G89:69) : KAY -kyyje ‘temer, estar com medo’ (W05:54) : GUY zìquìye ‘Furcht’ (H32:342) : OGU quĭhĭye ‘miedo’ (R22:385) : KAA kyje ‘ele tem medo de’ (KK07:122) : KAG -kyhyji ‘afraid’ (B12:156)
Comments: A comparison of cognate forms shows that metathesis occurred in a subset of the languages. In the absence of external comparanda, however, it is difficult to decide which is the precise form of the etymon. Both forms are attested in the Old Tupi corpus, appearing in the VLB as Aciquigjê ‘Medo ter ou auer, O mesmo he Aquicigje como algũs dizẽ’ (VLB, II, 34).
Pull
*-ts-ekɨj
TUP Acequîgy ‘Puxar’ (VLB, II, 90) : TEN u-ekyz ‘arrastar’ (HH13:210) : TOC -ekýj ‘arrancar, puxar’ (CR03:66) : KAM ekyj ‘puxar, extrair’ (S00:456) : WAJ -ɛkɨi ‘prendre; attraper, saisir’ (G89:172) : KAY -ekyi ‘puxar, desatar’ (W05:22) : GUY zequìi, azequìi ‘Ich löse es herab’ (H32:335) : OGU ahequĭî ‘arrancar cosa hincada’ (R22:99) : KAA - : KAG -ekyi ~ -ekyj ‘take out, remove’ (B12:72)
Look for
*-ts-ekat
TUP Acecar ‘buscar’ (VLB, I, 60) : TEN u-ekar ‘procurar’ (HH13:210) : TOC - : KAM ekat ‘procurar’ (S00:456) : WAJ -ɛka ‘chercher’ (G89:171) : KAY -ekat ‘procurar’ (W05:21) : GUY zeca, azeca ‘Ich suche ihn’ (H32:327) : OGU aheca ‘buscar’ (R22:143) : KAA kekar ‘ele caça’ (KK07:92) : KAG -ekar ‘search for’ (B12:71)
Comments: Inclusion of the Ka’apor cognate is tentative, since there is no explanation for initial k- in the presumed cognate. The most promising hypothesis is that it derives from an univerbation of kaʔa ‘woods’ and -ekar ‘to look for’, that is ‘to look for (something) in the woods’ = ‘hunting’.
Cut
*-kɨti
TUP Aiquigti ‘cortar como serra, tesoura, faca et cete’ (VLB, I, 83) : TEN u-kixi ‘cortar’ (HH13:158) : TOC -kytitát ‘cortador’ (CR03:112) : KAM kytsi ‘cortar’ (S00:460) : WAJ -kɨsi ‘couper’ (G89:230) : KAY -kysi ‘cortar’ (W05:54) : GUY aiquỹchĩ ‘Ich schneide es’ (H32:214) : OGU aiquĭtȋ ‘cortar asserrando ó con cuchillo’ (R22:192) : KAA - : KAG -kyti ‘cut, circumcise’ (B12:157)
Comments: Note nasality in Old Guarani and Guarayu. This word-final nasality is also attested in modern Guaranian varieties, and its origin remains an open problem.
Pierce
*-kutuk
TUP Aicutuc ‘furar’ (VLB, I, 145) : TEN u-kutuk ‘furar’ (HH13:158) : TOC -kotók ~ -kotóng ‘furar’ (CR03:109) : KAM kutuk ‘furar’ (S00:460) : WAJ (mɔmu ‘percer’ (G89:69)) : KAY -kutuk ‘furar; ferrar, picar’ (W05:53) : GUY aicutu ‘Ich steche ihn’ (H32:66) : OGU aycutu ‘herir’ (R22:328), cutúg ‘herir, barrenar, punçar, sangrar’ (M39:111) : KAA kutuk ‘ele lava; ele fura’ (KK07:48) : KAG -kutug ‘pierce, stab’ (B12:148)
Comments: Wajãpi mɔmu ‘percer’ is a reflex of *mo-puk ‘bore a hole’.
Be\stay
*-eko
TUP Aicô ‘estar como quer’ (VLB, I, 128) : TEN a-iko ‘eu moro, eu estou’ (B78:73), hêko ‘estar, ficar, permanecer’ (B78:60) : TOC -eká ~ -ká ‘ser, estar em movimento’ (CR03:64) : KAM -eko ~ -ko ‘ser, estar’ (S00:456) : WAJ ɔ-i-kɔ ‘être’ (G89:58) : KAY -eko ‘estar; estar vivo’, -ko ‘estar’ (W05:21, 51) : GUY zeko ‘leben, sein’ (H29:102), a-ico ‘Ich bin, lebe, weile, wohne’ (H32:88) : OGU aico ‘estoy’ (R22:294), Tecó ‘ser, estado de vida, condición, estar, costumbre, ley, habito’ (M39:363) : KAA reko ‘ele tem’, nixói ‘tem (não), não há’ (KK07:194) : KAG -(e)ko ‘be, exist, remain’ (B12:138)
Comments: The Ka’apor form is likely a reflex of PTG *-(e)ro-eko ‘to be with, to have’.
Snore, to
*ket-amu
TUP Xequerambû ‘roncar, o que dorme’ (VLB, II, 108) : TEN u-keramu ‘roncar’ (HH13:158) : TOC - : KAM - : WAJ kɛlamu ‘ronflement’ (G89:226) : KAY seramũ ‘roncar’ (W05:99) : GUY che quierambu ‘Ich schnarche beim Schlafen’ (H32:14) : OGU aquerambu ‘roncar’, ambu ‘ronquido’, tayaçu apĭîmbu ‘de puerco’ (R22:482) : KAA - : KAG -kirambu ‘snore’ (B12:137)
Side (of the body)
*ɨke
TUP Igque ‘lado, ou ilharga’ (VLB, II, 17) : TEN Ikê ‘lado, costado’ (B78:72) : TOC - : KAM yke ‘lado’ (S00:467) : WAJ -ɨkɛ-lupi ‘a côté de’ (G89:192) : KAY -yse ‘lado de algo’ (W05:119) : GUY ìquie ‘die Seite des menschlichen Körpers’ (H32:102) : OGU y̆que ‘lado, costado’ (R22:354) : KAA rake ‘perto, ao lado’ (KK07:134) : KAG -ykia ‘side, the side of the body’ (B12:279)
Comments: Ka’apor is a tentative cognate, as ra- is difficult to account for.
Waist
*-kuʔa
TUP Cuâ ‘Cintura’ (C13:31): TEN iku’aw ~ iku’a ‘na cintura, pelo meio’ (HH13:59) : TOC -ko’á ‘cintura, cadeiras, quadril’ (CR03:104) : KAM -ku’a ‘cintura’ (S00:400) : WAJ kuʔa-kaʔi ‘taille’ (G89:75) : KAY -ku’a ‘cintura; nádegas; popa’ (W05:51) : GUY cu-a, che cú-a ‘meine Mitte, Taille’ (H32:54) : OGU Cuá ‘el medio entre los estremos’ (M39:102) : KAA xu’a ‘a cintura’ (KK07:145) : KAG -ku’a ‘buttocks, lower back from waist to legs’ (B12:144)
Breast
*-kãm
TUP Cãma ‘Tetas’ (VLB, II, 127) : TEN i-kàm ‘mama, seio’ (HH13:281) : TOC -kóm ‘seio’ (CR03:105) : KAM -kam ‘seio’ (S00:399) : WAJ - : KAY -kam ‘seio’ (W05:48) : GUY cã ‘Brust, Tete, Euter’ (H32:43) : OGU Cȃma ‘pecho de muger’ (R22:423) : KAA ixamby, kamby ‘leite dela; seio dela’ (KK07:175) : KAG kama ‘breast’ (B12:131)
Bone
*-kãŋ
TUP canga, canguera ‘osso, ossada’ (VLB, II, 59) : TEN i-kàgwer ‘osso separado do corpo’ (HH13:288) : TOC -kýng ‘osso’ (CR03:111) : KAM kang ‘osso’ (S00:400) : WAJ kãngɛ ‘os’ (G89:68) : KAY -kag̃ ‘osso’ (W05:48) : GUY cã, mbae canguer ‘Knochen’ (H32:43) : OGU cȃng ‘hueso’ (M39:88) : KAA xanguer ~ ixanguer ‘osso dele’ (KK07:182), haji kanguer ‘osso do queixo dele’ (KK07:44) : KAG kag̃a ‘bone’ (B12:129)
Back
*-kupe
TUP Cupe ‘costas, a parte de tras’ (VLB, I, 84) : TEN i-kupe ‘costas’ (HH13:262) : TOC - : KAM -kupe-kang ‘coluna vertebral’ (S00:400) : WAJ kupɛ ‘surface plate: épaule, nageoire dorsale, crête (de l’iguane)’ (G89:248) : KAY kupe ‘parte traseira, costas’ (W05:53) : GUY cupe ‘Rücken, Schulter’ (H32:63) : OGU cupe ‘espalda’ (R22:290) : KAA xupe ‘as costas dele’, ihẽ kupe ‘minhas costas’ (KK07:45) : KAG -kupea ‘back’ (B12:146)
Knife
*kɨtse
TUP Quigcê, Jtaquigcê ‘faca’ (VLB, I, 133) : TEN takihe ‘faca, facão’ (HH13:139) : TOC kyhé ‘faca’, kyé’í ‘faquinha’ (CR03:111) : KAM kye’i ‘faca’ (S00:460) : WAJ kɨsɛ ‘Couteau’ (G89:230) : KAY kye ‘faca; ponta de flecha ou de lança’ (W05:53) : GUY quìze ‘Messer’ (H32:214) : OGU quĭce ‘cuchillo’ (R22:198) : KAA kyse ‘o terçado, a faca grande’ (KK07:94) : KAG itakyhea ‘long-bladed terçado machete’ (B12:112)
Tongue
*-ape-kũ
TUP Apecũ ‘Lingoa, pello membro’ (VLB, II, 22) : TEN i-apeku ‘língua’ (HH13:280) : TOC né apekó-a ‘teu céu da boca’ (CR03:45) : KAM -apekõ ‘úvula’, -kõ ‘língua’ (S00:398, 400) : WAJ apɛkũ, -kũ ‘langue’ (G89:64) : KAY apekũ ‘guelra’ (W05:10), -kũ ‘língua’ (W05:51) : GUY -apẽcũ ‘die menschliche Zunge’ (H32:21) : OGU checȗ ‘mi lengua’ (R22:358), ȃpȇcȗ ‘lengua y paladar’ (M39:49) : KAA - : KAG -‘apekũa ‘fish gills; uvula, voice box or tongue’ (B12:40), -kũa ‘tongue’ (B12:144)
Comments: For Wajãpi, -apekũ is the main term for ‘tongue’, while -kũ is referred to as a compound stem with the same meaning but restricted to compounds – as in tapiʔikũ ‘langue de tapir’ (a plant name) (G89:254). Grenand (1989, p. 296) postulates an etymological connection between mɔkũ ‘avaler’ (G89:296) and this compound root -kũ ‘tongue’.
Sleep
*-ket
TUP Aquer ‘dormir’ (VLB, I, 106) : TEN u-ker ‘dormir’ (HH13:157) : TOC -két, -kén, -kér ‘dormir’ (CR03:103) : KAM ket ‘dormir’ (S00:460) : WAJ -kɛ ‘dormir’ (G89:226) : KAY -set ‘dormir, pousar’ (W05:100): GUY quie, aquie ‘Ich schlafe, ruhe’ (H32:210) : OGU aque ‘dormir’ (R22:255) : KAA ukwer ~ uker ‘dorme (ele)’ (KK07:164) : KAG -kir ~ -ngir ‘sleep’ (B12:137)
Enter
*-ike
TUP Aiquê ‘entrar’ (VLB, I, 119) : TEN u-ixe ‘entrar’ (HH13:216) : TOC -ké ‘entrar’, aké wehá ‘eu entrei (na casa)’ (CR03: 101) : KAM ‘itse ‘entrar’ (S00:454) : WAJ ɔ-y-kɛ ‘entrer’ (G89:57) : KAY -se ‘entrar’ (W05:99) : GUY iquie, aiquie ‘Ich trete ein’ (H32:90) : OGU ayque l. ayquie ‘entrar’ (R22:280) : KAA ixe ‘entra (ele)’ (KK07:165) : KAG -ki ~ -eki ~ -ngi ‘enter’ (B12:136)
Comments: See that the Kagwahiva allomorphs have the following distribution: -ngi when preceded by the Causative prefix mo-; -eki when preceded by h- or r- (that is, in Absolutive constructions where the sole argument of the verb is indexed with a Set II marker), and -ki elsewhere.
Long
*-puku ~ *-muku
TUP Mucû, pucû ‘Longa cousa’ (VLB, II, 24) : TEN i-puku ‘comprido’ (HH13:72) : TOC -pokó ‘comprido’ (CR03:192) : KAM huku ‘ser comprido’ (S00:457) : WAJ pɔkɔ, puku ‘long’ (G89:64) : KAY fuku ‘alto’ (W05:30), muku ‘longe, distante’ (W05:75) : GUY pucu ‘lang’ (H32:208) : OGU pucú ‘largo’ (M39:323) : KAA puku ‘é comprido’ (KK07:132) : KAG -puku ~ -mbuku ‘long in space or time’ (B12:229)
Fat, be
*-kɨra
TUP Xequîrâ ‘gorda ser a pessoa, ou qualquer outro animal quadrupes’ (VLB, I, 149) : TEN i-kyra ‘gordo, com saúde’ (HH13:60) : TOC - : KAM kyra ‘ser gordo’ (S00:460) : WAJ kɨla ‘Graisse, gras’ (G89:229) : KAA - : KAY ky’ra ‘gordo’ (W05:54) : GUY quìra, mbae quìra ‘Fett, Speck’ (H32:213) : OGU quĭracue ‘Grassa’ (R22:319) : KAG kyr, kyra ‘fat, chunky, stout’ (B12:156)
Hot
*-akup
TUP Xeracub ‘quente estar’, Acuba ‘quente adiectivo’ (VLB, II, 94) : TEN h-aku ‘quente’ (HH13:27) : TOC -akop ~ -akom ‘quente’ (CR03:33) : KAM -akup ‘quente’ (S00:67) : WAJ aku ‘chaud’ (G89:52) : KAY -akup ~ -akuw-a ‘quente’ (W05:5) : GUY acu, tacu, zacu, racu ‘heiss’ (H32:7) : OGU tacu ‘caliente’ (R22: 149) : KAA haku ‘quente (está)’ (KK07:188) : KAG -akuv ‘hot or burning from sunburn or fire or fever’ (B12: 29)
Good
*-katu
TUP Catu ‘bem, bene’ (VLB, I, 54) : TEN katu haw ‘bondade, o que presta, segurança’ (HH13:87) : TOC katóeté ‘bom, bem’ (CR03:100) : KAM -katu ‘ser bom’ (S00:63) : WAJ i-katu ‘Bon (être)’ (G89:50) : KAY katu ‘bom, certo’ (W05:50) : GUY catupìrì ‘gut, schön’ (H32:50) : OGU ycatupĭrĭ ‘Bien, está bien hecho’ (R22:130) : KAA katu ‘bom (é)’ (KK07:174) : KAG -katu ‘pretty, good’ (B12:135)
Wet
*-akɨ̃m
TUP Aquigma ‘molhada cousa’, Xeaquigm ‘molhado estar’ (VLB, II, 40) : TEN i-àkym ‘molhado (estar)’ (HH13:48) : TOC -akým ‘molhado’ (CR03:35) : KAM ‘akym ‘estar molhado’ (S00:454) : WAJ -akã ‘wet’ (Amapari Wajãpi) : KAY -akym ‘molhado’ (W05:7) : GUY aquỹ, ñaquỹ ‘feucht, nass, durchnässt’ (H32:28) : OGU cheaquỹ ‘mojarse’ (R22:389) : KAA iankym ‘molhado (está)’ (KK07:179) : KAG -akym ‘wet’ (B12:31)
Dirty
*-kɨʔa
TUP Quigâ ‘Çuja ou çujo’ (VLB, I, 87) : TEN ki’a ‘sujo (ser, estar)’ (B78:103) : TOC - : KAM - : WAJ kɨʔa ‘saleté, être sale’ (G89:228) : KAY -ky’a ‘sujo’ (W05:53) : GUY quìa ‘Schmutz’ (H32:212) : OGU quĭá ‘suciedad’ (R22:504) : KAA xi’a ‘sujo (está)’ (KK07:193) : KAG -ky’a ~ -ngy’a ‘dirty, black with dirt’ (B12:155)
Woods
*kaʔa
TUP Caâ ‘mata ou matos’ (VLB, II, 33) : TEN ka’a ‘mata, floresta’ (HH13:89) : TOC ka’á ‘mato’ (CR03:94) : KAM ka’a ‘mata, folha’ (S00:459) : WAJ kaʔa ‘forêt’ (G89:60) : KAY ka’a ‘mato, folha’ (W05:47) : GUY caa ‘Wald’ (H32:43) : OGU caá ‘bosque’ (R22:390) : KAA ka’a ‘o mato’ (KK07:118) : KAG ka’a ‘leaf’ (B12:128)
Branch
*-ts-akã
TUP Çacã ‘Rama’ (VLB, II, 96) : TEN h-àkà ‘galho, ramo’ (HH13:26) : TOC -akó ‘galho’ (CR03:33) : KAM - : WAJ ãkã ‘branche’ (G89:50) : KAY akã (W05:151), ‘ywarakã ‘galho de árvore’ (W05:5) : GUY zãcã ‘sein Ast’ (H32:316), tãcã ‘Zweig, Ast’ (H32:232) : OGU y̆by̆ra racȃngue ‘rama’ (R22:463) : KAA hankã ‘o riacho, igarapé, galho’ (KK07:105) : KAG -akã ‘branch of tree’ (B12:26)
Louse
*-kɨp
TUP Quigba ‘piolhos’ (VLB, II, 78) : TEN kyw ‘piolho’ (HH13:99) : TOC kýp, kýwa ‘piolho’ (CR03:111) : KAM ikɨp ‘piolho dele’ (S00: 415) : WAJ kɨɨ ‘pou’ (G89:70) : KAY -kyp ‘piolho’ (W05:53) : GUY quì ‘Haarlaus’ (H32:212) : OGU quĭ.b ‘Piojo de cabeza’ (R22:434) : KAA ky ‘piolho’ (KK07:185) : KAG -kyva ‘louse (piolho)’ (B12:158)
Cayman
*jakare
TUP Iacare ‘lagarto dagoa’ (VLB, II, 17) : TEN zakare ‘jacaré’ (HH13:229) : TOC sakarétíng ‘espécie de jacaré’ (CR03:207) : KAM jakare ‘jacaré’ (S00:457) : WAJ yakalɛ ‘reptile (sp.)’ (G89:500) : KAY jakare ‘jacaré’ (W05:33) : GUY yacare ‘Kaiman’ (H32:273) : OGU yacare ‘lagarto de agua’ (R22:355) : KAA jakare ‘jacaré’ (KK07:173) : KAG jakarea ‘alligator’ (B12:116)
Monkey
*kaʔi
TUP Caî ‘Bogio não tem gênero, outros maiores’ (VLB, I, 56) : TEN ka’i ‘macaco (genérico)’ (HH13:90) : TOC ka’í ‘macaco-prego’ (CR03:95) : KAM ka’i ‘macaco-prego’ (S00:459) : WAJ kaʔi ‘Macaque’ (G89:110) : KAY ka’i ‘macaco’ (W05:48) : GUY cai ‘Affe’ (H32:45) : OGU caý ‘mono’ (R22:390) : KAA ka’ijarar ‘macaco caiarara’ (KK07:175) : KAG ka’ia ‘general term for monkey’ (B12:130)
Salt
*jukɨt
TUP Iuquigra ‘Sal’ (VLB, II, 111) : TEN zukyr ‘sal’ (HH13:238) : TOC sykýt ~ sykýn ~ sykýr-a ‘sal’ (CR03:232) : KAM jokɨt ~ jukɨt ‘sal’ (S00:429) : WAJ yukɨ ‘sel’ (G89:73) : KAY jukyt ‘sal’ (W05:45) : GUY yuquìr ‘Salz’ (H32:312) : OGU juquĭ ‘sal’ (R22:486) : KAA jukyr ‘sal’ (KK07:191) : KAG jukyra ‘salt’ (B12:124)
Kill
*-juka
TUP Ajuca ‘matar como quer’ (VLB, II, 33) : TEN u-zuka ‘matar’ (HH13:202) : TOC -soká ‘matar’ (CR03:226) : KAM juka ‘matar’ (S00:459) : WAJ -yuka ‘Tuer’ (G89:76) : KAY -juka ‘matar (uma entidade)’ (W05:45) : GUY ayuca ‘Ich töte ihn’ (H32:311) : OGU ayuca ‘matar’ (R22:379) : KAA jukwa ‘ele mata’ (KK07:92) : KAG -juka ‘kill’ (B12:124)
Know
*-kuwaap
TUP Aicuguab ‘conhecer’ (VLB, I, 80) : TEN u-kwaw ‘saber, conhecer’ (HH13:159) : TOC -kwaháp ~ -kwahám ‘saber, conhecer’ (CR03:115) : KAM kwahap ‘saber, conhecer’ (S00:460) : WAJ -kuwa ‘savoir’ (G89:252) : KAY -kwaap ‘saber, conhecer; entender’ (W05:54) : GUY cuaa, cuaaza ‘Wissen, Verständnis, Erkenntnis’ (H32:56) : OGU ayquaa ‘lo sé’ (R22:484) : KAA ukwa ‘ele sabe’ (KK07:190) : KAG -kwahav ‘know a thing, know how to do, understand’ (B12:149)
Comments: On Ka’apor ukwa, morphologically u-kwa, note that secondary labialization of k by a preceding u is a synchronically active process in Ka’apor phonology.
Dig
*-ɨßɨ-koj, *-ɨßɨ-kõj, *-ɨßɨ-koĩ (??)
TUP Acigbigcoi ‘Cauar’ (VLB, I, 69) : TEN u-z-àwykàz, u-h-àwykàz ‘cavar a terra (para plantar)’ (HH13:190) : TOC -ywykáj ‘cavar terra’ (CR03:266) : KAM - : WAJ ɔ-pɨkɔ̃y ‘creuser’ (G89:54) : KAY -ywykai ‘cavocar, fazer um buraco no chão, cavar’ (W05:121) : GUY azuguìcoĩ ‘Ich häufe Erde an um eine Pflanze, schüte sie an’ (H32:352) : OGU ahĭbĭcoy ‘cavar la tierra’ (R22:163) : KAA -pykũi ‘cava (ele)’ (KK07:158) : KAG -yvykoi ‘dig’ (B12:292)
Comments: For Kamayurá, Seki (2000, p. 219) gives -jo’ok ‘cavar’. Note that the initial vowel in what is likely an incorporated root *ɨßɨ ‘earth, soil’ is unstable. It changes to u in Guarayo (though a variant with the etymological ɨ < *ɨ does exist: cf. Hoeller, 1929, p. 150), it has a variant with e in Old Guarani (noted by Restivo, 1893 [1722], p. 163) and it shows up as ə <à> in Tenetehára. The schwa in the Tenetehára cognate also relates to the issue of whether nasality was present or not in the etymon, a fact suggested by the Wajãpi and Guarayo cognates. Finally, see that Wajãpi -pɨkɔ̃y and Ka’apor -pykũi, while plausibly cognate, call for some explanation for the surprising change *ß > p. An association with -ɨpɨ ‘bottom, depth’ (Grenand, 1989, p. 60) could be the folk-etymological source for this change, or these reflect an independent formation with *-pɨ ‘bottom, depth’.
Burn (intr.)
*-kaj
TUP Acay ‘arder’ (VLB, I, 40) : TEN u-kaz ‘queimar-se’ (HH13:157) : TOC -káj ‘queimar’ (CR03:94) : KAM kaj ‘queimar-se’ (S00:459) : WAJ ɔ-kay ‘brûler’ (G89:51) : KAY -kai ‘queimar (sozinho), arder’ (W05:48) : GUY acai ‘Ich brenne mich’ (H32:45) : OGU Caî ‘quemadura’, Acaî ‘yo me quemo’ (M39:86) : KAA ukwái ~ ukái ‘queima (3sg.)’ (KK07:188) : KAG -kai ‘burn, burn oneself’ (B12:130)
Eat (intr.)
*-karu
TUP Acarû ‘Comer’ (VLB, I, 77) : TEN - : TOC -karó ‘comer’ (CR03:99) : KAM karu ‘comer’ (S00:459) : WAJ - : KAY -ka’ru ‘mexer, revirar; mastigar’ (W05:49) : GUY acaru ‘ich esse’ (H32:48) : OGU acaru ‘comer’ (R22:169) : KAA - : KAG -
Swallow
*-mokõn
TUP aimocon ‘tragar’ (VLB, II, 134) : TEN -mukun ‘engolir’ (HH13:165) : TOC mokón ‘engolir’ (CR03:142) : KAM mokon ‘engolir’ (S00:462) : WAJ mɔkũ ‘avaler’ (G89:296) : KAY -mokon ‘engolir’ (W05:65) : GUY moco, amoco ‘Ich verschlucke es’ (H32:131) : OGU amocȏ ‘tragar’ (R22: 523) : KAA mokon ~ mokõ ‘engole’ (KK07:125) : KAG -mokon ‘swallow’ (B12:141)
Comments: Danielsen et al. (2019) note, for Guarayu, the presence of nasalization (amokö) that is not recorded in Hoeller’s data.
Two
*mokõj
TUP Mocõy ‘dous, ou duas’ (VLB, I, 106) : TEN mokoz, mukuz ‘dois’ (HH13:110) : TOC mokój, mokósa ‘dois’ (CR03:142) : KAM mokõj ‘dois’ (S00:462) : WAJ mɔkɔ̃y ‘deux’ (G89:296) : KAY mukũi ‘dois’ (W05:75) : GUY moköi moköi ‘pairwise’ (DST19) : OGU mocoȋ ‘dos’ (R22:255) : KAA mokõi ‘dois’ (KK07:125) : KAG mokonha ‘two’ (B12:174)
Woman
*kujã
TUP Cunhã ‘Molher, mulier’ (VLB, II, 40) : TEN kuzà ‘mulher’ (HH13:93) : TOC kosó, kosóa ‘mulher, fêmea’ (CR03:109) : KAM kujã ‘mulher’ (S00:460) : WAJ kuyã ‘soeur’ (G89:253) : KAY kũjã ‘mulher, fêmea’ (W05:52) : GUY cuña ‘Weib, Frau’ (H32:63) : OGU cuñȃ ‘muger’ (R22:394) : KAA kunjã ‘a senhora, a mulher’ (KK07:50) : KAG kunha ‘woman, married woman’ (B12:146)
Husband’s sister
*-ukeʔi
TUP Ukëí, xe ukëí (A86:273-4) : TEN ukê’i ‘cunhada da irmã do marido’ (B78:282) : TOC -oke’ia ‘mulher do irmão (de mulher)’ (CR03: 168) : KAY -uki’i ‘cunhada da mulher’ (W05:109) : KAM -uke’i ‘esposa do irmão; irmã do marido’ (S00:393) : WAJ ukɛʔi ‘belle-soeur’ (G89:453) : OGU che-uqueý ‘cuñada, hermana de su marido’ (R22:202)
Comments: Kayabí ukiʔi is possibly a Kagwahiva loan, as it shows *e > i. Note that there is no general harmonizing rule in Kayabí historical phonology that could account for this.
Elder Brother
*-t-ɨket-ʔɨt
TUP Tigqueigra (VLB, I, 14) : TEN : Tĭkê’ĭr ‘irmão mais velho’ (B78:267) : TOC -yke’ýt ‘irmão mais velho de homem’ (CR03:259) : KAM -ryke’yt (S00:391) : KAY -eki’yt ‘irmão mais velho (do homem)’ (W05:21) : GUY tìquìeìr ‘mein älterer Bruder, sagt der Mann’ (H32:254) : WAJ ɛ-lɛkɨʔɨ (G89:60) : OGU Tĭqueĭra (M39:392) : KAG -reky’yra ‘Elder brother’ (P96:66)
Comments: Wajãpi, Kagwahiva and Kayabí show vowel metathesis: *-t-ɨket > KAY -reki-ʔɨt: WAJ -lɛkɨʔɨ.
