Open Innovation and Implementation of Different Types of Innovation: An Analysis Based on Panel Data

Marques, Humberto Rodrigues; Ávila, Ednilson Sebastião; Pereira, Rafael Morais; Zambalde, André Luiz

doi:10.15728/bbr.2022.19.1.3

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ARTICLE • BBR, Braz. Bus. Rev. 19 (1) • Jan-Feb 2022 • https://doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2022.19.1.3 copy

Open Innovation and Implementation of Different Types of Innovation: An Analysis Based on Panel Data

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

This work aimed to verify, based on the open innovation strategy, how different types of interactions with external actors (customers, competitors, suppliers, universities, and consultants) influence different types of innovations (general innovations, product innovations, and technological innovations) implemented by organizations. The panel data technique was used for analysis, based on PINTEC data, an innovation survey conducted by IBGE, which referred to the years 2003, 2005, 2008, 2011, and 2014. Regarding the innovations implemented by organizations, no type of interaction was significant for the general innovations or interactions with consultants, and suppliers were negative for product innovation. Finally, interaction with customers was positive while interaction with universities was negative for technological innovations. Thus, the results were essential to proving that different forms of cooperation have different impacts on the implementation of different types of innovation by organizations.

KEYWORDS
Open Innovation; Innovation; Cooperation; PINTEC; Panel Data Analysis

Variables		Label	Description
Dependents	general innovations	GenInnov	Total of companies that declared to have implemented general innovation divided by the total of interviewed companies multiplied by one hundred.
	product innovations	ProdInnov	Total of companies that declared to have implemented product innovation divided by the total of interviewed companies multiplied by one hundred.
	technological innovations	TecInnov	Total of companies that declared to have implemented technological innovation divided by the total of interviewed companies multiplied by one hundred.
Independents	Customers	Customer	Companies that declared their interaction with customers as high divided by the total number of companies interviewed multiplied by one hundred.
	Suppliers	Supplier	Companies that declared their interaction with suppliers as high divided by the total number of companies interviewed multiplied by one hundred.
	Competitors	Competitor	Companies that declared their interaction with competitors as high divided by the total number of companies interviewed multiplied by one hundred.
	Universities	University	Companies that declared their interaction with universities as high divided by the total number of companies interviewed multiplied by one hundred.
	Consultants	Consultant	Companies that declared their interaction with consultants as high divided by the total number of companies interviewed multiplied by one hundred.
Of Control	Research and development	R&D	Companies that have implemented internal R&D divided by the total number of companies interviewed multiplied by one hundred.
	Training	Training	Companies that have implemented Training divided by the total number of companies interviewed multiplied by one hundred.
	Acquisition of Machinery and Equipment	Acquisition	Companies that Purchased Machinery and Equipment divided by the total number of companies interviewed multiplied by one hundred.
	Net Sales Revenue	NSR	Operationalized in a logarithmic way (ln) from the division of the NSR of each sector by the total number of companies interviewed in each sector.

Variables	Median	Standard deviation	Minimum	Maximum	Observations
1. GenInnov	36,23	12,40	18,90	83,25	140
2. ProdInnov	20,70	13,64	5,95	83,25	140
3. TecInnov	6,32	7,96	0,00	44,80	140
4. Costumer	1,75	4,76	0,00	33,61	140
5. Supplier	2,04	6,48	0,00	41,62	140
6. Competitor	0,20	1,23	0,00	8,14	140
7. University	0,56	3,00	0,00	16,84	140
8. Consultant	0,39	1,74	0,00	9,68	140
9. R&D	5,06	11,29	0,15	60,22	140
10. Acquisition	22,57	7,87	6,47	54,28	140
11. Training	15,99	8,13	5,17	58,05	140
12. NSR	10,45	1,83	6,90	15,37	140

Variables	VIF	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
1. GenInnov		1,00
2. ProdInnov		0,87	1,00
3. TecInnov		0,78	0,82	1,00
4. Costumer	7.97	0,62	0,68	0,79	1,00
5. Supplier	7.67	0,62	0,68	0,84	0,92	1,00
6. Competitor	2,02	0,45	0,41	0,54	0,64	0,61	1,00
7. University	2.99	0,44	0,44	0,44	0,58	0,55	0,52	1,00
8. Consultant	2,36	0,40	0,32	0,42	0,50	0,48	0,56	0,71	1,00
9. R&D	4,07	0,77	0,87	0,82	0,78	0,77	0,50	0,61	0,43	1,00
10. Acquisition	2,24	0,78	0,66	0,60	0,43	0,43	0,26	0,24	0,19	0,57	1,00
11. Training	2,87	0,73	0,64	0,73	0,57	0,63	0,35	0,38	0,30	0,66	0,70	1,00
12. NSR	1.99	0,52	0,50	0,57	0,62	0,61	0,37	0,58	0,44	0,62	0,37	0,48	1,00

Dependent Variable	Model	Tests Performed			Estimator
Dependent Variable	Model	Hausman (p-value)	Breush Pagan (p-value)	Wooldridge (p-value)	Estimator
GenInnov	1	2,08 e^-13	0.37190	0.8142	Fixed effect
GenInnov	2	5.209e^-09	0.00117	0.4312	Fixed effect with robust estimation
ProdInnov	3	2.2e^-16	3.69e^-05	0.6404	Fixed effect with robust estimation
ProdInnov	4	0.00010	0.00010	0.3929	Fixed effect with robust estimation
TecInnov	5	2.2e^-16	4.62e^-05	0.0958	Fixed effect with robust estimation
TecInnov	6	3.009e^-05	3.239e^-09	0.0613	Fixed effect with robust estimation

	Model 1		Model 2
	Coefficient	Standard Error	Coefficient	Standard Error
Costumer	0,57	0,36	-0,07	0,29
Supplier	0,36	0,30	0,25	0,27
Competitor	-1,39	1,09	-0,32	0,60
University	0,08	0,44	0,06	0,28
Consultant	0,08	0,58	-0,06	0,40
R&D			0,31^**	0,13
Acquisition			0,63^***	0,08
Training			0,17^*	0,10
NSR			6,90^***	1,59
R²	0,06		0,58

	Model 3		Model 4
	Coefficient	Standard Error	Coefficient	Standard Error
Costumer	0,49	0,38	0,16	0,35
Supplier	-0,96^**	0,47	-0,92^**	0,40
Competitor	-0,05	0,32	0,09	0,36
University	0,71	0,39	0,47	0,36
Consultant	-1,77^**	0,81	-1,35^*	0,73
R&D			0,37^**	0,19
Acquisition			0,28^**	0,12
Training			0,02	0,15
NSR			2,49	1,90
R²	0,14		0,31

	Model 4		Model 5
	Coefficient	Standard Error	Coefficient	Standard Error
Costumer	0,56^***	0,18	0,45^***	0,16
Supplier	0,43	0,32	0,40	0,28
Competitor	0,29^*	0,15	0,01	0,12
University	-0,42^***	0,09	-0,33^***	0,11
Consultant	-0,93^**	0,39	-0,57	0,40
R&D			-0,01	0,09
Acquisition			0,02	0,03
Training			0,21^***	0,05
NSR			1,83^*	1,02
R²	0,23		0,42

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