Hormoligosis Evaluation and Efficacy of Fenoxycarb on the Cotton Mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis)

Idrees, Muhammad; Gogi, Muhammad Dildar; Majeed, Waqar; Mozamal, Mobeen; Imran, Hafiz Muhammad; Kanwal, Sobia; Maalik, Sadia

doi:10.1590/1678-4324-2022210631

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Article - Agriculture, Agribusiness and Biotechnology • Braz. arch. biol. technol. 65 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2022210631 copy

Hormoligosis Evaluation and Efficacy of Fenoxycarb on the Cotton Mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

HIGHLIGHTS

This manuscript highlights the application of fenoxycarb for the effective control of cotton mealybug.
Use of sub-lethal dosage to evaluate the resistance development of insecticide.
These results can be helpful for the dose selection during control in the fields, so that resistance can be reduced against pesticides.

Abstract

Sublethal dilutions exhibited hormoligosis when they were exposed to the different levels of pesticides. The present study was designed to check the efficacy and hormoligosis of fenoxycarb on four generations of cotton mealybug. The experiment was performed in the laboratory conditions at department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. After 3 days, treatments showed statistically considerable differences (P ˂ 0.05) and maximum mortality was recorded at the highest dose level of fenoxycarb. After 7 days, the treatments had significant differences (P ˂ 0.05). The greater mortality (89.02%), fecundity (143.66%) and longevity (39.62%) was recorded at a concentration of fenoxycarb 2.4%. Laboratory bioassay showed that after 3 days of experiment, fenoxycarb was less effective at concentration LC₁₀ (0.17 ppm) (0.03-0.36), while after 7-days result was LC₁₀ (0.08 ppm) (0.05-0.12). The 1^st instar showed maximum mortality at the concentration (LC₅₀ = 10.02%). The maximum fecundity and longevity were found in control. The sex ratio was higher in control while the minimum at (LC₁₀ = 0.17%). At 3 days, hormoligosis was observed in fecundity at LC₁₀ (0.17%) in G1 (52.28) and in G4 (58.27) while LC₅₀ (10.02%) in G1 (37.84) and G4 (42.73). At 7 days PAI of LC₁₀ (0.01%) in G1 (58.61) and in G4 (63.50) while LC₅₀ (0.39%) in G1 (37.67) and in G4 (44.89). The management of the insect pest in the cotton crop depends mainly on how we are using these chemicals.

Keywords:
Insecticide; Impact; Cotton; Pest; Management

Trade Name	Active Ingredient	Formulation	Company	Concentrations
Swift	Fenoxycarb	6.9 EW	Orange protection Pvt. Ltd 23-A, Wahdat road, Muslim Town, Lahore Pakistan.	0.15%,0.3%, 0.6%, 1.2%, 2.4%

	SOV	DF	SS	MSS	F	P
3 days	Treatment	4	1811.03	362.205	5572	0.001
	Error	12	0.78	0.065
	Total	16	1811.81
7 days	Treatment	4	11284.8	2256.96	312502	0.001
	Error	12	0.1	0.01
	Total	16	11284.9

Concentration (%)	3 days	7 days
Concentration (%)	Mean ± S. E
0.15	11.35 ± 0.20^E	45.81 ± 0.06^E
0.3	17.65 ± 0.38^D	56.62 ± 0.19^D
0.6	21.06 ± 0.59^C	61.69 ± 0.37^C
1.2	30.09 ± 0.34^B	73.74 ± 0.25^B
2.4	35.13 ± 0.61^A	89.02 ± 0.49^A
Control	6.15 ± 0.70^F	8.88 ± 0.57^F

Concentration (%)	Fecundity	Longevity
Concentration (%)	Mean ± S. E
0.15	109.28 ± 1.08^F	17.46 ± 1.08^E
0.3	117.38 ± 1.38^E	21.37 ± 1.23^D
0.6	129.47 ± 1.49^D	25.68 ± 1.35^C
1.2	137.58 ± 1.54^C	31.54 ± 1.49^B
2.4	143.66 ± 0.61^B	39.62 ± 1.57^A
Control	151.72 ± 0.69^A	42.08 ± 1.65^A

Treatment	Days	(ppm)	FD limit	Slope ± S.E	x²
LC₁₀	3	0.17	0.03-0.36	0.38±0.09	0.74
LC₁₀	7	0.08	0.05-0.12	0.55±0.07	1.44
LC₂₀	3	0.88	0.47-1.31	0.38±0.09	0.74
LC₂₀	7	0.03	0.01-0.07	0.55±0.07	1.44
LC₃₀	3	2.40	1.61-4.48	0.38±0.09	0.74
LC₃₀	7	0.09	0.03-0.16	0.55±0.07	1.44
LC₄₀	3	5.19	3.11-15.32	0.38±0.09	0.74
LC₄₀	7	0.20	0.09-0.31	0.55±0.07	1.44
LC₅₀	3	10.02	5.13-46.23	0.38±0.09	0.74
LC₅₀	7	0.39	0.24-0.54	0.55±0.07	1.44

3 days
1^st generation						2^nd generation
LC values	Percent Mortality		Fecundity (Crawlers/ female)	Longevity (Days)	Sex ratio	Percent Mortality		Fecundity (Crawlers/ female)	Longevity (Days)	Sex ratio
LC values	1^st Instar	Adult female				1^st Instar	Adult female
LC₅₀ = (10.02%)	44.08 ± 1.34^A	35.24 ± 1.54^A	37.84 ± 1.74^E	32.58 ± 2.44^D	2.28 ± 0.66^E	47.19 ± 0.74^A	38.79 ± 0.94^A	33.24 ± 0.91^E	23.35 ± 1.84^E	2.61± 1.13^A
LC₄₀ = (5.19%)	40.19 ± 0.47^B	32.20 ± 0.67^B	39.73± 1.37^E	35.23 ± 1.57^D	2.39 ± 1.35^D	45.31 ± 1.88^A	36.50 ± 2.47^A	37.39± 1.35^D	26.48 ± 2.17^D	2.59± 1.17^E
LC₃₀ = (2.40%)	36.58 ± 2.62^C	28.17± 2.72^C	43.40± 1.62^D	38.94 ± 1.12^C	2.44 ± 2.76^C	41.69± 2.55^B	31.41± 1.52^B	41.73± 1.62^C	29.40± 1.52^CD	2.56± 1.12^B
LC₂₀ = (0.88%)	33.50 ± 0.76^D	24.61± 1.83^D	49.24± 0.77^C	41.39 ± 0.73^BC	2.59 ± 2.55^B	39.31 ± 1.46^B	28.71 ± 2.46^C	44.57± 2.43^C	31.83 ± 2.32^BC	2.54± 1.25^D
LC₁₀ = (0.17%)	30.94 ± 1.87^D	21.50 ± 0.99^E	52.28 ± 0.87^B	43.57 ± 0.89^B	2.73 ± 1.88^A	37.41 ± 0.99^C	26.30 ± 1.33^C	48.31 ± 1.82^B	33.24 ± 0.89^B	2.47± 0.86^C
Control	0.0	0.00	94.34 ± 2.39^A	48.73 ± 1.59^A	2.99 ± 2.45^F	0.0	0.00	85.19 ± 0.96^A	43.61 ± 1.36^A	2.65± 1.33^F
7 days
LC₅₀ = (0.39%)	78.13 ± 2.24^A	68.52 ± 0.94^A	37.67 ± 1.24^F	24.65 ± 2.14^E	1.24 ± 1.09^E	82.47 ± 2.11^A	73.79 ± 1.55^A	33.45 ± 0.99^F	17.94 ± 1.44^C	1.56± 0.66^A
LC₄₀ = (0.20%)	73.51 ± 1.57^B	61.73 ± 1.87^B	43.48 ± 0.77^E	27.69 ± 1.37^D	1.30 ± 1.77^D	78.15 ± 1.07^B	69.67 ± 2.59^B	37.47 ± 0.77^E	20.89 ± 0.97^C	1.55± 0.78^E
LC₃₀ = (0.09%)	69.11 ± 1.64^C	56.44 ± 2.32^C	49.80 ± 2.62^D	30.87 ± 1.52^C	1.46 ± 0.88^B	73.25± 2.32^C	63.63± 1.68^C	42.19± 1.52^D	24.78± 1.65^B	1.53± 0.98^B
LC₂₀ = (0.03%)	65.85 ± 0.88^D	51.62 ± 0.79^D	53.73 ± 0.93^C	34.53 ± 0.73^B	1.53 ± 2.22^A	69.44 ± 1.33^D	58.33 ± 2.43^D	49.68 ± 1.73^C	27.28 ± 2.53^B	1.49± 1.47^C
LC₁₀ = (0.01%)	61.94 ± 1.89^E	48.41 ± 1.99^E	58.61 ± 2.59^B	37.78 ± 1.69^A	1.59 ± 0.76^A	67.30 ± 0.89^D	53.67 ± 0.98^E	53.30 ± 2.29^B	32.52 ± 1.39^A	1.46± 1.19^D
Control	0.00	0.00	88.58 ± 2.49^A	37.94 ± 0.79^A	2.05 ± 1.88^F	0.00	0.00	80.31 ± 1.49^A	32.91 ± 0.89^A	1.58± 1.68^F

3 days
3^rd generation						4^th generation
LC values	Percent Mortality		Fecundity (Crawlers/ female)	Longevity (Days)	Sex ratio	Percent Mortality		Fecundity (Crawlers/ female)	Longevity (Days)	Sex ratio
LC values	1^st Instar	Adult female				1^st Instar	Adult female
LC₅₀ = (10.02%)	38.71 ± 1.11^A	28.29 ± 1.33^A	42.68 ± 0.89^E	37.79 ± 1.55^E	2.66± 1.13^A	39.01 ± 2.26^A	27.29 ± 2.13^A	42.23 ± 1.56^F	37.31 ± 0.99^D	2.68 ± 1.78^A
LC₄₀ = (5.19%)	36.50 ± 0.71^A	25.17 ± 0.93^B	46.60 ± 1.77^D	39.70 ± 2.43^DE	2.58± 1.17^B	37.41±1.33^AB	24.08 ± 1.44^B	45.42 ± 0.97^E	39.43 ± 1.13^CD	2.63 ± 2.55^C
LC₃₀ = (2.40%)	33.41 ± 1.55^B	22.87 ± 2.12^C	49.49 ± 1.68^D	41.58 ± 0.99^CD	2.54± 1.12^C	34.50 ± 2.44^B	21.49 ± 2.22^B	50.31 ± 2.33^D	42.22± 0.78^C	2.57± 2.26^D
LC₂₀ = (0.88%)	30.28 ± 0.88^C	19.49±1.33^CD	54.30 ± 2.52^C	44.49 ± 1.42^BC	2.51± 1.25^D	29.19 ± 1.42^C	18.31 ± 1.34^C	53.39 ± 1.87^C	45.30 ± 1.38^B	2.51± 1.15^E
LC₁₀ = (0.17%)	27.09 ± 2.15^D	17.38 ± 0.99^D	58.17 ± 1.69^B	47.28 ± 0.89^B	2.43± 0.86^E	26.27 ± 0.98^C	16.20 ± 0.88^C	57.08 ± 2.48^B	48.19 ± 1.11^B	2.42± 0.86^B
Control	0.0	0.00	96.71 ± 2.23^A	55.63 ± 2.33^A	2.69± 1.33^F	0.00	0.00	94.53 ± 0.96^A	54.72 ± 2.19^A	2.75± 1.35^F
7 days
LC₅₀ = (0.39%)	68.32 ± 0.99^A	63.07 ± 0.89^A	43.88 ± 0.96^F	27.70 ± 2.48^D	1.59± 0.66^A	67.59 ± 2.68^A	63.29 ± 2.44^A	44.89 ± 2.44^F	28.43 ± 1.65^E	1.57 ± 0.96^A
LC₄₀ = (0.20%)	65.23 ± 2.13^B	58.78 ± 0.73^B	48.60 ± 1.43^E	31.59 ± 1.67^C	1.55± 0.78^B	64.68±1.88^AB	57.24 ± 1.57^B	49.52 ± 0.57^E	32.32 ± 0.99^D	1.52 ± 2.22^B
LC₃₀ = (0.09%)	61.51 ± 1.56^C	52.57 ± 0.62^C	53.83 ± 2.26^D	35.48 ± 0.88^B	1.51± 0.98^C	62.50 ± 2.83^B	51.12 ± 2.62^C	54.74 ± 1.62^D	36.21 ± 2.53^C	1.47 ± 0.88^C
LC₂₀ = (0.03%)	58.27 ± 2.23^D	47.50 ± 0.57^D	59.32 ± 1.56^C	40.37 ± 2.39^A	1.44± 1.47^D	57.09 ± 1.82^C	46.41 ± 1.73^D	58.59 ± 0.73^C	39.11± 1.46^BC	1.40 ± 1.77^D
LC₁₀ = (0.01%)	53.19 ± 0.77^E	42.73 ± 0.95^E	63.41 ± 1.01^B	43.18 ± 1.37^A	1.39± 1.19^E	52.28 ± 0.97^D	43.62 ± 0.89^D	62.50 ± 0.89^B	42.29 ± 0.77^B	1.33± 1.59^E
Control	0.00	0.00	90.11 ± 0.89^A	46.21 ± 0.39^A	1.81± 1.68^F	0.00	0.00	88.11 ± 0.79^A	49.21 ± 0.48^A	1.79± 1.28^F

Pesticide	Fenoxycarb (swift^® 6.9 EW)
Mortality (1^st instar)
LC at 3 days	G1	G2	G3	G4	LC at 7 days	G1	G2	G3	G4
LC₅₀ = (10.02%)	44.08	47.19	38.71	38.01	LC₅₀ = (0.39%)	78.13	82.47	68.32	67.59
LC₄₀ = (5.19%)	40.19	45.31	36.50	36.41	LC₄₀ = (0.20%)	73.51	78.15	65.23	64.68
LC₃₀ = (2.40%)	36.58	41.69	33.41	32.50	LC₃₀ = (0.09%)	69.11	73.25	61.51	62.50
LC₂₀ = (0.88%)	33.50	39.31	30.28	29.19	LC₂₀ = (0.03%)	65.85	69.44	58.27	57.09
LC₁₀ = (0.17%)	30.94	37.41	27.09	26.27	LC₁₀ = (0.01%)	61.94	67.44	53.19	52.28
CG	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	CG	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Mortality (Adult)
LC at 3 days	G1	G2	G3	G4	LC at 7 days	G1	G2	G3	G4
LC₅₀ = (10.02%)	35.24	38.79	28.29	27.29	LC₅₀ = (0.39%)	68.52	73.79	63.07	62.29
LC₄₀ = (5.19%)	32.20	36.50	25.17	24.08	LC₄₀ = (0.20%)	61.73	69.67	58.78	57.24
LC₃₀ = (2.40%)	28.17	31.41	22.87	21.49	LC₃₀ = (0.09%)	56.44	63.63	52.57	51.12
LC₂₀ = (0.88%)	24.61	28.71	19.49	18.31	LC₂₀ = (0.03%)	51.62	58.33	47.50	46.41
LC₁₀ = (0.17%)	21.50	26.30	17.38	16.20	LC₁₀ = (0.01%)	48.41	53.67	42.73	42.62
CG	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	CG	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

Pesticide	Fenoxycarb (swift® 6.9 EW)
Fecundity
LC at 3 days	G1	G2	G3	G4	LC at 7 days	G1	G2	G3	G4
LC₅₀ = (10.02%)	37.84	33.24	42.68	42.73	LC₅₀ = (0.39%)	37.67	33.45	43.88	44.89
LC₄₀ = (5.19%)	39.73	37.39	46.60	46.69	LC₄₀ = (0.20%)	43.48	37.47	48.60	49.52
LC₃₀ = (2.40%)	43.40	41.73	49.49	50.31	LC₃₀ = (0.09%)	49.80	42.19	53.83	54.74
LC₂₀ = (0.88%)	49.24	44.57	54.30	54.39	LC₂₀ = (0.03%)	53.73	49.68	59.32	58.59
LC₁₀ = (0.17%)	52.28	48.31	58.17	58.27	LC₁₀ = (0.01%)	58.61	53.30	63.41	63.50
CG	94.34	85.19	96.71	94.53	CG	88.58	80.31	90.11	91.21
Longevity
LC at 3 days	G1	G2	G3	G4	LC at 7 days	G1	G2	G3	G4
LC₅₀ = (10.02%)	32.58	23.35	37.79	37.83	LC₅₀ = (0.39%)	24.65	17.94	27.70	28.43
LC₄₀ = (5.19%)	35.23	26.48	39.70	39.75	LC₄₀ = (0.20%)	27.69	20.89	31.59	32.32
LC₃₀ = (2.40%)	38.94	29.40	41.58	42.22	LC₃₀ = (0.09%)	30.87	24.78	35.48	36.21
LC₂₀ = (0.88%)	41.39	31.83	44.49	45.30	LC₂₀ = (0.03%)	34.53	27.28	40.37	39.11
LC₁₀ = (0.17%)	43.57	33.24	47.28	48.19	LC₁₀ = (0.01%)	37.78	32.52	43.18	43.29
CG	48.73	43.61	55.63	54.72	CG	37.94	32.91	46.21	42.01

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