Solid-liquid Extraction of Soluble Carbohydrates from Soybean Meal: an Experimental Study, Kinetics, and Modeling

Levek, Caio Augusto; Hamerski, Fabiane; Ribani, Rosemary Hoffman; Silva, Vitor Renan da

doi:10.1590/1678-4324-2022210662

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Article - Engineering, Technology and Techniques • Braz. arch. biol. technol. 65 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2022210662 copy

Solid-liquid Extraction of Soluble Carbohydrates from Soybean Meal: an Experimental Study, Kinetics, and Modeling

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

HIGHLIGHTS

SPC is obtained by solid-liquid extraction process with hydroalcoholic solvent.
Box-Behnken was applied to evaluate the effect of operational parameters.
Soluble carbohydrate extraction from DSM is limited by intraparticle diffusion.
Diffusion coefficient of stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, and glucose was estimated.

Abstract

Soybean Protein concentrate is a product from the soy processing industry with high value, but to obtain it is necessary to evaluate the favorable operational conditions to extract soluble carbohydrate from soybean meal with low loss of protein. The solid-liquid extraction of soluble carbohydrates compounds from soybean meal was evaluated in view to estimate the influence of the operational parameters and the kinetic of soluble carbohydrates extraction. The influence of temperature (45-65°C), mean diameter (0.6-1.4 mm), and mass/solvent ratio (5-15 mg/mL) was investigated by Box-Behnken 3^3-1 central composite design. The soluble carbohydrate compounds over time were investigated using three mathematical models (equilibrium-dependent, Peleg, and intra-particle diffusion). The results at Box-Behnken indicated that higher temperatures and DSM to the solvent ratio resulted in increased extraction yield of the soluble carbohydrates, while the DSM particle size showed a minor influence. According to the kinetics data, the extraction process approached equilibrium after around 120-180 min. The conditions that maximized the extraction were 60°C and DSM to the solvent ratio of 10 mg/mL, resulting in the reduction of the total soluble total carbohydrate content in DSM of 29.5% to 15.1%, resulting in soy protein concentration in DSM of 65.8%, compatible with the standard protein content of SPC product. The intraparticle diffusion model was found to be the most suitable to describe the extraction process due to the best fit with the experimental data.

Keywords:
Deffated soybean meal; batch process extraction; stachyose; raffinose; intraparticle diffusion

Particle size (mm)	Fraction^ Mass fraction of DSM retained in the mesh sieves of #7, #9, #12, #16, and #28, respectively. (%)	Protein (%)	Humidity (%)	Total Fiber (%)	Ash (%)	Lipid (%)	Carbohydrate (%)
> 2.80	8.7	48.46 ± 0.14^B	12.05 ± 0.03^C	3.85 ± 0.13^B	6.35 ± 0.09^B	0.70 ± 0.03^C	28.59 ± 0.06^B
2.00	13.7	49.42 ± 0.12^A	12.39 ± 0.05^A	3.84 ± 0.04^B	6.29 ± 0.05^B	0.67 ± 0.02^C	27.39 ± 0.13^D
1.40	26.7	48.67 ± 0.11^B	12.39 ± 0.04^A	4.28 ± 0.12^A	6.16 ± 0.17^B	0.85 ± 0.01^B	27.65 ± 0.29^CD
1.00	20.5	47.49 ± 0.07^C	12.16 ± 0.07^BC	3.52 ± 0.12^C	6.23 ± 0.13^B	0.66 ± 0.05^C	29.94 ± 0.15^A
0.60	15.5	49.66 ± 0.08^A	12.46 ± 0.02^A	2.90 ± 0.08^D	6.23 ± 0.04^B	0.63 ± 0.03^C	28.11 ± 0.10^C
< 0.60	14.8	49.53 ± 0.08^A	12.19 ± 0.05^B	3.12 ± 0.11^D	7.99 ± 0.06^A	1.23 ± 0.01^A	25.93 ± 0.19^E

Treatments^* * Experimental conditions: temperature (°C), DSM particle size (mm), DSM to the solvent ratio (mg/mL). Extraction time: 20 minutes.	Total Solid extract (g/100g)	Stachyose (g/100g)	Raffinose (g/100g)	Sucrose (g/100g)	Glucose (g/100g)	Total soluble carbohydrates (g/100g)
45-0.6-10	14.94 ± 0.50^B	2.19 ± 0,02^G	0.77 ± 0,03^C	5.27 ± 0,07^E	0.53 ± 0,03^BC	8.76 ± 0.09^E
45-1.4-10	11.59 ± 0.32^D	1.68 ± 0.02^I	0.57 ± 0.03^D	3.86 ± 0.07^G	0.27 ± 0.03^D	6.37 ± 0.09^H
45-1.0-05	11.94 ± 0.09^D	1.73 ± 0.01^I	0.74 ± 0.02^C	4.38 ± 0.04^F	0.48 ± 0.01^C	7.32 ± 0.04^G
45-1.0-15	14.06 ± 0.42^BC	2.01 ± 0.03^H	0.56 ± 0.05^D	4.31 ± 0.11^F	0.30 ± 0.01^D	7.19 ± 0.12^G
55-0.6-05	15.90 ± 0.09^B	2.33 ± 0.01^DE	1.00 ± 0.02^B	5.87 ± 0.04^D	0.65 ± 0.02^A	9.85 ± 0.04^D
55-1.4-05	12.25 ± 0.62^CD	0.70 ± 0.01^J	0.21 ± 0.02^E	1.59 ± 0.04^H	0.12 ± 0.01^E	2.63 ± 0.04^I
55-0.6-15	19.91 ± 0.44^A	3.03 ± 0.03^C	0.98 ± 0.05^B	6.37 ± 0.11^C	0.55 ± 0.04^BC	10.93 ± 0.13^C
55-1.4-15	15.91 ± 0.71^B	2.25 ± 0.03^FG	0.60 ± 0.05^D	4.44 ± 0.11^F	0.31 ± 0.03^D	7.60 ± 0.13^F
65-0.6-10	20.98 ± 0.54^A	3.09 ± 0.02^BC	1.18 ± 0.03^A	6.23 ± 0.07^C	0.54 ± 0.03^BC	11.05 ± 0.09^C
65-1.4-10	19.34 ± 1.37^A	3.13 ± 0.02^B	1.20 ± 0.03^A	6.64 ± 0.07^B	0.66 ± 0.03^A	11.64 ± 0.09^B
65-1.0-05	15.89 ± 0.30^B	2.37 ± 0.01^D	1.00 ± 0.02^B	5.80 ± 0.04^D	0.59 ± 0.02^AB	9.75 ± 0.04^D
65-1.0-15	20.47 ± 0.96^A	3.59 ± 0.03^A	1.20 ± 0.05^A	7.00 ± 0.11^A	0.49 ± 0.02^BC	12.48 ± 0.12^A
55-1.0-10	15.79 ± 0.74^B	2.29 ± 0.02^EF	0.81 ± 0.03^C	5.24 ± 0.07^E	0.48 ± 0.03^C	8.82 ± 0.09^E

Model	Parameter	45°C	55°C	65°C
Stachyose
Equilibrium-dependent model	k x 10²	4.82 ± 0.60	6.21 ± 0.69	9.12 ± 0.72
	Co	3.53 ± 0.12	3.81 ± 0.09	3.85 ± 0.07
	R²	94.81	96.04	97.34
	RME (%)	8.86	6.41	3.70
Intraparticle diffusion	D_EF x 10² (mm²/min)	1.95 ± 0.23	2.97 ± 0.20	4.50 ± 0.55
	Xoo (g/100g)	3.93 ± 0.09	3.79 ± 0.12	3.75 ± 0.08
	R²	98.95	99.41	99.12
	RME	1.56	1.34	1.72
Peleg	K₁	4.06 ± 0.27	2.67 ± 0.12	1.79 ± 0.15
	K₂	0.25 ± 0.01	0.24 ± 0.01	0.24 ± 0.01
	R²	99.35	99.86	98.76
	RME	2.14	1.74	3.01
Raffinose
Equilibrium-dependent model	k x 10²	5.54 ± 0.36	5.81 ± 0.40	8.98 ± 0.73
	Co (g/L)	1.49 ± 0.03	1.49 ± 0.02	1.52 ± 0.03
	R²	97.95	98.15	97.28
	RME	4.73	4.16	3.05
Intraparticle diffusion	D_EF x 10² (mm²/min)	2.72 ± 0.66	2.74 ± 0.41	4.54 ± 0.89
	Xoo (g/100g)	1.54 ± 0.07	1.49 ± 0.45	1.48 ± 0.05
	R²	97.15	98.76	97.93
	RME	3.17	2.55	3.04
Peleg	K₁	8.15 ± 1.08	7.65 ± 0.49	4.69 ± 0.60
	K₂	0.63 ± 0.02	0.61 ± 0.01	0.61 ± 0.02
	R²	97.66	99.41	97.24
	RME	4.33	2.84	4.99
Sucrose
Equilibrium-dependent model	k x 10²	6.95 ± 0.42	8.57 ± 0.75	12.01 ± 0.76
	Co	7.76 ± 0.11	8.13 ± 0.15	7.96 ± 0.10
	R²	98.41	96.21	97.83
	RME	3.33	5.24	2.34
Intraparticle diffusion	D_EF x 10⁴ (mm²/min)	3.44 ± 0.51	4.44 ± 0.39	6.34 ± 0.82
	Xoo (g/100g)	9.46 ± 0.21	9.20 ± 0.12	9.34 ± 0.16
	R²	98.67	99.40	98.46
	RME	2.13	1.63	1.93
Peleg	K₁	1.19 ± 0.11	0.87 ± 0.06	0.63 ± 0.60
	K₂	0.12 ± 0.01	0.12 ± 0.01	0.61 ± 0.01
	R²	98.65	99.48	97.23
	RME	3.78	1.53	3.40
Glucose
Equilibrium-dependent model	k x 10²	7.15 ± 0.74	7.02 ± 0.61	13.6 ± 1.48
	Co	0.82 ± 0.03	0.75 ± 0.02	0.80 ± 0.02
	R²	93.34	96.98	96.89
	RME	9.73	8.46	3.46
Intraparticle diffusion	D_EF x 10⁴ (mm²/min)	3.41 ± 0.43	3.91 ± 1.14	7.29 ± 1.46
	Xoo (g/100g)	0.93 ± 0.18	0.89 ± 0.04	0.88 ± 0.24
	R²	98.26	98.96	97.02
	RME	2.06	3.56	3.63
Peleg	K₁	10.78 ± 2.21	12.16 ± 0.83	5.62 ± 0.88
	K₂	1.16 ± 0.05	1.24 ± 0.02	1.78 ± 0.03
	R²	94.06	92.23	94.98
	RME	8.45	12.42	6.10

Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná - Tecpar Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775 - CIC, 81350-010 Curitiba PR Brazil, Tel.: +55 41 3316-3052/3054, Fax: +55 41 3346-2872 - Curitiba - PR - Brazil
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