New Chromosomal Data and Karyological Relationships in Geranium: Basic Number Alterations, Dysploidy, Polyploidy, and Karyotype Asymmetry

Martin, Esra; Kahraman, Ahmet; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Bozkurt, Havva; Eroğlu, Halil Erhan

doi:10.1590/1678-4324-2022210354

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Article - Biological and Applied Sciences • Braz. arch. biol. technol. 65 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2022210354 copy

New Chromosomal Data and Karyological Relationships in Geranium: Basic Number Alterations, Dysploidy, Polyploidy, and Karyotype Asymmetry

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

HIGHLIGHTS

Karyological relationships are useful to infer processes of evolution and speciation.
This paper reports chromosomal data of 38 taxa. First report (9) and new count (5).
Dysploidy, polyploidy, and karyotype asymmetry are important parameters.
Dysploidy and polyploidy variations are main factors in karyotype evolution of genus.

Abstract

Chromosomal data and karyological relationships provides valuable contributions to understanding speciation and karyotypic phylogeny. Because of the large number of species, wide distribution, morphological differences and chromosomal variations, Geranium is an important genus for determining the relationship between chromosomal alterations and karyotypic phylogeny. In the present study, the chromosomal data of 38 taxa are provided, nine of which are given for the first time (G. eginense, G. gracile, G. ibericum subsp. jubatum, G. lasiopus, G. libani, G. libanoticum, G. petri-davisii, G. ponticum, G. psilostemon), five present new chromosome numbers (G. asphodeloides, G. ibericum subsp. ibericum, G. molle subsp. molle, G. pretense, G. rotundifolium), and 24 agree with previous reports. Eleven different diploid numbers (2n = 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32, 46, 48, 64, and 84) are detected. In basic numbers, infraspecific variations are encountered. The comprehensive variations of basic numbers and the relatively low rate of polyploid species showed in the present study promote the evolutionary significance of karyotype alterations by dysploidy mechanism. Regarding karyological relationships, G. sanguineum forms a monophyletic group by quite different karyological features, which are different basic number, diploid number, and karyotype sample and high ploidy level. Other clad consists of two subclades with a medium strong monophyletic group. In regression analyses, there are significant positive correlations between THL and 2n/ploidy levels. Asymmetry indices (CV_CL and M_CA) show weak positive correlations mainly caused by polyploidy. The most asymmetrical karyotypes are G. molle subsp. bruitium in intrachromosomal asymmetry and G. asphodeloides in interchromosomal asymmetry.

Keywords:
Geranium; chromosome alterations; ploidy levels; symmetrical karyotype

Species	Distribution regions and collection information	Chromosomal status
G. asphodeloides	Trabzon, Hayrat, Küçük Mesoraş, 2055 m, 06.08.2015, A. Kahraman 2185 (B)	Studied
G. bohemicum	Bolu, between Bolu and Yedigöller, 1433 m, 14.07.2015, A. Kahraman 2157	Studied
G. collinum Stephan ex Willd.	Ardahan, Haçuvan village (Hasköy), 1500 m, 04.08.2015, A. Kahraman 2170	Studied
G. columbinum	Karabük, between Karabük and Bartın, 667 m, 12.07.2015, A. Kahraman 2141	Studied
G. dissectum	Antalya, between Akseki and İbradı, 955 m, 11.05.2014, A. Kahraman 1774	Studied
G. divaricatum	Sivas, between Akdağmadeni and Şarkışla, Çamlıca village, 1386 m, 24.06.2015, A. Kahraman 2109	Studied
G. eginense Hausskn. & Sint. ex R.Knuth	Erzincan, Kemaliye, Karanlık Canyon road, 890 m, 15.06.2016, A. Kahraman 2387(B)	Unstudied
G. glaberrimum	Antalya, Gündoğmuş, Gelesandra plateau, 1473 m, 13.05.2014, A. Kahraman 1789	Studied
G. gracile Ledeb. ex Nordm.	Gümüşhane, towards to Zigana gateway, 1696 m, 17.07.2014, A. Kahraman 1879	Unstudied
G. gymnocaulon	Artvin, Şavşat, 2210 m, 18.07.2016, A. Kahraman 2412
G. ibericum	Trabzon, between Hayrat and Sarmaşık village (Büyük Mesoraş), 1815 m, 19.07.2014, A. Kahraman 1900	Unstudied
G. lanuginosum	Balıkesir, Erdek, between Ormanlı and Ballı, 70-100 m, 19.05.2016, A. Kahraman 2361	Studied
G. lasiopus Boiss. & Heldr.	Antalya, Akseki, Güzelsu, 1190 m, 14.05.2014, A. Kahraman 1791	Unstudied
G. libani P.H.Davis	Hatay, Belen, Güzelyayla, 980-1050 m, 30.05.2015, A. Kahraman 2076	Unstudied
G. libanoticum Schenk	Antalya: between Derebucak-İbradı, 1343 m, 23.04.2016, A. Kahraman 2311	Unstudied
G. lucidum	Karabük, between Karabük and Bartın, 667 m, 12.07.2015, A. Kahraman 2144	Studied
G. macrorrhizum L.	Balıkesir, Erdek, between Ormanlı and Ballı, 70-100 m, 19.05.2016, A. Kahraman 2362	Studied
G. macrostylum Boiss.	Antalya, Elmalı, Uzungeriş hill, 2116 m, 20.06.2014, A. Kahraman 1837	Studied
G. molle L.	Manisa, between Kula and Salihli, 129 m, 06.04.2014, A. Kahraman 1701	Studied
G. palustre L.	Kars, between Sarıkamış and Karaurgan, 2139 m, 04.08.2015, A. Kahraman 2174	Studied
G. petri-davisii Aedo	Kahramanmaraş, Höbek mountain, 2107 m, 01.07.2015, A. Kahraman 2130	Unstudied
G. platypetalum	Artvin, between Şavşat and Ardahan, 2275 m, 03.08.2015, A. Kahraman 2167	Studied
G. ponticum (P.H.Davis & J.Roberts) Aedo	Gümüşhane, Zigana mountain, from Kepenek hill to Yayla village (Alas), 2322 m, 17.07.2014, A. Kahraman 1886	Unstudied
G. pratense L.	Kars, between Sarıkamış and Karaurgan, 2139 m, 04.08.2015, A. Kahraman 2175	Studied
G. psilostemon Ledeb.	Gümüşhane, between Kayaiçi village (Toroslu) and Yağmurdere, 1613 m, 18.07.2014, A. Kahraman 1891	Unstudied
G. purpureum Vill.	Antalya, between Manavgat and Akseki, 303 m, 11.05.2014, A. Kahraman 1770	Studied
G. pusillum Burm.f.	Burdur, road of Fethiye-Denizli, between Çavdır and Acıpayam, 1030 m, 04.05.2015, A. Kahraman 2060	Studied
G. pyrenaicum Burm.f.	Karabük, Gölören village, 1058 m, 11.07.2015, A. Kahraman 2137	Studied
G. robertianum	Antalya, between Manavgat and Akseki, 534 m, 11.05.2014, A. Kahraman 1772	Studied
G. rotundifolium L.	Muğla, Ortaca, 0 m, 03.05.2015, A. Kahraman 2058	Studied
G. sanguineum L.	Gümüşhane, Zigana road, Zigana village, 1412 m, 17.07.2014, A. Kahraman 1877	Studied
G. sibiricum L.	Trabzon, Uzungöl area, 1100 m, 19.07.2016, A. Güngör & A. Kahraman 2414A	Studied
G. sintenisii	Gümüşhane, towards to Zigana gateway, 1704 m, 17.07.2014, A. Kahraman 1880	Studied
G. subcaulescens L Hér. ex DC.	Isparta, Aksu, Dedegöl mountain, Melikler plateau, 1815 m, 17.06.2014, A. Kahraman 1831	Studied
G. sylvaticum L.	Düzce, between Düzce and Sakarya, Kaynaşlı, 413 m, 08.04.2015, A. Karaman 1978	Studied
G. tuberosum L.	Antalya, Elmalı, Uzungeriş hill, 2138 m, 20.06.2014, A. Karaman 1838	Studied

Karyotypic parameters	Abbreviations and formulae
Long arm	L
Short arm	S
Total chromosome length	TL = LA + SA
Arm ratio	AR = LA / SA
Centromeric index	CI = [(SA) / (LA + SA)] × 100
Mean haploid length	MHL
Total haploid length	THL
Relative length	RL = [(LA + SA) / THL] × 100
Median chromosome Submedian chromosome Subtelocentric chromosome Terminal chromosome	m, LA / SA = 1.0 - 1.7 sm, LA / SA = 1.7 - 3.0 st, LA / SA = 3.0 - 7.0 t, LA / SA = 7.0 - ∞
Mean centromeric asymmetry (Intrachromosomal asymmetry)	M_CA = [mean (L_T - S_T) / (L_T + S_T)] × 100 L_T, total length of long arms S_T, total length of short arms
Coefficient variation of chromosome length (Interchromosomal asymmetry)	CV_CL = (S_CL / X_CL) × 100 S_CL, standard deviation X_CL, mean chromosome length

Taxa (alphabetically)	Previous results		Present results							Note
	2n	References	2n	x	Ploidy	MHL	THL	CV_CL	M_CA
G. asphodeloides	24, 28*	[²⁰20 Petrova A, Stanimirova P. Karyological study of some Geranium (Geraniaceae) species growing in Bulgaria. Bocconea. 2003;16(2):675-82.,³¹31 Baltisberger M. Cytological investigations of some Greek plants. Fl Medit. 1991;1:157-73.,³⁷37 Probatova NS. Chromosome numbers of some plant species of the Primkorsky Territory and the Amur River basin. Bot Zurn. 2006;91:785-804.]	26	13	2x	1.25	32.49	30.38	16.25	New count
G. bohemicum	28	[²⁰20 Petrova A, Stanimirova P. Karyological study of some Geranium (Geraniaceae) species growing in Bulgaria. Bocconea. 2003;16(2):675-82.,³⁵35 Albers F, Pröbsting W. Chromosomenatlas. In: Wisskirchen R, Haeupler H, editors. Standardliste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Stuttgart: Bundesamt für Naturschutz & Verlag Eugen Ulmer; 1998. p. 562-616.]	28	14	2x					Equal number
G. collinum	28	[³⁸38 Baltisberger M, Voelger M. Sternbergia sicula. IAPT/IOPB chromosome data 1. Taxon. 2006;55:443-45.]	28	14	2x	0.87	24.28	13.93	18.38	Equal number
G. columbinum	18	[²⁰20 Petrova A, Stanimirova P. Karyological study of some Geranium (Geraniaceae) species growing in Bulgaria. Bocconea. 2003;16(2):675-82.-²¹21 Warburg EF. Taxonomy and relationship in the Geraniales in the light of their cytology. New Phytol. 1938;37(2):130-59.,²⁵25 Murin A. In Index of chromosome numbers of Slovakian flora. Part 4. Acta Fac Rerum Nat Univo Comen Bot. 1974;23:1-23., ²⁷27 Strid A, Franzen R. In chromosome number reports LXXIII. Taxon. 1981;30:829-42.,²⁹29 Van Loon JC. Chromosome numbers in Geranium from Europe, II. The annual species. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen C. 1984;87:279-96.,³⁵35 Albers F, Pröbsting W. Chromosomenatlas. In: Wisskirchen R, Haeupler H, editors. Standardliste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Stuttgart: Bundesamt für Naturschutz & Verlag Eugen Ulmer; 1998. p. 562-616.]	18	9	2x	2.11	18.99	20.98	17.92	Equal number
G. dissectum	22	[²⁰20 Petrova A, Stanimirova P. Karyological study of some Geranium (Geraniaceae) species growing in Bulgaria. Bocconea. 2003;16(2):675-82.,³⁵35 Albers F, Pröbsting W. Chromosomenatlas. In: Wisskirchen R, Haeupler H, editors. Standardliste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Stuttgart: Bundesamt für Naturschutz & Verlag Eugen Ulmer; 1998. p. 562-616.]	22	11	2x	1.72	18.88	25.42	18.85	Equal number
G. divaricatum	26, 28*	[²⁰20 Petrova A, Stanimirova P. Karyological study of some Geranium (Geraniaceae) species growing in Bulgaria. Bocconea. 2003;16(2):675-82.,²⁵25 Murin A. In Index of chromosome numbers of Slovakian flora. Part 4. Acta Fac Rerum Nat Univo Comen Bot. 1974;23:1-23.,³⁵35 Albers F, Pröbsting W. Chromosomenatlas. In: Wisskirchen R, Haeupler H, editors. Standardliste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Stuttgart: Bundesamt für Naturschutz & Verlag Eugen Ulmer; 1998. p. 562-616.]	28	14	2x	0.99	27.74			Equal number
G. eginense			26	13	2x					First report
G. glaberrimum	30	[²⁶26 Guittoneau GG. Contributions à l'étude caryosystématique et phylogénétique des Géraniacées dans le Bassin Méditerranéen, Colloques Internatl. 1975;235:195-205. French.]	30	10	3x					Equal number
G. gracile			26	13	2x	0.94	24.54			First report
G. gymnocaulon	28	[²²22 Tumajanov II, Beridze RK. A karyological investigation of some representatives of the upper alpine adnival floras of the Great Caucasus. Bot Zurn. 1968;53:58-68.]	28	14	2x					Equal number
G. ibericum subsp. ibericum	56	[¹⁸18 Darlington CD, Wylie AP. Chromosome atlas of flowering plants. London: George Allen and Unwin; 1956.]	28	14	2x	0.83	23.19			New count
G. ibericum subsp. jubatum			28	14	2x	0.92	26.68			First report
G. lanuginosum	42, 48*	[¹⁸18 Darlington CD, Wylie AP. Chromosome atlas of flowering plants. London: George Allen and Unwin; 1956.,²¹21 Warburg EF. Taxonomy and relationship in the Geraniales in the light of their cytology. New Phytol. 1938;37(2):130-59.]	48	12	4x					Equal number
G. lasiopus			26	13	2x					First report
G. libani			28	14	2x	1.00	27.94			First report
G. libanoticum			28	14	2x					First report
G. lucidum	20, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44*	[²⁰20 Petrova A, Stanimirova P. Karyological study of some Geranium (Geraniaceae) species growing in Bulgaria. Bocconea. 2003;16(2):675-82.,²⁴24 Löve A, Kjellqvist E. Cytotaxonomy of Spanish plants. IV. Dicotyledons: Caesalpiniaceae- Asteraceae. Lagascalia. 1974;4(2):153-211., ²⁶26 Guittoneau GG. Contributions à l'étude caryosystématique et phylogénétique des Géraniacées dans le Bassin Méditerranéen, Colloques Internatl. 1975;235:195-205. French.,³⁵35 Albers F, Pröbsting W. Chromosomenatlas. In: Wisskirchen R, Haeupler H, editors. Standardliste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Stuttgart: Bundesamt für Naturschutz & Verlag Eugen Ulmer; 1998. p. 562-616.]	20	10	2x	1.84	18.43	15.57	15.62	Equal number
G. macrorrhizum	46, 92	[²⁰20 Petrova A, Stanimirova P. Karyological study of some Geranium (Geraniaceae) species growing in Bulgaria. Bocconea. 2003;16(2):675-82.,³¹31 Baltisberger M. Cytological investigations of some Greek plants. Fl Medit. 1991;1:157-73.]	46	23	2x					Equal number
G. macrostylum	28	[²⁷27 Strid A, Franzen R. In chromosome number reports LXXIII. Taxon. 1981;30:829-42.]	28	14	2x					Equal number
G. molle subsp. bruitium	26, 52	[²⁰20 Petrova A, Stanimirova P. Karyological study of some Geranium (Geraniaceae) species growing in Bulgaria. Bocconea. 2003;16(2):675-82.]	26	13	2x	1.72	22.21	19.01	20.76	Equal number
G. molle subsp. molle	26	[²⁴24 Löve A, Kjellqvist E. Cytotaxonomy of Spanish plants. IV. Dicotyledons: Caesalpiniaceae- Asteraceae. Lagascalia. 1974;4(2):153-211.-²⁵25 Murin A. In Index of chromosome numbers of Slovakian flora. Part 4. Acta Fac Rerum Nat Univo Comen Bot. 1974;23:1-23.]	28	14	2x	1.71	23.92	24.65	15.26	New count
G. palustre	28, 56	[²⁰20 Petrova A, Stanimirova P. Karyological study of some Geranium (Geraniaceae) species growing in Bulgaria. Bocconea. 2003;16(2):675-82.,²⁵25 Murin A. In Index of chromosome numbers of Slovakian flora. Part 4. Acta Fac Rerum Nat Univo Comen Bot. 1974;23:1-23.,³⁵35 Albers F, Pröbsting W. Chromosomenatlas. In: Wisskirchen R, Haeupler H, editors. Standardliste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Stuttgart: Bundesamt für Naturschutz & Verlag Eugen Ulmer; 1998. p. 562-616.]	28	14	2x					Equal number
G. petri-davisii			28	14	2x	2.32	32.41	21.97	14.18	First report
G. platypetalum	28, 42	[¹⁸18 Darlington CD, Wylie AP. Chromosome atlas of flowering plants. London: George Allen and Unwin; 1956.]	28	14	2x	1.91	26.67	27.79	18.46	Equal number
G. ponticum			26	13	2x					First report
G. pratense	24, 28, 56	[³⁶36 Kumar P, Singhal VK. Chromosome number and secondary chromosomal associations in wild populations of Geranium pratense L. from the cold deserts of Lahaul-Spiti (India). Tsitol Genet. 2013;47(2):56-65.]	26	13	2x					New count
G. psilostemon			26	13	2x	1.03	26.72			First report
G. purpureum	32, 64	[²⁰20 Petrova A, Stanimirova P. Karyological study of some Geranium (Geraniaceae) species growing in Bulgaria. Bocconea. 2003;16(2):675-82.,²⁴24 Löve A, Kjellqvist E. Cytotaxonomy of Spanish plants. IV. Dicotyledons: Caesalpiniaceae- Asteraceae. Lagascalia. 1974;4(2):153-211.,³¹31 Baltisberger M. Cytological investigations of some Greek plants. Fl Medit. 1991;1:157-73.-³²32 Luque T, Lifante ZD. Chromosome numbers of plants collected during Iter Mediterraneum I in the SE of Spain. Bocconea. 1991;1:303-64.,³⁵35 Albers F, Pröbsting W. Chromosomenatlas. In: Wisskirchen R, Haeupler H, editors. Standardliste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Stuttgart: Bundesamt für Naturschutz & Verlag Eugen Ulmer; 1998. p. 562-616.]	32	8	4x	0.90	28.95			Equal number
G. pusillum	26	[²⁰20 Petrova A, Stanimirova P. Karyological study of some Geranium (Geraniaceae) species growing in Bulgaria. Bocconea. 2003;16(2):675-82.,²⁵25 Murin A. In Index of chromosome numbers of Slovakian flora. Part 4. Acta Fac Rerum Nat Univo Comen Bot. 1974;23:1-23.,³⁵35 Albers F, Pröbsting W. Chromosomenatlas. In: Wisskirchen R, Haeupler H, editors. Standardliste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Stuttgart: Bundesamt für Naturschutz & Verlag Eugen Ulmer; 1998. p. 562-616.]	26	13	2x	1.99	25.82	25.81	19.39	Equal number
G. pyrenaicum	26, 28, 52*	[¹⁸18 Darlington CD, Wylie AP. Chromosome atlas of flowering plants. London: George Allen and Unwin; 1956.,²⁵25 Murin A. In Index of chromosome numbers of Slovakian flora. Part 4. Acta Fac Rerum Nat Univo Comen Bot. 1974;23:1-23.,³¹31 Baltisberger M. Cytological investigations of some Greek plants. Fl Medit. 1991;1:157-73., ³⁵35 Albers F, Pröbsting W. Chromosomenatlas. In: Wisskirchen R, Haeupler H, editors. Standardliste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Stuttgart: Bundesamt für Naturschutz & Verlag Eugen Ulmer; 1998. p. 562-616.]	26	13	2x	1.06	27.49			Equal number
G. robertianum	32, 52, 54, 56, 64,128*	[²¹21 Warburg EF. Taxonomy and relationship in the Geraniales in the light of their cytology. New Phytol. 1938;37(2):130-59.,²⁴24 Löve A, Kjellqvist E. Cytotaxonomy of Spanish plants. IV. Dicotyledons: Caesalpiniaceae- Asteraceae. Lagascalia. 1974;4(2):153-211.,³⁵35 Albers F, Pröbsting W. Chromosomenatlas. In: Wisskirchen R, Haeupler H, editors. Standardliste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Stuttgart: Bundesamt für Naturschutz & Verlag Eugen Ulmer; 1998. p. 562-616.]	64	8	8x					Equal number
G. rotundifolium	26, 46	[²¹21 Warburg EF. Taxonomy and relationship in the Geraniales in the light of their cytology. New Phytol. 1938;37(2):130-59.,²³23 Dahlgren R, Karlsson TH, Lassen P. Studies on the Flora of the Balearic Islands, I. Chromosome numbers in Balearic angiosperms. Bot Not. 1971;124:249-69.-²⁴24 Löve A, Kjellqvist E. Cytotaxonomy of Spanish plants. IV. Dicotyledons: Caesalpiniaceae- Asteraceae. Lagascalia. 1974;4(2):153-211.,²⁷27 Strid A, Franzen R. In chromosome number reports LXXIII. Taxon. 1981;30:829-42.,³⁵35 Albers F, Pröbsting W. Chromosomenatlas. In: Wisskirchen R, Haeupler H, editors. Standardliste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Stuttgart: Bundesamt für Naturschutz & Verlag Eugen Ulmer; 1998. p. 562-616.]	28	14	2x	1.78	24.88	25.28	14.43	New count
G. sanguineum	52,56, 82,84*	[²⁰20 Petrova A, Stanimirova P. Karyological study of some Geranium (Geraniaceae) species growing in Bulgaria. Bocconea. 2003;16(2):675-82.-²¹21 Warburg EF. Taxonomy and relationship in the Geraniales in the light of their cytology. New Phytol. 1938;37(2):130-59.,²⁹29 Van Loon JC. Chromosome numbers in Geranium from Europe, II. The annual species. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen C. 1984;87:279-96.]	84	12	7x	1.70	71.56	25.32	19.31	Equal number
G. sibiricum	28	[³⁵35 Albers F, Pröbsting W. Chromosomenatlas. In: Wisskirchen R, Haeupler H, editors. Standardliste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Stuttgart: Bundesamt für Naturschutz & Verlag Eugen Ulmer; 1998. p. 562-616.]	28	14	2x					Equal number
G. sintenisii	26	[²⁶26 Guittoneau GG. Contributions à l'étude caryosystématique et phylogénétique des Géraniacées dans le Bassin Méditerranéen, Colloques Internatl. 1975;235:195-205. French.]	26	13	2x					Equal number
G. subcaulescens	28, 56	[²⁶26 Guittoneau GG. Contributions à l'étude caryosystématique et phylogénétique des Géraniacées dans le Bassin Méditerranéen, Colloques Internatl. 1975;235:195-205. French.,³¹31 Baltisberger M. Cytological investigations of some Greek plants. Fl Medit. 1991;1:157-73.,³³33 Baltisberger M. Two interesting chromosome numbers from the Balkans. IOPB Newsletter. 1993;20:12-5.]	28	14	2x	0.96	26.91			Equal number
G. sylvaticum	24, 28, 56*	[³⁰30 Dmitrieva SA. Chisla khromosom nekotorych vidov rastenij Berezinskogo Biosfernogo Zapovednika. Zapov Belorussii Issl. 1986;10:24-8. Russian.,³⁴34 Montgomery L, Khalaf M, Bailey JP, Gornal KJ. Contributions to a cytological catalogue of the British and Irish flora, 5. Watsonia, 1997;21:365-68.]	28	14	2x	1.58	22.10	20.49	15.20	Equal number
G. tuberosum	28	[²⁸28 Van Loon JC, Oudemans JJMH.. In IOPB chromosome number reports LXXV. Taxon. 1982;31:343-44.]	28	14	2x					Equal number

Taxa	KF	SC (μm)	LC (μm)	RL (%) SC-LC	CI (min-max)
G. asphodeloides	24m + 2sm	1.21	3.77	3.72-11.60	35.74-47.32
G. collinum	22m + 6sm	1.40	2.19	5.77-9.02	27.32-47.95
G. columbinum	14m + 4sm	1.33	2.97	7.00-15.64	35.43-46.20
G. dissectum	22m	1.13	2.53	5.99-13.40	37.43-47.16
G. lucidum	18m + 2sm	1.36	2.31	7.38-12.53	32.03-49.17
G. molle subsp. brutium	20m + 6sm	1.04	2.17	4.68-9.77	33.55-47.12
G. molle subsp. molle	26m + 2sm	0.95	2.36	3.97-9.87	35.91-48.59
G. petri-davisii	26m + 2sm	1.51	3.45	4.66-10.64	36.00-46.42
G. platypetalum	22m + 6sm	1.01	2.76	3.79-10.35	26.73-48.67
G. pusillum	22m + 4sm	1.31	3.12	5.07-12.08	29.11-47.60
G. rotundifolium	2M + 22m + 4sm	0.87	2.47	3.50-9.93	26.32-50.00
G. sanguineum	66m + 16sm + 2st	0.90	2.73	1.26-3.81	24.84-48.21
G. sylvaticum	2M + 22m + 4sm	1.09	2.25	4.93-10.18	34.22-50.00

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[1] *Correspondence: herhan.eroglu@bozok.edu.tr; Tel.: +90-354-2421021 (H.E.E.)