Seasonal Fluctuations of N, P and K in Leaves Influenced Nutrient Requirement During Fruit Development Stages in Different Olive Genotypes

Iqbal, Muhammad Azhar; Khan, Muhammad Azam; Azam, Muhammad; Bhatti, Muhammad Izhar Naeem; Feroze, Muhammad Aqeel; Zulfiqar, Bushra; Umar, Humara; Asif, Muhammad

doi:10.1590/1678-4324-2022210347

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Article - Agriculture, Agribusiness and Biotechnology • Braz. arch. biol. technol. 65 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2022210347 copy

Seasonal Fluctuations of N, P and K in Leaves Influenced Nutrient Requirement During Fruit Development Stages in Different Olive Genotypes

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

HIGHLIGHTS

Overall, N, P, K contents were higher in leaves during flowering and then depleted during fruit development stages.
Nitrogen content was found higher in Coratina among four olive cultivars
Leaf phosphorus and potassium content was observed higher in Ottobratica and Leccino cultivars.

Abstract:

Olive is grown in semi-arid climatic conditions; however, little is known about mineral changes in olive plant and nutrient requirements during the production period. Hence, the current study was conducted under Pothwar agro-climatic conditions in order to select appropriate stage of macronutrients (N, P, K) application in relation to soil and leaf nutritional status during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. Soil and leaf analysis were performed at four different phenological stages (i.e. flowering, fruit setting, fruit enlargement and fruit maturity stages). The results revealed that the assessed macronutrient in leaf and soil varied significantly among varieties, phenological stages and growing year. The results revealed also that nitrogen level was found to decrease from fruit set (1.56%) to fruit enlargement stage (1.47%). Leaf and soil N, P and K contents were found higher before the flowering (stage 1) and depleted after fruit harvesting (stage 4), regardless of olive varieties. However, high yielding varieties showed lower nutrients after fruit harvesting (stage 4). Therefore, N content in leaf and soil gradually decreased during fruit growth and development. Whereas, K content in leaf and soil sharply declined from fruit maturity to fruit ripening stage. Overall, the trend of nutrient depletion showed that plants need phosphorus for fruit setting, nitrogen before and after fruit setting, and potash after pit hardening or at oil accumulation stages.

Keywords:
Olea europaea; climatic conditions; soil analysis; Kallar Kahar

Properties	Values
pH	8.15 ± 0.1
Organic matter	0.63 ± 0.02
Soil texture	Sandy loam

Stage (S)	Varieties (V)
	Varieties (V)				Mean
	V1	V2	V3	V4	(S)
	(V×S)
S1	0.046 ± 0.02 abcd	0.048 ± 0.003 abc	0.050 ± 0.003 a	0.050 ± 0.002 ab	0.048 a
S2	0.043 ± 0.008 d	0.044 ± 0.004 d	0.044 ± 0.004 cd	0.046 ± 0.003 bcd	0.045 b
S3	0.038 ± 0.003 efg	0.039 ± 0.006 ef	0.040 ± 0.002 e	0.040 ± 0.005 e	0.039 c
S4	0.035 ±0.005 g	0.036 ± 0.002 fg	0.038 ± 0.005 efg	0.036 ± 0.004 fg	0.036 d
Mean (V)	0.041 ± 0.003 b	0.042 ± 0.003 ab	0.043 ± 0.004 a	0.043 ± 0.003 a
SN^c	(V×SN)				(SN)
SN1	0.041 ± 0.004 bc	0.042 ± 0.002bc	0.041 ± 0.004bc	0.043 ± 0.005ab	0.042 a
SN2	0.040 ± 0.003c	0.042 ± 0.004bc	0.045 ± 0.003 a	0.043 ± 0.005ab	0.042 a

Stage (S)	Varieties (V)
	Varieties (V)
	V1^a	V2	V3	V4	Mean (S)
	(V×S)
S1^b	7.613 ± 0.12 a	7.666 ± 0.13 a	7.225 ± 0.13 bc	7.596 ± 0.20 a	7.525 a
S2	7.172 ± 0.15 bcd	7.354 ± 0.17 b	6.875 ± 0.16 ef	7.211 ± 0.28 bc	7.153 b
S3	6.878 ± 0.30 ef	7.061 ± 0.26 cde	6.563 ± 0.26 gh	6.955 ± 0.11 def	6.864 c
S4	6.728 ± 0.18 fg	6.916 ± 0.21 ef	6.405 ± 0.31 h	6.788 ± 0.10 fg	6.709 d
Mean (V)	7.761 ± 0.19a	7.145 ± 0.19 b	6.902 ± 0.21c	6.444 ± 0.18 d
SN^c	(V×SN)				(SN)
SN1	6.954±0.47 d	7.106 ± 0.15 bcd	6.546 ± 0.17e	7.143 ± 0.19 bc	6.937 b
SN2	7.241 ± 0.10ab	7.393 ± 0.36a	6.988 ± 0.20 cd	7.132 ± 0.22 bc	7.188 a

Stage (S)	Varieties (V)
	Varieties (V)
	V1^a	V2	V3	V4	Mean (S)
	(V×S)
S1^b	152.13 ± 3.71 ab	150.92 ± 2.16 ab	147.42 ± 3.29 bc	155.58 ± 3.75 a	151.51 a
S2	148.83 ± 2.25 bc	147.00 ± 3.26 bc	143.92 ± 2.74 c	151.29 ± 4.03 ab	147.76 b
S3	129.00 ± 1.96 de	126.25 ± 1.06 e	126.92 ± 3.17 e	133.71 ± 2.96 d	128.97 c
S4	109.17 ± 2.75 g	107.04 ± 2.36 g	109.08 ± 2.28 g	116.04 ± 3.08 f	110.33 d
Mean (V)	134.78 ± 3.16 b	132.80 ± 3.01 b	131.83 ± 4.15 b	139.16 ± 3.62 a
SN^C	(V×SN)				(SN)
SN1	131.40 cd	130.69 ± cd	129.69 ± d	138.23 ± 3.47 ab	132.50 b
SN2	138.17 ab	134.92 ± bc	133.98 ± bc	140.08 ± 3.16 a	136.79 a

	V	S	L-N	L-P	L-K	S-N	S-P	S-K
V	1	0.000	-0.675	0.300	-0.354	0.175	-0.113	0.081
S	0.000	1	-0.691	0.460	-0.849	-0.972	-0.851	-0.953
L-N	-0.675	-0.691	1	-0.487	0.881	0.555	0.712	0.609
L-P	0.300	0.460	-0.487	1	-0.533	-0.342	-0.454	-0.466
L-K	-0.354	-0.849	0.881	-0.533	1	0.762	0.697	0.772
S-N	0.175	-0.972	0.555	-0.342	0.762	1	0.791	0.928
S-P	-0.113	-0.851	0.712	-0.454	0.697	0.791	1	0.813
S-K	0.081	-0.953	0.609	-0.466	0.772	0.928	0.813	1

Season			Nutrient content	B	t	p- value	R²
SN1^c c represents SN, season; SN1, season-1; SN2, season 2. WhereNS Non-significant at p >0.05,	Stages	S1^a a represents stages, S1-stage1, before flowering; S2, stage 2, after fruit setting; S3, stage 3, at fruit development; S4, stage 4, after fruit harvesting. S2 S3 S4	Nitrogen in leaf	-0.039	-17.473	0.00^* * Significant at p < 0.001,	0.930
			Phosphorus in leaf	-0.013	-15.642	0.00^* * Significant at p < 0.001,	0.851
			Potassium in leaf	-0.052	-14.454	0.00^* * Significant at p < 0.001,	0.845
	Varieties	V1^b b represents olive cultivars, V1, Coratina; V2, Frantoio; V3, Ottobratica; V4, Leccino. V2 V3 V4	Nitrogen in leaf	-0.038	-17.064	0.00^* * Significant at p < 0.001,	0.930
			Phosphorus in leaf	-0.003	-3.483	0.001^* * Significant at p < 0.001,	0.851
			Potassium in leaf	-0.022	-6.027	0.00^* * Significant at p < 0.001,	0.845
SN2	Stages	S1 S2 S3 S4	Nitrogen in leaf	0.008	0.536	0.595^NS	0.391
			Phosphorus in leaf	-0.051	-4.472	0.000^* * Significant at p < 0.001,	0.388
			Potassium in leaf	-0.057	-8.914	0.012^ Significant at p< 0.005	0.657
	Varieties	V1 V2 V3 V4	Nitrogen in leaf	-0.075	-5.348	0.000^* * Significant at p < 0.001,	0.391
			Phosphorus in leaf	-0.033	-2.928	0.005^NS	0.388
			Potassium in leaf	-0.017	-2.617	0.000^* * Significant at p < 0.001,	0.657

			Nutrient content	B	t	p- value	R²
SN1^c c represents SN, season; SN1, season-1; SN2, season 2. WhereNS Non-significant at p >0.05,	Stages	S1^a a represents stages, S1, stage1, before flowering; S2, stage 2, after fruit setting; S3, stage 3, at fruit development; S4, stage 4, after fruit harvesting. S2 S3 S4	Nitrogen in soil	-0.004	-21.070	0.00^* * Significant at p < 0.001,	0.911
			Phosphorus in soil	-0.274	-11.113	0.148^NS	0.736
			Potassium in soil	-14.228	-21.871	0.00^* * Significant at p < 0.001,	0.915
	Varieties	V1^b b represents olive cultivars, V1, Coratina; V2, Frantoio; V3, Ottobratica; V4, Leccino. V2 V3 V4	Nitrogen in soil	0.001	3.794	0.00^* * Significant at p < 0.001,	0.911
			Phosphorus in soil	-0.036	-1.473	0.00^* * Significant at p < 0.001,	0.736
			Potassium in soil	1.213	1.865	0.069NS	0.915
SN2	Stages	S1 S2 S3 S4	Nitrogen in soil	-0.002	-2.952	0.005^NS	0.224
			Phosphorus in soil	-0.249	-5.351	0.000^* * Significant at p < 0.001,	0.463
			Potassium in soil	-13.928	-21.219	0.000^* * Significant at p < 0.001,	0.909
	Varieties	V1 V2 V3 V4	Nitrogen in soil	0.002	2.060	0.045^NS	0.224
			Phosphorus in soil	-0.149	-3.199	0.003^ Significant at p< 0.005.	0.463
			Potassium in soil	0.880	1.341	0.187^NS	0.909

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[1] *Correspondence: muhammad.azam@uaf.edu.pk; Tel.: +92-3356644339 (M.A.)