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Article - Food/Feed Science and Technology • Braz. arch. biol. technol. 66 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2023220466 copy

Influence of Modified Atmospheric Packaging on Shelf-Life and Quality of Naturally Grown Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Stored Under Different Conditions

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

A study was conducted to record the effect of modified atmospheric packaging (MAP), storage conditions (ambient, zero energy cool chamber and refrigerated) as well as storage period on shelf-life and quality of tomatoes produced through Subhash Palekar natural farming (SPNF) and chemical farming (CHEM) systems. Freshly harvested tomatoes (SPNF and CHEM) packed in LDPE pouches (25.40 μm and 10 pin holes/100 cm2 area) and without packaging were stored under ambient (27±2 °C and 70±2% RH), zero energy cool chamber (ZECC) (17±2 °C and 82 ±2 % RH) and low temperature conditions (10±2 ºC and 90 % RH) for shelf-life studies. The shelf-life comparison was done at every two days’ interval up to 24 days based on physiological loss in weight (PLW) and spoilage percentage. SPNF and CHEM tomatoes were compared on the basis of quality attributes (firmness, acidity, TSS, sugars, total phenols, antioxidant activity etc.), mineral content and sensory characteristics. Results revealed that tomato stored in refrigerated condition had significantly (p ˂0.05) lowest PLW and spoilage incidence and highest sensory acceptability up to 24 days and was at par with ZECC stored tomatoes. Quality evaluation indicated that tomatoes grown under SPNF system contained a higher amount of total solids, total sugars, reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, total phenols and ash. The results showed that tomatoes with MAP and stored under refrigerated storage condition retained maximum quality up to 24 days followed by tomatoes stored under ZECC (18 days) compared to 12 days at ambient conditions.

Keywords:
Tomato; Storage Quality; MAP; Natural Farming; Zero Energy Cool Chamber (ZECC); PLW; Sensory Acceptability.

HIGHLIGHTS

• The influence of modified atmospheric packaging and storage conditions including, temperature, and relative humidity on shelf-life and quality of tomatoes of natural farming and chemical farming is compared.

• Zero energy cool chamber was optimized for extending the shelf-life of tomatoes

• Tukey’s HSD was used for significant mean separation of quality parameters and CRD and RBD designs were used for analyzing quality attributes during storage.

• This paper investigated and presented a comparison of quality parameters of SPNF and CHEM tomatoes as well as changes during storage.

Treatment	Code	Treatment details
T₁	SPNF AO	Subhash Palekar natural farming tomatowithout packaging and stored at ambient conditions
T₂	CHEM AO	Chemical farming system tomatowithout packaging and stored at ambient conditions
T₃	SPNF AP	Subhash Palekar natural farming tomatopacked in LDPE and stored at ambient conditions
T₄	CHEM AP	Chemical farming system tomatopacked in LDPE and stored at ambient conditions
T₅	SPNF ZO	Subhash Palekar natural farming tomatowithout packaging and stored in ZECC
T₆	CHEM ZO	Chemical farming system tomatowithout packaging and stored in ZECC
T₇	SPNF ZP	Subhash Palekar natural farming tomatopacked in LDPE and stored in ZECC
T₈	CHEM ZP	Chemical farming system tomatopacked in LDPE and stored in ZECC
T₉	SPNF RO	Subhash Palekar natural farming tomatowithout packaging and stored at refrigerated conditions
T₁₀	CHEM RO	Chemical farming system tomatowithout packaging and stored at refrigerated conditions
T₁₁	SPNF RP	Subhash Palekar natural farming tomatopacked in LDPE and stored at refrigerated conditions
T₁₂	CHEM RP	Chemical farming system tomatopacked in LDPE and stored at refrigerated conditions

Storage interval (Days)	Storage conditions
	PLW (%)
	SPNF-AO	CHEM-AO	SPNF-AP	CHEM-AP	SPNF-ZO	CHEM-ZO	SPNF-ZP	CHEM-ZP	SPNF-RO	CHEM-RO	SPNF-RP	CHEM-RP	Mean
2	1.02	1.34	0.66	0.7	0.45	0.56	0.33	0.44	0.32	0.44	0.25	0.29	0.57
4	2.07	3.22	1.02	1.11	0.78	1.03	0.65	0.70	0.54	0.62	0.43	0.49	1.06
6	3.56	5.23	2.39	3.21	0.98	1.98	0.87	1.03	0.69	0.91	0.71	0.88	1.87
8	5.33	6.51	3.68	4.98	1.22	2.89	1.05	1.45	1.04	1.33	0.96	1.02	2.62
10	6.66	7.88	4.58	5.78	2.76	4.02	1.75	2.22	1.34	1.65	1.22	1.31	3.43
12	8.02	8.88	5.45	6.72	3.61	5.22	2.45	3.67	1.78	1.98	1.56	1.77	4.26
14	9.26	9.04	6.99	8.88	4.77	6.98	3.34	4.98	2.01	2.52	1.89	2.19	5.24
16	10.44	10.99	8.78	10.03	5.34	8.03	4.78	5.87	2.45	3.48	2.22	2.56	6.25
18	11.98	12.44	10.22	11.22	6.22	9.67	5.67	7.01	3.01	4.44	2.67	2.98	7.29
20	13.98	15.03	12.76	12.87	8.02	10.11	7.22	8.67	4.22	5.02	3.01	3.30	8.68
22	16.78	18.54	16.23	16.98	9.34	12.04	8.98	10.22	5.14	6.11	3.67	3.78	10.65
24	18.02	20.51	19.34	19.41	10.11	13.11	10.22	11.45	6.45	7.23	4.01	4.39	11.25
Mean	8.24	8.26	7.68	7.84	4.12	5.82	3.64	4.44	2.23	2.75	1.74	1.92
Initial value = 0.00 %, CD_0.05 Treatment (T) =0.10_, Interval (S)=0.05_, Interaction (T × S)=0.09
Storage interval (Days)	Spoilage (%)
Storage interval (Days)	SPNF-AO	CHEM-AO	SPNF-AP	CHEM-AP	SPNF-ZO	CHEM-ZO	SPNF-ZP	CHEM-ZP	SPNF-RO	CHEM-RO	SPNF-RP	CHEM-RP	Mean
2	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
4	0.67	0.77	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.07
6	1.98	2.13	0.33	0.78	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.67	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.36
8	2.67	2.87	0.88	1.76	1.11	1.13	1.02	1.18	0.00	0.98	0	0.43	1.03
10	4.45	4.98	1.77	2.55	2.67	2.69	1.44	2.88	0.65	1.22	0.34	0.99	2.02
12	6.00	6.12	2.98	3.44	2.99	3.11	2.12	3.77	1.43	2.34	0.45	1.45	2.75
14	6.78	6.98	4.56	4.89	3.22	3.56	3.12	4.22	2.54	3.01	1.12	1.78	3.55
16	8.09	8.22	6.22	6.89	4.10	4.76	3.98	5.11	2.89	4.12	2.34	2.56	4.65
18	11.1	11.23	7.89	8.22	5.67	5.98	4.76	6.34	3.56	5.32	2.56	3.45	5.91
20	19.56	19.75	10.11	11.34	6.78	6.99	6.45	7.10	5.67	6.78	3.33	4.11	8.04
22	25.5	25.67	17.22	19.34	10.33	12.22	9.23	13.45	8.23	9.22	3.98	5.12	12.18
24	39.71	39.78	28.23	29.43	13.23	15.34	11.23	14.23	11.22	12.43	4.98	6.17	17.39
Mean	9.73	9.88	6.17	6.82	3.85	4.29	3.33	4.92	2.78	3.49	1.47	2.00
Initial value = 0.00 %, CD_0.05, Treatment (T) =0.10_, Interval (S) =0.05_, Interaction (T × S) =0.09

Storage interval (Days)	Storage conditions
	Firmness (kg/cm²)
	SPNF-AO	CHEM-AO		SPNF-AP		CHEM-AP		SPNF-ZO	CHEM-ZO		SPNF-ZP	CHEM-ZP	SPNF-RO	CHEM-RO	SPNF-RP	CHEM-RP	Mean
0	17.61	14.76		17.61		14.76		17.61	14.76		17.61	14.76	17.61	14.76	17.61	14.76	16.19
2	17.39	14.57		17.34		14.59		17.37	14.64		17.45	14.67	17.5	14.71	17.59	14.73	16.05
4	17.04	14.17		17.1		14.23		17.22	14.34		17.23	14.4	17.45	14.62	17.5	14.67	15.83
6	16.12	13.28		16.45		14		17.14	14.04		17.18	14.1	17.23	14.42	17.41	14.44	15.48
8	15.3	12.22		15.36		13.24		16.03	13.89		16.58	13.91	17.00	14.23	17.23	14.31	14.94
10	14.32	11.78		14.37		12.46		14.91	13.1		15.23	13.45	16.45	14.03	17.04	14.07	14.27
12	13.65	10.67		13.78		11.76		13.94	12.27		14.92	12.98	16.03	13.25	16.78	13.67	13.64
14	13	10.12		13.03		11.02		13.41	11.34		13.44	11.89	15.15	12.37	16.23	13.28	12.86
16	12.02	9.22		12.45		10.45		12.89	10.78		12.91	11.03	14.67	11.89	15.92	12.65	12.24
18	10.22	8.11		11		10.04		11.78	10.12		12.04	10.56	13.81	11.02	15.04	11.07	11.23
20	9.03	7.24		10.12		8.95		11.15	9.13		11.46	9.45	12.02	10.25	14.33	10.39	10.29
22	7.22	5.45		8.23		6.49		9.98	7.78		10.68	7.98	11.11	9.19	12.29	9.7	8.84
24	5.78	4.01		6.13		5.18		6.23	5.63		7.03	6.34	7.79	8.21	11.05	9.11	7.30
Mean	12.98	10.43		13.31		11.29		13.97	11.68		14.29	11.92	15.06	12.53	15.85	12.83
CD_0.05 Treatment(T)=0.03 Interval (S)=0.05_, Interaction (T × S)=0.09
Storage interval (Days)	*Visual appearance ^ * Visual appearance scores on the basis of 9-point Hedonic scaleRespiration rate**
Storage interval (Days)	SPNF-AO		CHEM-AO		SPNF-AP		CHEM-AP	SPNF-ZO		CHEM-ZO	SPNF-ZP	CHEM-ZP	SPNF-RO	CHEM-RO	SPNF-RP	CHEM-RP	Mean
0	8.23	8.00		8.23		8.00		8.23	8.00		8.23	8.00	8.23	8.00	8.23	8.00	8.12
2	8.17	7.91		8.18		7.94		8.19	7.95		8.20	7.97	8.21	7.99	8.21	7.99	8.08
4	8.16	7.89		8.18		7.92		8.19	7.94		8.20	7.95	8.20	7.96	8.21	7.98	8.07
6	7.98	7.04		8.00		7.13		8.05	7.19		8.06	7.33	8.09	7.45	8.05	7.79	7.68
8	7.34	6.55		7.54		6.69		7.65	6.54		7.62	6.78	7.97	7.28	8.03	7.31	7.28
10	7.17	6.19		7.21		6.34		7.23	6.41		7.34	6.52	7.44	7.21	7.86	7.25	7.01
12	6.47	6.02		6.57		6.12		7.33	6.15		7.40	6.34	7.33	7.19	7.92	7.22	6.84
14	5.45	5.14		5.78		5.67		7.01	5.56		7.10	5.99	7.04	7.00	7.45	7.12	6.36
16	5.06	4.56		5.23		4.96		6.34	5.21		6.56	5.65	6.63	6.83	7.25	6.98	5.94
18	4.90	4.00		5.01		4.78		6.10	5.00		6.22	5.34	6.16	6.67	7.00	6.67	5.65
20	4.51	3.92		4.62		4.59		5.78	4.65		5.92	5.23	5.99	6.51	6.81	6.49	5.42
22	4.23	2.98		4.46		4.15		4.79	4.56		5.67	5.20	5.81	6.46	6.72	6.43	5.12
24	4.13	2.29		4.23		3.98		5.04	4.33		5.57	5.16	5.69	6.33	6.67	6.39	4.98
Mean	6.29	5.58		6.40		6.02		6.92	6.11		7.08	6.42	7.14	7.14	7.57	7.20
CD_0.05, Treatment(T) =0.10_, Interval (S) =0.05_, Interaction (T × S) =0.09

Storage interval (Days)	Storage conditions
	Respiration rate (ng CO₂ kg^-1 S^-1)
	SPNF-AO	CHEM-AO	SPNF-AP	CHEM-AP	SPNF-ZO	CHEM-ZO	SPNF-ZP	CHEM-ZP	SPNF-RO	CHEM-RO	SPNF-RP	CHEM-RP	Mean
0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0 0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
2	25.16	24.71	15.09	16.23	17.45	19.55	12.34	14.23	12.34	15.45	10.12	13.34	15.27
4	43.08	42.88	29.12	37.83	25.56	28.67	16.21	25.45	16.45	20.65	14.09	15.54	25.51
6	78.28	78.13	40.23	55.64	36.76	42.64	25.76	36.56	24.65	31.32	18.22	22.23	36.66
8	95.15	89.03	58.45	74.57	48.87	67.86	36.67	51.65	32.32	38.44	26.21	32.45	50.26
10	86.76	85.33	76.56	97.91	67.43	89.71	46.12	67.43	38.12	45.67	34.67	41.67	67.43
12	74.12	73.09	90.78	88.43	78.89	97.24	55.61	76.87	47.47	56.76	42.11	49.71	73.61
14	65.10	67.00	82.96	77.32	88.02	78.23	68.14	89.45	61.10	67.61	55.31	64.12	67.88
16	57.73	55.01	77.53	65.76	98.91	65.54	76.23	92.67	72.25	79.31	64.23	76.13	74.19
18	47.13	46.29	62.91	53.43	84.33	53.48	82.11	78.43	89.38	85.15	82.10	89.26	80.27
20	34.09	33.02	45.52	43.56	66.24	32.55	88.14	67.34	80.76	86.27	80.14	85.43	66.79
22	22.15	20.98	43.87	32.66	44.53	24.81	85.20	39.25	72.89	76.72	76.12	72.38	44.20
24	10.12	9.92	25.34	21.33	33.06	18.11	65.11	26.76	66.24	63.85	68.10	61.49	29.91
Mean	47.13	46.29	45.52	53.43	48.87	42.64	60.36	51.65	47.47	56.76	42.11	49.71
CD_0.05 Treatment(T)=0.32 Interval (S)=0.15_, Interaction (T × S)=0.79

Storage interval (Days)	Storage conditions
	Ascorbic acid (mg/100g)
	SPNF-AO	CHEM-AO	SPNF-AP	CHEM-AP	SPNF-ZO	CHEM-ZO	SPNF-ZP	CHEM-ZP	SPNF-RO	CHEM-RO	SPNF-RP	CHEM-RP	Mean
0	23.76	19.25	23.76	19.25	23.76	19.25	23.76	19.25	23.76	19.25	23.76	19.25	21.51
2	22.27	17.13	23.09	17.23	23.24	18.56	23.3	18.6	23.32	18.77	23.55	19.13	20.68
4	20.08	15.34	22.18	15.78	22.45	16.89	22.88	16.93	22.98	18.01	23.13	18.78	19.62
6	18.28	12.33	20.56	12.99	20.98	13.02	21.04	13.56	21.78	17.44	22.78	18.24	17.75
8	16.11	11.03	18.23	11.56	19.29	12.46	19.78	12.78	19.22	16.12	20.98	17.31	16.24
10	14.12	9.33	16.87	10.01	18.00	11.10	18.33	11.6	16.34	14.23	19.34	16.66	14.66
12	12.98	8.03	14.00	8.22	14.78	10.77	15.00	10.79	14.02	11.16	18.02	15.98	12.81
14	11.21	7.29	12.67	7.34	12.99	9.37	13.04	9.45	11.11	8.56	16.22	12.87	11.01
16	9.23	5.99	10.77	5.78	11.02	8.98	11.96	9.00	10.04	6.45	13.24	10.22	9.39
18	7.23	3.25	7.56	3.75	8.03	5.87	8.11	5.93	9.22	4.22	11.94	8.76	6.99
20	4.29	3.02	5.00	3.14	6.22	3.01	6.45	3.45	7.28	3.53	9.42	7.03	4.93
22	2.45	2.11	3.18	2.67	4.35	1.23	4.37	2.38	5.34	2.45	7.22	6.23	3.26
24	0.45	0.23	2.10	1.02	3.06	0.78	3.14	0.67	3.23	0.87	6.12	5.23	1.79
Mean	12.50	8.79	13.84	9.13	14.47	10.10	14.70	10.34	14.43	10.85	16.21	12.90
CD_0.05 Treatment(T)=0.07_, Interval (S)=0.02_, Interaction (T × S)=0.04
Storage interval (Days)	Lycopene (mg/100g)
Storage interval (Days)	SPNF-AO	CHEM-AO	SPNF-AP	CHEM-AP	SPNF-ZO	CHEM-ZO	SPNF-ZP	CHEM-ZP	SPNF-RO	CHEM-RO	SPNF-RP	CHEM-RP	Mean
0	1.20	1.63	1.20	1.63	1.20	1.63	1.20	1.63	1.20	1.63	1.20	1.63	1.42
2	1.34	1.71	1.30	1.70	1.29	1.68	1.28	1.65	1.25	1.65	1.23	1.64	1.48
4	1.56	1.78	1.45	1.73	1.43	1.71	1.40	1.68	1.35	1.67	1.33	1.66	1.56
6	1.78	1.98	1.55	1.80	1.52	1.79	1.48	1.76	1.40	1.70	1.36	1.69	1.65
8	2.53	2.67	1.69	2.45	1.61	2.41	1.57	2.36	1.51	1.78	1.45	1.73	1.98
10	3.22	3.01	2.67	2.78	1.89	2.77	1.88	2.45	1.82	1.94	1.67	1.88	2.33
12	3.45	3.56	3.12	3.04	2.12	2.98	2.04	2.69	1.98	2.05	1.93	1.96	2.58
14	3.78	3.80	3.56	3.56	2.45	3.45	2.39	2.98	2.00	2..34	1.98	2.04	2.91
16	4.02	4.12	3.60	3.98	2.76	3.78	2.34	3.08	2.26	2.67	2.05	2.17	3.07
18	4.11	4.56	4.01	4.11	3.01	4.98	2.89	4.56	2.56	2.87	2.19	2.34	3.52
20	4.17	4.78	4.17	4.70	4.08	4.67	3.19	3.98	3.08	3.34	2.45	2.87	3.79
22	4.23	4.92	4.20	4.87	4.14	4.79	3.54	4.05	3.45	3.58	2.77	3.01	3.96
24	4.39	5.03	4.27	5.00	4.20	4.87	3.78	4.17	3.70	3.82	3.01	3.77	4.17
Mean	3.06	3.35	2.83	3.18	2.44	3.19	2.23	2.85	2.12	2.39	1.89	2.18
CD_0.05, Treatment(T) =0.4 Interval (S) =0.06_, Interaction (T × S) =0.02

Parameters^* * Values are mean of five determinations ± Standard Error.			SPNF	CHEM
	Weight (g)		85.83± 1.13a	78.68±0.81b
	Size	Height (cm) Diameter (cm)	5.03±0.08a 4.11±1.13a	4.16±0.04b 3.24±0.09b
	Number of fruits per kg		10±1.11a	12±1.10a
	Firmness (kg/cm2)		17.61± 0.04a	14.76±0.07b
	Moisture (%)		92.16±0.05a	93.79±0.02a
Physico-chemical	Total solids (%)		7.84±0.06a	6.21±0.05a
Physico-chemical	TSS ( B)		4.56±0.02a	4.09±0.03a
	Titratable acidity (%)		0.37±0.06a	0.45±0.08a
	Total Sugars (%)		3.12±0.09a	2.79±0.07a
	Reducing Sugars (%)		2.16±0.05a	1.37±0.09a
	Ascorbic acid (mg/100g)		23.76±0.05a	19.25±0.03b
	Lycopene (mg/100g)		1.54±0.05a	1.63±0.02b
	Total phenols (mg/100g)		36.02±0.14a	31.02±0.11b
	Ash content (%)		1.17±0.05a	1.15±0.03a
	Appearance		8.37 ±0.12a	8.00 ±0.07b
Sensory	Flavour		8.03 ±0.12a	8.56 ±0.07b
	Overall acceptability		8.12 ±0.12a	8.04 ±0.07a

Parameters^* * Values are mean of five determinations ± Standard Error	SPNF	CHEM
Nitrogen (%)	3.33±0.06^a	3.07±0.03^b
Phosphorous (%)	0.39±0.01^a	0.36±0.01^a
Potassium (%)	3.17±0.04^a	3.14±0.04^b
Calcium (c mol(p+)/kg	1.27±0.01^a	1.24±0.01^a
Cu (ppm)	6.50±0.12^a	5.73±0.09^b
Zn (ppm)	20.80±0.36^a	20.10±0.58^a
Fe (ppm)	286.67±6.64^a	278±2.89^b

Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná - Tecpar Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775 - CIC, 81350-010 Curitiba PR Brazil, Tel.: +55 41 3316-3052/3054, Fax: +55 41 3346-2872 - Curitiba - PR - Brazil
E-mail: babt@tecpar.br

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