Association between urbanization and the biotic integrity of urban forest remnants

Figure 1
Land use and cover in the study site, and its location in Boituva County, Metropolitan Region of Sorocaba City (MRS), São Paulo State, Brazil. Numbers 1 to 7 represent the investigated forest fragments

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Figure 2
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) applied to data based on sample (plot), Index of Biotic Integrity (IIB), on variables such as shortest distance (plot) from the edge (Dist. Edge) and from urban area (Dist.Urb), and on results recorded for individual IBI variables properly adjusted for analysis purposes; wherein: Litter=Litter Cover; Gap=Gaps; Grass=Grass Cover; Epi. =Epiphytes; Dead=Standing dead trees; Vines=Vines; Height=Canopy height; Diam. =Diameter of canopy individuals; Tree_exo=Other exotic species; Canopy-lt. =Late individuals and species in the canopy; and Und-lt=Late individuals and species in the understory represent all 11 variables in Table 1. Boituva County, Metropolitan Region of Sorocaba City (MRS), São Paulo State, Brazil

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Table 1
Variables collected in the field, in each of the seven analyzed forest fragments, whose integrity value ranged from 1 (low integrity) to 5 (high integrity). Boituva County, Metropolitan Region of Sorocaba City (MRS), São Paulo State, Brazil

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Table 2
Results of metrics, landscape proximity factors and IBI, in Boituva County/SP, Brazil; wherein ID=fragment identifier number, AREA(ha)=area, PARA=perimeter/area ratio, SHAPE=shape index, ENN(m)=distance from the nearest neighbor, NEAR NCUA(m)=shortest distance from non-consolidated urban area, NEAR CUA(m)= shortest distance from consolidated urban area, NEAR HIGH (m)= shortest distance from highway, and IBI = Index of Biotic Integrity

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Table 3
Differentiation of results based on sample (plot), Index of Biotic Integrity (IIB), as well as on variables such as shortest distance (plot) from the edge (Dist. Edge) and from the urban area (Dist.Urb), and the result recorded for individual IBI variables duly adjusted for analysis purposes; wherein: Lit.=Litter cover; Gap=Gaps; Gra. =Grass Cover; Epi. =Epiphytes; Dead=Standing dead trees; Vin.=Vines; Heig.=Canopy height; Diam. =Diameter of canopy individuals; Exo=Other exotic species; Can Lt. =Late individuals and species in the canopy; and Und Lt= Late individuals and species in the understory represent all 11 variables in Table 1 Boituva County, Metropolitan Region of Sorocaba (MRS), São Paulo State, Brazil

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Table 4
Eigenvector values of variables in the Principal Components (PCA) and explanatory percentage of each axis; wherein: Dist. Edge=shortest distance (plot) from the edge; Dist.Urb= shortest distance from the urban area; Litter=Litter cover; Gap=Gaps; Grass=Grass cover; Epi. =Epiphytes; Dead=Standing dead trees; Vines=Vines, Height=Canopy height, Diam. =Diameter of canopy individuals; Tree_exo= Other exotic species; Canopy-lt. =Late individuals and species in the canopy; Und-lt= Late individuals and species in the understory. Boituva County, Metropolitan Region of Sorocaba (MRS), São Paulo State, Brazil

VARIABLE	INTEGRITY VALUE
VARIABLE	1 (low)	2	3	4	5 (high)
1 Litter cover	0% - 10%	10% - 25%	26% - 50%	51% - 75%	76% - 100%
2 Gaps	Higher than 50%	26% - 50%	11% - 25%	Present up to 10%	Absent
3 Exotic Grass Cover	Higher than 50%	26% - 50%	11% - 25%	Present up to 10%	Absent
4 Epiphytes (upper)	Absent	1 - 2 (1 sp)	3-6 (1 or 2sp)	6-9 (2 - 3 sp)	10 or + (4 or +sp)
5 Standing Dead Trees	5 or +	4	3	2	0 or 1
6 Vines	Only thin, 4 or + entangled	Only thin, 2 or 3 entangled	Only thin, 1 entangled	Thick and few thin	Only woody, thick
7 Canopy height	0 a 8	8-12,5	12,5-17	17-21	21-25
8 Diameter of individuals in the canopy	Smaller than 6 cm	6 - 14 cm	14 - 22	22 - 30	Larger than 30 cm
9 Other Exotic Species ¹	5 or more	3-4	2	1	Absent
10 Late individuals and species in the canopy ³	Absent	1 (1sp)	2 (1 or 2sp)	3 (2 - 3sp)	4 or + (3, 4 or +sp)
11 Late individuals and species in the understory ²	Absent	1-2 (1sp)	3-5 (1 or 2 sp)	6-9 (2 - 3sp)	10 or + (3,4 or + sp)
¹Eucalyptus, Pinus, Leucena individuals (fruit trees - Citrus, Mangifera, Coffea, among others).
² Individuals belonging to families Rubiaceae, Myrtaceae, Meliaceae (Trichillia spp.) and Arecaceae (Euterpe edulis).
³Cariniana spp. (Jequitibá), Cedrela fissilis Vell. (Cedar), Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (diesel tree), Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll.Arg. (Peroba-rosa), Laurarceae (several spp.).

ID	AREA (ha)	PARA	SHAPE	ENN (m)	NEAR NCUA (m)	NEAR CUA (m)	NEAR HIGH (m)	IBI
1	50.61	0.022	4.50	10.5	68.08	10.5	2,834.1	38
2	10.80	0.05	4.63	35.50	1,449	0.00	423.29	35
3	50.82	0.03	6.13	8.39	109.25	300.7	1,084.7	32
4	97.69	0.017	4.67	50.86	151.13	772.1	0,00	41
5	24.20	0.03	4.14	16.89	0.00	1,469	1,552	34
6	61.41	0.02	4.41	15.01	0.00	822.9	2,606	35
7	5.81	0.037	2.50	145.72	0.00	3,227	3,724	31

Par.	IBI	Dist. Edge (m)	Dist. Urb. (m)	Lit.	Gap	Gra	Epi.	Dead	Vin.	Heig.	Diam.	Exo	Can Lt	Und Lt
1A	40	54.4	457	5	2	1	4	4	2	2	4	1	2	3
1B	37	41.1	588	5	3	2	5	5	3	3	3	1	1	4
1C	37	29.7	398.2	5	4	2	2	5	3	3	3	1	2	5
2A	34	23.3	23.31	5	2	4	3	5	5	3	3	1	2	5
2B	29	9.88	9.98	5	2	5	1	5	5	2	3	1	1	5
2C	43	7.25	1.566	5	2	3	5	4	2	3	4	1	3	5
3A	35	58.4	289.1	5	4	2	2	2	3	2	2	1	1	5
3B	29	37.9	472.4	5	5	2	4	5	5	2	2	2	1	4
3C	33	32.6	631.8	5	4	2	4	5	4	3	3	3	2	4
4A	42	168	668.2	5	2	2	2	1	2	4	3	3	3	5
4B	48	115	326.3	5	2	2	5	1	2	4	4	1	3	5
4C	32	84.2	801.6	5	3	2	1	5	5	2	2	1	3	5
5A	39	38.8	879.5	5	2	3	5	2	3	3	3	5	3	5
5B	31	34.7	890.3	5	4	4	4	2	4	3	2	5	1	5
5C	31	32.9	871.8	5	4	4	3	1	4	2	2	4	1	5
6A	38	81.5	93.38	5	2	2	3	4	2	2	3	1	1	5
6B	38	50.3	166.3	5	2	2	3	1	5	2	3	1	1	5
6C	29	42.1	132.4	5	4	3	1	4	5	2	2	2	2	5
7A	34	36.9	37.11	5	4	4	3	1	5	3	3	1	2	3
7B	27	15.6	15.88	4	4	4	3	1	5	2	3	4	1	2
7C	31	6.90	6.64	5	4	4	2	2	4	2	3	2	1	4

Lines	Axis 01	Axis 02	Axis 03	Axis 04	Axis 05
Dist Edge	0.3015	-0.0775	0.1068	-0.5696	-0.2801
Dist URB	0.2514	0.1141	0.4068	0.4228	-0.0875
Litter	0.2143	-0.4472	0.2112	0.1619	0.0781
Gap	-0.3315	0.0597	0.2275	0.1099	-0.4323
Grass	-0.2768	0.1697	0.1390	0.0127	0.6844
Epi	0.2388	0.3827	-0.0341	0.4246	-0.1182
Dead	-0.0032	-0.4000	-0.1610	0.5036	-0.0566
Vines	-0.4038	-0.0828	0.0644	-0.0227	0.2047
Height	0.3552	0.1999	0.1368	-0.1007	0.1706
Diam.	0.3024	0.2139	-0.4900	0.0912	0.2459
Tree_exo	-0.0898	0.4317	0.4918	0.0010	-0.0131
Can-Lt	0.3650	0.0249	0.0983	-0.0695	0.1603
Und-Lt	0.1857	-0.4032	0.4072	-0.0255	0.2793
Variance rate	30.46%	16.22%	13.32%	10.75%	8.81%
Accumulated rate	30.46%	46.67%	59.99%	70.74%	85.63%

[1] Vanessa Peixoto Giacon ✉ vanessapeixotogiacon@gmail.com

Brasil

Brasil

Association between urbanization and the biotic integrity of urban forest remnants

Relación entre urbanización e integridad biótica de remanentes de Bosque Urbano

Abstract