Política Ambiental Brasileña: de la protección compartida al desmantelamiento

Losekann, Cristiana; Paiva, Raquel Lucena

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Original Article • Ambient. soc. 27 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc0176r4vu27L1OA copiar

Política Ambiental Brasileña: de la protección compartida al desmantelamiento

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumen

El artículo revisa la política ambiental brasileña, observando sus mecanismos centrales, sosteniendo que estos se basan en una concepción de responsabilidad compartida en el cuidado de la naturaleza que ha sido socavada recientemente. A partir de tres enfoques de teoría política que discuten los problemas de: coordinación de la acción, deliberación y justicia ambiental, analizamos los mecanismos institucionales de responsabilidad como protección, participación y control, observando su relevancia y justificación democrática para la política ambiental. El artículo utiliza datos empíricos documentales con el objetivo de reflexionar sobre el potencial del modelo de política ambiental brasileño frente a las posibles implicaciones de su deformación, concluyendo que el carácter compartido de la responsabilidad en la política ambiental es el eje central de los cambios que se han venido produciendo, lo que pone en riesgo una importante dimensión democrática.

Palabras-clave:
Política ambiental; ambientalismo; problema ambiental; legislación ambiental; Brasil

Ways of sharing environmental responsibility:		Type of mechanism:
Protection	Environmental services, legal reserves, permanent protection areas, conservation units² 2 - An example of this type is the Private Natural Heritage Reserve (RPPN). All types of Conservation Units can be consulted at https://l1nk.dev/Kl94c. , and environmental licensing³ 3 - Environmental Licensing is a complex instrument that can entail levels of participation and control. However, since it is an instrument that regulates in an articulated way the authorization of activities that damage the environment, it can be included in the protection dimension.	Aims to coordinate collective action
Political participation	Management councils, collegiate bodies, and public hearings	Aims to debate the value
Social control	Public civil action and Popular action	Aims to correct justice problems

Institutional act of change	Implication for responsibility sharing
Decree No. 9,806/19 reduces the number of CONAMA board members.	It reduces participation and pluralism since the representation of civil society and traditional peoples is reduced, and the rule of consensual alternation for seats is eliminated.
MMA disallowed direct communication between IBAMA, ICMBio, and the press, demanding that all communication be made through the MMA’s communication office, which a military officer has since occupied.	In addition to centralization, the control of information directly affects transparency and social participation.
Decree 9,759/19 extinguishes the Brazilian Forum on Climate Change, the National Plan for the Recovery of Native Vegetation and its respective Commission, the National Biodiversity Commission, and the National Forestry Commission.	It reduces the mechanisms of social participation.
IBAMA’s Normative Instruction No. 20/2019 makes vegetation suppression in the Atlantic Forest more flexible, allowing offenders to appeal directly to the superintendent and the president to reduce compensation for illegal deforestation.	It directly affects environmental protection, with the aggravating factor of being about the Atlantic Forest, protected by specific law.
Bill 191/20 authorizes mining, hydrocarbon extraction, and use of water resources for energy generation in Indigenous Lands.	It provides for the permission of the private and predatory use of protected public lands for the use of indigenous peoples, undermining environmental justice.
Institutional act of change	Implication for responsibility sharing
Decree 10,239/2020 transfers the Amazon Council from the MMA to the vice presidency of the republic. The council was now comprised of military personnel, leaving out the governors of the Legal Amazon and civil society.	In addition to barring the participation of states, civil society, environmental agencies, and FUNAI, the council members have a merely advisory role, centralizing decisions in the presidency.
Resolution 494/2020 of the MMA and CONAMA established the possibility of holding a remote hearing for environmental licensing during the pandemic.	It undermines public debate and popular participation in decision-making on high-impact projects.
Bill 3.729/04, approved by the Chamber of Deputies in 2021, makes environmental licensing more flexible and practically extinguished.	It restricts the participation of civil society, ICMBio, FUNAI, and IPHAN. Banks and other financing institutions are no longer co-responsible with the entrepreneur.

ANPPAS - Revista Ambiente e Sociedade Anppas / Revista Ambiente e Sociedade - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revistaambienteesociedade@gmail.com

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[1] Cristiana Losekann ✉ cristianalosekann@gmail.com