To understand how Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) locates its prey, i.e. Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and Tetranychus urticae Koch, we studied the predator's short-distance responses to the volatile allelochemicals associated with these two phytophagous mites and their host plant, Malus domestica (Borkham). At the end of one branch of a Y-shape runway we placed an uninfested apple leaf disk (= control) and, at the other end, one of the eight following types of stimulus (= treatments): 1) uninfested leaf, 2) uninfested leaf + prey, 3) uninfested leaf + prey kairomones, 4) uninfested leaf + prey + prey kairomones, 5) infested leaf, 6) infested leaf + prey, 7) infested leaf + prey kairomones, and 8) infested leaf + prey + prey kairomones. We observed the predator's searching behavior on the runway and analyzed its percentage of response to each of the above stimuli. When P. ulmi was tested, significantly more predators went to the end of the branch with uninfested leaves and prey with its kairomones (T4), infested leaves and prey kairomones (T7), and infested leaves and prey with its kairomones (T8). In relation to T. urticae, the predaceous mite showed significant responses to uninfested leaves with prey kairomones (T3) and to uninfested leaves and prey with its kairomones (T4), as well as to all infested leaf combinations (T5-8). These results indicate that the volatiles associated with the phytophagous mites, their byproducts, and the host plant, either separately or combined, play an important role on the short-distance location of T. urticae by N. californicus. On the other hand, only a combination of two or more of those stimuli appear to signal the location of nearby colonies of P. ulmi to the predaceous mite, specially when the kairomones from their feces, eggs, and exuviae are included in such blend.
Apple pests; kairomones; predaceous mites; searching behavior; synomones
