Ingestive behavior of lambs fed relocated and inoculated whole-plant corn silage

We aimed to determine the effect of relocation of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) with different fermentation profiles on ingestive behavior of lambs. Twenty-four male Santa Inês lambs, were used in a completely randomized block design based on initial body weight (17.5 ± 1.8 kg) for the following treatments: CS: WPCS (not inoculated and not relocated); R-12h: WPCS relocated for 12h; IR-12h: WPCS inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum and relocated for 12h; and R-24h: WPCS not inoculated and relocated for 24h. Ingestive behavior was observed as continuous (feeding, ruminating, and idling) and specific (urination, defecation, and water and salt access frequency) activities for 48h (3h intervals for a total of eight periods in 24h). The behavioral activities were affected only by periods (p = 0.0001). Feeding peaks was high at 8:00-11:00am (54.2%) and 5:00-8:00pm (54.9%) in compare to ruminating and idling at the same period. Rumination time was intense at night, at 63.7% (2:00-5:00am) and 69.7% (5:00-8:00am). Idling time (49.7%) was long after silage supply. The specific activities were intense during the morning periods. Supply of WPCS relocated up to 24h did not alter the ingestive behavior.

Keywords:
continuous activity; feeding; Lactobacillus plantarum; lamb; relocation

Authorship

Marcus Vinicius Santa Brígida Cardoso

Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Aquenta Sol, s/n, 37200-900, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.Universidade Federal de LavrasBrazilLavras, Minas Gerais, BrazilDepartamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Aquenta Sol, s/n, 37200-900, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Rita de Cássia Almeida de Mendonça

Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, Pará, Brazil. Universidade Federal Rural da AmazôniaBrazilBelém, Pará, BrazilInstituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, Pará, Brazil.

Amanda Caroliny Marques Queiroz

Cláudia Márcia Serra Ferreira

Rosana Ingrid Ribeiro dos Santos

Cristian Faturi

Felipe Nogueira Domingues

Aníbal Coutinho do Rêgo ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: anibalcr@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5452-0832

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: anibalcr@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (4)

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Table 1
Characterization of WPCS, relocated or not, with or without bacterial inoculant.

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Table 2
Continuous activity at different periods of the day in lambs fed with WPCS, relocated or not, with or without bacterial inoculant.

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Table 3
Specific activities at different times of the day, of lambs fed with WPCS, relocated or not, with or without bacterial inoculant.

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Table 4
Intake, chews, and feeding and rumination efficiency in lambs fed with WPCS, relocated or not, with or without bacterial inoculant.

Table 1 Characterization of WPCS, relocated or not, with or without bacterial inoculant.

Variables¹	Fresh forage	Silage²
Variables¹	Fresh forage	CS	R-12h	IR-12h	R-24h
DM (g kg^-1)	325	317	332	317	323
OM (g kg^-1 DM)	960	962	962	961	960
CP (g kg^-1 DM)	76	71	70	72	74
NDF (g kg^-1 DM)	496	561	531	590	576
pH 1	-	-	3.6	3.5	3.6
pH 2	-	3.6	3.6	3.7	3.7
NH₃-N (g kg^-1 total N)	-	7.1	7.8	6.9	9.0
Lactic acid (g kg^-1 DM)	-	36	48	51	40
Acetic acid (g kg^-1 DM)	-	38	38	4.1	35
Propionic acid (g kg^-1 DM)	-	8.6	6.1	7.0	8.1
Total VFA (g kg^-1 DM)	-	47	44	48	43

¹DM - dry matter; OM - organic matter; CP - crude protein; NDF - neutral detergent fiber; pH 1 - pH value after aerobic exposure; pH 2 - pH value at silos opening after relocation; NH₃-N - ammoniacal nitrogen; Total VFA - total volatile fatty acids (acetic acid plus propionic acid); ²CS: whole-plant corn silage (WPCS, not inoculated and not relocated); R-12h: WPCS relocated for 12h; IR-12h: WPCS inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum (1 × 10⁵ cfu g^-1 per gram of fresh forage) and relocated for 12h; and R-24h: WPCS not inoculated and relocated for 24h.

Table 2 Continuous activity at different periods of the day in lambs fed with WPCS, relocated or not, with or without bacterial inoculant.

Treatm.²	Period (hours)								Mean	SEM	p-value³
	8:00-11:00am	11:00am-2:00pm	2:00-5:00pm	5:00-8:00pm	8:00-11:00pm	11:00pm-2:00am	2:00-5:00am	5:00-8:00am			T	P	T×P
	Feeding time (% of the time in the period)¹
CS	56.7	23.8	25.2	57.2	16.7	14.6	6.9	3.0	25.5	1.31	0.09	<0.01	0.53
R-12h	48.2	19.9	15.1	49.3	13.9	11.3	8.3	5.6	21.5
IR-12h	52.6	19.7	25.7	56.9	19.0	10.0	7.4	8.6	25.0
R-24h	59.5	24.8	19.0	56.0	6.3	9.0	2.3	4.4	22.7
Mean	54.2^a	22.1^b	21.2^bc	54.9^a	13.9^cd	11.2^de	6.2^de	5.4^e	23.6
	Rumination time (% of the time in the period)¹
CS	21.5	31.3	43.1	6.9	39.6	54.4	64.8	69.7	41.4	1.59	0.97	<0.01	0.84
R-12h	20.6	32.2	50.2	9.0	33.3	51.9	57.4	72.0	40.8
IR-12h	19.0	44.0	43.8	8.8	34.5	53.5	62.0	68.5	41.8
R-24h	13.4	35.0	43.5	5.3	38.0	52.1	70.4	68.5	40.8
Mean	18.6^d	35.6^c	45.1^bc	7.5^e	36.3^c	53.0^b	63.7^a	69.7^a	41.2
	Idle time (% of the time in the period)¹
CS	21.8	44.9	31.7	35.9	43.8	31.0	28.2	27.3	33.1	1.89	0.21	<0.01	0.99
R-12h	31.3	47.9	34.7	41.7	52.8	36.8	34.3	22.5	37.8
IR-12h	28.5	36.3	30.6	34.3	46.5	36.6	30.6	22.9	33.3
R-24h	27.1	40.3	37.5	38.7	55.8	38.9	27.3	27.1	36.6
Mean	27.1^cd	42.4^ab	33.6^bcd	37.6^abc	49.7^a	35.8^bcd	30.1^cd	24.9^d	35.2

¹The sum of the activities is equal to 100%; ²CS: whole-plant corn silage (WPCS, not inoculated and not relocated); R-12h: WPCS relocated for 12h; IR-12h: WPCS inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum (1 × 10⁵ cfu g^-1 per gram of fresh forage) and relocated for 12h; and R-24h: WPCS not inoculated and relocated for 24h. Means on the same row followed by different lowercase letters differed from each other (p < 0.05) by Tukey’s test.

Table 3 Specific activities at different times of the day, of lambs fed with WPCS, relocated or not, with or without bacterial inoculant.

Treatm.²	Period (hours)								Mean	SEM	p-value³
	8:00-11:00am	11:00am-2:00pm	2:00-5:00pm	5:00-8:00pm	8:00-11:00pm	11:00pm-2:00am	2:00-5:00am	5:00-8:00am			T	P	T×P
	Urination (number of times lambs day^-1)¹
CS	1.3	1.1	1.4	0.8	0.7	1.2	0.1	0.5	0.9	0.11	0.09	0.01	0.77
R-12h	0.6	0.8	1.0	0.3	0.6	0.8	0.5	0.3	0.6
IR-12h	1.7	0.8	1.8	0.3	0.8	0.8	0.4	0.5	0.9
R-24h	0.9	1.5	1.3	0.9	1.0	0.9	0.8	0.6	1.0
Mean	1.1^ab	1.1^ab	1.4^a	0.6^b	0.8^ab	0.9^ab	0.5^b	0.5^b	0.9
	Defecation (number of times lambs day^-1)¹
CS	1.6	1.7	1.0	0.5	0.8	0.9	0.2	0.8	0.9	0.12	0.23	<0.01	0.99
R-12h	1.9	1.8	0.7	0.4	0.7	0.5	0.3	0.2	0.8
IR-12h	1.4	1.3	0.7	0.2	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.7
R-24h	1.9	1.4	1.3	0.4	1.0	0.7	0.6	0.9	1.0
Mean	1.7^a	1.6^ab	0.9^bc	0.4^c	0.8^c	0.7^c	0.4^c	0.6^c	0.9
	Water access frequency (number of times lambs day^-1)¹
CS	1.3	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.08	0.61	<0.01	0.22
R-12h	1.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.1	0.3
IR-12h	2.8	0.7	0.2	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.5
R-24h	2.2	0.6	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4
Mean	1.9^a	0.5^b	0.3^b	0.3^c	0.1^c	0.0^c	0.1^c	0.1^c	0.4
	Salt access frequency (number of times lambs day^-1)¹
CS	2.4	0.8	0.4	0.8	0.6	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.7	0.11	0.29	<0.01	0.87
R-12h	2.8	0.8	0.3	0.9	0.3	0.1	0.4	0.3	0.7
IR-12h	2.0	0.2	0.8	0.5	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.0	0.5
R-24h	1.6	1.0	0.8	0.4	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.5
Mean	2.2^a	0.7^b	0.6^b	0.7^b	0.3^b	0.1^b	0.2^b	0.1^b	0.6

¹Specific activities; ²CS: whole-plant corn silage (WPCS, not inoculated and not relocated); R-12h: WPCS relocated for 12h; IR-12h: WPCS inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum (1 × 10⁵ cfu g^-1 per gram of fresh forage) and relocated for 12h; and R-24h: WPCS not inoculated and relocated for 24h. Means on the same row followed by different lowercase letters differed from each other (p < 0.05) by Tukey’s test.

Table 4 Intake, chews, and feeding and rumination efficiency in lambs fed with WPCS, relocated or not, with or without bacterial inoculant.

Variables¹	Treatments²				Mean	SEM	p-value
Variables¹	CS	R-12h	IR-12h	R-24h	Mean	SEM	p-value
TFT (h day^-1)	6.46	5.03	5.89	5.75	5.78	0.54	0.34
TRT (h day^-1)	9.82	9.50	9.94	9.69	9.74	0.51	0.93
TIT (h day^-1)	7.72	9.47	8.17	8.56	8.48	0.75	0.42
TCT (h day^-1)	16.28	14.53	15.83	15.44	15.52	0.75	0.42
NRB (n^o day^-1)	916.35	836.80	945.51	823.37	880.51	49.07	0.25
RTB (sec bolus^-1)	38.82	41.26	38.07	42.45	40.15	1.80	0.30
CN (nº bolus^-1)	55.19	61.04	58.72	62.24	59.30	3.05	0.40
CN (nº day^-1)	50,352.46	51,001.82	55,365.54	51,168.97	51,972.20	3601.12	0.75
DMI (g day^-1)	512.44	552.73	566.40	581.06	555.40	23.07	0.20
NDFI (g day^-1)	200.67^b	235.66^ab	236.58^a	225.88^ab	224,70	8,91	0.03
DMFE (g DM h^-1)	83.28	132.39	101.12	102.07	104,72	14,87	0,17
NDFFE (g NDF h^-1)	32.53	56.45	42.21	39.66	42.71	6.16	0.08
DMRE (g DM h^-1)	52.63	59.85	57.29	60.23	57,50	3.63	0.43
NDFRE (g NDF h^-1)	20.60	25.44	23.95	23.42	23.35	1.41	0.13

¹TFT - total feeding time; TRT - total rumination time; TIT - total idle time; TCT - total chews time; NRB - number of ruminal bolus; RTB - rumination time per bolus; CN - chews number; DMI - dry matter intake; NDFI -neutral detergent fiber intake; DMFE - dry matter feed efficiency; NDFFE - neutral detergent fiber feed efficiency; DMRE - dry matter rumination efficiency; NDFRE - neutral detergent fiber rumination efficiency. ²CS: whole-plant corn silage (WPCS, not inoculated and not relocated); R-12h: WPCS relocated for 12h; IR-12h: WPCS inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum (1 × 10⁵ cfu g^-1 per gram of fresh forage) and relocated for 12h; and R-24h: WPCS not inoculated and relocated for 24h. Means on the same row followed by different lowercase letters differed from each other (p < 0.05) by Tukey’s test.

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Ingestive behavior of lambs fed relocated and inoculated whole-plant corn silage

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: anibalcr@gmail.com