Performance supplementation and ingestive behavior of sheep finished in continuous pasture in the period of water restriction

The objective was to evaluate the performance and ingestive behavior of grazing sheep in the finishing stage, with supplementation in the period of water restriction. Fifteen male crossbred sheep were used in continuous pasture in Massai grass and supplied supplement formulated with 18% of crude protein in three levels (0.0; 0.3 and 0.6% of body weight), individually. Bromatological and fodder production analyses were performed, as well as foliar mass production, stem mass and senescent material mass. The performance and ingestive behavior of the animals were evaluated. The design was in four randomized blocks for the variables measured in the fodder. For the biometry, weight gain and behavior variables measured in the animals, the design was entirely randomized with five repetitions. The total forage mass production was 5512.41 kg ha^-1, with 6.58% of crude protein, 79 38% of neutral detergent fiber and with 65% of foliar mass. The total weight gain and daily weight gain were higher in animals that received a supplement of 0.6% of body weight. In general, the animals grazed more in the morning period and the supplemented ones destined more time for rumination and leisure than the ones not supplemented.

Keywords:
massai; deferral; nutrition; ruminants

Authorship

Rebeca Rocha Cardoso ^**Author for correspondence. E-mail: rebeca.rc@unitins.br

Universidade Estadual do Tocantins, Avenida Joaquim Teotônio Segurado, Quadra 1102 Sul, Lote 1/2, 77024-002, Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil. Universidade Estadual do TocantinsBrazilPalmas, Tocantins, BrazilUniversidade Estadual do Tocantins, Avenida Joaquim Teotônio Segurado, Quadra 1102 Sul, Lote 1/2, 77024-002, Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3682-9457

Luciano Fernandes Sousa

Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil. Universidade Federal do TocantinsBrazilAraguaína, Tocantins, BrazilEscola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil.

Ana Cristina Ferreira Holanda

Glenda Neves Bentes

Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil. Universidade Federal Rural da AmazôniaBrazilParauapebas, Pará, BrazilUniversidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil.

*Author for correspondence. E-mail: rebeca.rc@unitins.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (2)
Tables (6)

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Figure 1
Proportions of leaf blade (LB), stem (S) and senescent material (SM) of Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestum cv Massai.

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Figure 2
Activities observed, at min.day^-1, in the behavior of grazing sheep fed with different levels of supplementation in % of body weight - BW.

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Table 1
Average, maximum and minimum temperatures, average relative humidity (RH), average insolation and precipitation from June to August of the year 2017, obtained from the meteorological station Araguaína-A021 in Araguaína/TO (Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia [INMET], 2020Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia [INMET]. (2012). Rede de estações climatológicas. Brasília, DF: INMET. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=home/index Acesso em 07.05.2020
http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php... ).

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Table 2
Composition of the concentrated supplement and average amount of concentrate supplied for the different levels of supplementation.

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Table 3
Bromatological composition of Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestum cv Massai in the water restriction period of the year.

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Table 4
Mean canopy height, total dry mass available (TDM), leaf blade dry mass (LBDM), stem dry mass (SDM), senescent material dry mass (SMDM), leaf: stem ratio (L/S), leaf: senescent material ratio (L/SM), forage density (FD), available forage (AF), forage offer (FO) of Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestum cv Massai and the average days in sheep pasture in the water restriction season.

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Table 5
Dry mass production (DMP), initial body weight (InitialBW) and final body weight (FinalBW) measurements, total weight gain (WG) and daily average (ADWG), biometric measurements of body length (BL), thoracic perimeter (TP), croup width (CW), breast width (BW), withers height (WH) and garure height (GH) and body condition score (BCS) of sheep in Massai grass pasture (Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestum) in the period of water restriction, submitted to different levels of supplementation.

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Table 6
Ingestive behavior of sheep in Massai grass pasture (Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestum) in the period of water restriction submitted to different levels of supplementation.

Figure 1 Proportions of leaf blade (LB), stem (S) and senescent material (SM) of Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestum cv Massai.

Figure 2 Activities observed, at min.day^-1, in the behavior of grazing sheep fed with different levels of supplementation in % of body weight - BW.

Table 1 Average, maximum and minimum temperatures, average relative humidity (RH), average insolation and precipitation from June to August of the year 2017, obtained from the meteorological station Araguaína-A021 in Araguaína/TO (Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia [INMET], 2020Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia [INMET]. (2012). Rede de estações climatológicas. Brasília, DF: INMET. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=home/index Acesso em 07.05.2020
http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php... ).

Months	Temperature (°C)			RH	Insolation	Precipitation
Months	Average	Max	Min	(%)	(h)	(mm)
June	24.8	35.3	16.8	68.1	235.3	69.8
July	25.3	34.8	13.8	59.9	277.3	0
August	25.4	38.0	17.7	57.4	296.2	6.0

Table 2 Composition of the concentrated supplement and average amount of concentrate supplied for the different levels of supplementation.

Composition
Ingredients	Proportion (%)
Grinded corn	62.00
Soybean meal	34.03
Bicalcium phosphate	2.11
Mineral salt	1.29
Limestone	0.57
Quantity supplied
Supplementation (% of body weight)	Concentrated (kg)
0.0	0
0.3	0.104
0.6	0.195

Table 3 Bromatological composition of Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestum cv Massai in the water restriction period of the year.

(%) da DM	Average
Dry matter	25.89
Organic matter	18.44
Crude protein	6.58
Ethereal extract	3.51
Mineral matter	6.19
Neutral detergent fiber	79.38
Acid detergent fiber	41.03
Total digestible nutrients	53.74
Non nitrogenated extracts	43.66
Total carbohydrates	83.69
Non-fibrous carbohydrates	4.27

DM = dry matter.

Table 4 Mean canopy height, total dry mass available (TDM), leaf blade dry mass (LBDM), stem dry mass (SDM), senescent material dry mass (SMDM), leaf: stem ratio (L/S), leaf: senescent material ratio (L/SM), forage density (FD), available forage (AF), forage offer (FO) of Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestum cv Massai and the average days in sheep pasture in the water restriction season.

Pre-grazing
Variables	Values	Pr > F	CV (%)
Canopy height (cm)^ns	35.58	0.7211	5.02
TDM (kg ha^-1) ^ns	5512.41	0.2372	20.13
LBDM (kg ha^-1) ^ns	3594.80	0.3444	25.21
SDM (kg ha^-1) ^ns	323.6	0.7674	21.13
SMDM (kg ha^-1) ^ns	1734.15	0.5554	18.35
L/S ^ns	12.04	0.9854	23.47
L/SM ^ns	2.44	0.4688	21.29
FD (kg.cm^-1 ha^-1) ^ns	157.14	0.2372	20.17
AF (kg) ^ns	3203.13	0.3611	7.89
FO (%)^ns	6.65	0.3864	18.96
Days in pasture ^ns	5	0.7939	20.55
Post-grazing
Variables	Values	Pr > F	CV (%)
Canopy height (cm)^ns	13.67	0.9642	11.04
TDM (kg ha^-1) ^ns	2296.88	0.9878	18.24
LBDM (kg ha^-1) ^ns	906.81	0.8696	23.76
SDM (kg ha^-1) ^ns	204.42	0.5916	19.26
SMDM (kg ha^-1) ^ns	1185.88	0.1761	21.56
L/S ^ns	4.43	0.1051	20.87
L/SM ^ns	0.76	0.9264	22.36
FD (kg.cm^-1 ha^-1) ^ns	153.13	0.9878	21.56

ns = not significant by F test; Pr > F = probability; CV%= coefficient of variation.

Table 5 Dry mass production (DMP), initial body weight (InitialBW) and final body weight (FinalBW) measurements, total weight gain (WG) and daily average (ADWG), biometric measurements of body length (BL), thoracic perimeter (TP), croup width (CW), breast width (BW), withers height (WH) and garure height (GH) and body condition score (BCS) of sheep in Massai grass pasture (Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestum) in the period of water restriction, submitted to different levels of supplementation.

Variables	Supplementation (% of body weight)			Pr > F	CV (%)
Variables	0	0,3	0,6	Pr > F	CV (%)
DMP (kg ha^-1)	2980	3000	2995	0.0783	21.03
InitialBW (kg)	38.0	37.3	34.3	0.6272	17.2
FinalBW (kg)	38.5	39.7	38.5	0.9413	16.4
WG (kg)	0.460 b	2.460 ab	4.200 a	0.0030	56.4
ADWG (kg)	0.018 b	0.09 ab	0.162 a	0.0030	56.4
BL (cm)	48.2	46.4	49.4	0.2265	5.4
TP (cm)	96.2	93.2	91.4	0.7431	10.5
CW (cm)	16.4	15.6	16.0	0.8404	13.3
BW (cm)	20.4	21.0	22.8	0.3434	12.0
WH (cm)	69.0	69.8	69.4	0.9350	4.9
GH (cm)	69.4	70.8	71.0	0.6016	3.8
BCS	2	2	2	0.6912	20.6

Averages followed by different letters on the line differed statistically at 5% probability (Pr > F). CV(%) = coefficient of variation.

Table 6 Ingestive behavior of sheep in Massai grass pasture (Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestum) in the period of water restriction submitted to different levels of supplementation.

	Pastures (min day^-1)
Supplement	Period			Averages	Pr > F			CV
(% de BW)	6:00-10:00	10:00-15:00	15:00-18:00		S	P	S x P	(%)
0	238 Aa	207 Ba	103 Bb	183	0.0389	< .0001	0.0001	26.88
0,3	238 Aa	210 Bb	137 ABc	195
0,6	229 Aa	229 Aa	154 Ab	204
Averages	235	216	131
	Rumination (min day^-1)
Supplement	Period			Averages	Pr > F			CV
(% de BW)	6:00-10:00	10:00-15:00	15:00-18:00		S	P	S x P	(%)
0	0,0 Ab	68 Ba	46 Aa	38	0.0017	< .0001	0.0024	25.61
0,3	0,0 Ac	125 Aa	29 Ab	51
0,6	0,0 Ac	43 Ba	15 Bb	19
Averages	0	79	30
	Idle (min day^-1)
Supplement	Period			Averages	Pr> F			CV
(% de BW)	6:00-10:00	10:00-15:00	15:00-18:00		S	P	S x P	(%)
0	2 Bb	25 Ba	29 Aa	19	0.2088	< .0001	0.0002	41.37
0,3	1 Bc	27 ABa	14 Bb	14
0,6	15 Ab	28 Aa	12 Bb	18
Averages	6,08	27	18
	Consuming mineral salt (min day^-1)
Supplement	Period			Averages	Pr > F			CV
(% de BW)	6:00-10:00	10:00-15:00	15:00-18:00		S	P	S x P	(%)
0	3 Aa	3 Ba	3 Aa	3	0.0756	0.0017	0.0058	38.54
0,3	4 Ab	28 Aa	0,0 Ab	11
0,6	2 Aa	3 Ba	1 Aa	2
Averages	3	11	1
	Consuming water (min day^-1)
Supplement	Period			Averages	Pr > F			CV
(% de BW)	6:00-10:00	10:00-15:00	15:00-18:00		S	P	S x P	(%)
0	7	9	5	7	1.0000	0.0034	1.0000	55.84
0,3	7	9	5	7
0,6	7	9	5	7
Averages	7 ab	9 a	5 b

Averages followed by different lower-case letters in the row and upper-case letters in the column differed statistically at 5% probability (Pr > F). BW = body weight. CV(%) = coefficient of variation. S = level of supplement. P = period.

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Performance supplementation and ingestive behavior of sheep finished in continuous pasture in the period of water restriction

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[1] *Author for correspondence. E-mail: rebeca.rc@unitins.br