Relationship between the level and the action period of fiber in diets to laying hens

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the level of fiber and its action period in diets to laying hens on performance and egg quality. 180 Hisex white hens (65 weeks-old) were randomly allocated to 3 groups of 60 birds each, comprising 10 replicates of six birds per treatment. The experimental design was factorial scheme considering three levels of fiber (2.50, 4.87 and 7.24%) in birds’ diets, and three action periods of this fiber (short - 21 days, medium - 56 days, and long - 105 days) in the feed. The estimates of treatments were firstly subjected to ANOVA and a subsequent Tukey test at 5%. Birds fed diets with moderate levels of fiber (4.87%) presented better (p < 0.05) performance. High levels of fiber caused a significant reduction in performance. Birds fed diets with low and moderate levels of fiber produced eggs with better (p < 0.05) quality. High levels of fiber caused a significant reduction in egg quality. The exposure of birds to diets with fiber for long-term caused a negative effect (p < 0.05) on performance, egg weight and percentage of its main structures, albumen height, yolk height, eggshell thickness, and the specific gravity.

Keywords:
dietary fiber; egg weight; gut health; performance; yolk

Authorship

João Paulo Ferreira Rufino

Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas Brasil.Universidade do Estado do AmazonasBrazilManaus, Amazonas, BrazilEscola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas Brasil.

Frank George Guimarães Cruz

Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200, 69077-000, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Universidade Federal do AmazonasBrazilManaus, Amazonas, BrazilFaculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200, 69077-000, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9076-9849

Ronner Joaquim Mendonça Brasil

Pedro Alves de Oliveira Filho

Ramon Duque Melo

Julmar da Costa Feijó

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: frankgcruz@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (9)

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Table 1
Chemical composition of açaí meal.

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Table 2
Diets composition containing different levels of fiber.

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Table 3
Feed intake (FI), egg production (EP), feed conversion (FC, kg kg^-1 and FC, kg dz^-1), and egg mass (EM) of laying hens fed diets with different fiber levels to different action periods.

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Table 4
Interaction between level of fiber and action period in diets to laying hens on egg production (%)¹.

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Table 5
Interaction between level of fiber and action period in diets to laying hens on egg mass (g)¹.

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Table 6
Egg weight (EW), %albumen (AP), %yolk (YP) and %eggshell (SP) of eggs from laying hens fed diets with different fiber levels to different periods.

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Table 7
Interaction between level of fiber and action period in diets to laying hens on yolk (%).

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Table 8
Albumen height (AH), yolk height (YH), yolk diameter (YD), eggshell thickness (ST), specific gravity (SG), Haugh unit (HU) and yolk color (YC) of eggs from laying hens fed diets with different fiber levels to different periods.

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Table 9
Relationship between level of fiber and action period in diets to laying hens on yolk height (mm).

Table 1 Chemical composition of açaí meal.

Chemical composition	Values
Dry matter, %	89.12
Crude protein, %	5.25
Fats, %	4.12
Ashes, %	6.64
Crude fiber, %	25.30
Neutral detergent fiber, %	57.61
Acid detergent fiber, %	44.25
Lignin, %	8.78
Non-fibrous carbohydrates, %	58.69
Gross energy, kcal kg^-1	5,389.16
Metabolizable energy, kcal kg^-1	2,838.18^*

^*
Determined according to the calculation method proposed by Rostagno et al. (2017Rostagno, H. S., Albino, L. F. T., Hannas, M. I., Donzele, J. L., Sakomura, N. K., Costa, F. G. P., … Brito, C. O. (2017). Tabelas brasileiras para aves e suínos: composição de alimentos e exigências nutricionais. Viçosa, MG: Editora da Universidade Federal de Viçosa.).

Table 2 Diets composition containing different levels of fiber.

Ingredients	Levels of fiber in the diets (%)
Ingredients	2.50	4.87	7.24
Corn (7.88%)	63.9692	50.4634	36.5184
Soybean meal (46%)	23.5066	24.8582	26.3951
Açaí meal	0.0000	10.0000	20.0000
Limestone	9.6009	9.7562	9.7351
Dicalcium phosphate	1.9829	1.7413	1.7706
Vit. min. supplement ¹	0.5000	0.5000	0.5000
Salt	0.3500	0.3500	0.3500
DL-methionine (99%)	0.0904	0.1076	0.1199
Soybean oil	0.0000	2.2233	4.6109
Total	100.000	100.000	100.000
Nutrient
M.E., kcal kg^-1	2,750.500	2,750.500	2,750.500
Crude protein, %	16.000	16.000	16.000
Calcium, %	4.200	4.200	4.200
Available phosphorus, %	0.450	0.450	0.450
Crude fiber, %	2.505	4.873	7.241
Neutral detergent fiber, %	10.49	15.09	19.60
Acid detergent fiber, %	3.80	7.98	12.08
Total methionine, %	0.350	0.350	0.350
Total methionine + Cystine, %	0.600	0.591	0.576
Total lysine, %	0.803	0.812	0.823
Total threonine, %	0.625	0.607	0.590
Total tryptophan, %	0.191	0.193	0.194
Sodium, %	0.156	0.154	0.151

¹Guaranteed levels per kilogram of the product: Vitamin A 2,000,000 IU, Vitamin D3 400,000 IU, Vitamin E 2,400 mg, Vitamin K3 400 mg, Vitamin B1 100 mg, Vitamin B2 760 mg, Vitamin B6 100 mg, Vitamin B12 2,400 mcg, Niacin 5,000 mg, Calcium Pantothenate 2,000 mg, Folic acid 50 mg, Coccidiostat 12,000 mg, Choline 50,000 mg, Copper 1,200 mg, Iron 6,000 mg, Manganese 14,000 mg, Zinc 10,000 mg, Iodine 100 mg. Selenium 40 mg. Vehicle q.s.p. 1,000 g.

Table 3 Feed intake (FI), egg production (EP), feed conversion (FC, kg kg^-1 and FC, kg dz^-1), and egg mass (EM) of laying hens fed diets with different fiber levels to different action periods.

Factors¹	Variables
Factors¹	FI (g bird^-1 day^-1)	EP (%)	FC (kg kg^-1)	FC (kg dz^-1)	EM (g)
Fiber (%)
2.50	103.48^a	79.02^a	2.19^c	1.57^c	46.35^a
4.87	101.59^b	76.24^b	2.32^b	1.64^b	44.79^b
7.24	100.85^b	70.00^c	2.45^a	1.74^a	41.50^c
Action period
Short	115.71^a	79.73^a	2.02^b	1.44^b	47.09^a
Medium	104.10^b	72.85^b	2.46^a	1.75^a	42.87^b
Long	86.11^c	72.67^b	2.47^a	1.75^a	42.69^b
Effect	p-value
Fiber (%)	0.05^**	0.01^*	0.05^**	0.05^**	0.01^*
Action period	0.01^*	0.01^*	0.01^*	0.01^*	0.01^*
Interaction	0.81^ns	0.01^*	0.27^ns	0.21^ns	0.01^*
CV (%)²	10.45	8.41	12.01	11.12	9.02

¹Treatments with averages in the column differ or not between the Tukey test at 5%; ² CV - Coefficient of variation; ^* Significant effect (p < 0.01); ^** Significant effect (p < 0.05); ns - no significant.

Table 4 Interaction between level of fiber and action period in diets to laying hens on egg production (%)¹.

Factors¹	Action period
Fiber (%)	Short	Medium	Long
2.50	84.12^Aa	80.31^Ab	79.04^Ac
4.87	81.20^Ba	81.20^Ab	74.76^Ac
7.24	75.55^Cb	75.55^Bb	65.55^Bb
Effect	p-value
Period x 2.50	0.02^**
Period x 4.87	0.02^**
Period x 7.24	0.03^**
Fiber x Short	0.02^**
Fiber x Medium	0.04^**
Fiber x Long	0.05^**
CV (%)	10.66

¹Treatments with averages in the column (effect between levels of fiber - uppercase letters) and in the line (effect between action periods of fiber - lowercase letters) differ or not between the Tukey test at 5%; ² CV - Coefficient of variation; ^* Significant effect (p < 0.01); ^** Significant effect (p < 0.05).

Table 5 Interaction between level of fiber and action period in diets to laying hens on egg mass (g)¹.

Factors¹	Action period
Fiber (%)	Short	Medium	Long
2.50	48.88^Aa	47.51^Aa	44.86^Ab
4.87	46.79^Aba	47.43^Aa	41.95^ABb
7.24	44.11^Ba	38.70^Bb	37.71^Bb
Effect	p-value
Period x 2.50	0.05^**
Period x 4.87	0.03^**
Period x 7.24	0.04^**
Fiber x Short	0.01^*
Fiber x Medium	0.01^*
Fiber x Long	0.01^*
CV (%)	14.84

¹Treatments with averages in the column (effect between levels of fiber - uppercase letters) and in the line (effect between action periods of fiber - lowercase letters) differ or not between the Tukey test at 5%;² CV - Coefficient of variation; ^* Significant effect (p < 0.01); ^** Significant effect (p < 0.05).

Table 6 Egg weight (EW), %albumen (AP), %yolk (YP) and %eggshell (SP) of eggs from laying hens fed diets with different fiber levels to different periods.

Factors¹	Variables
Factors¹	EW (g)	AP (%)	YP (%)	SP (%)
Fiber (%)
2.50	62.62^a	28.55^a	58.91	10.00
4.87	58.77^ab	27.06^ab	57.66	9.77
7.24	59.29^b	24.23^b	59.97	9.79
Action period
Short	59.94^a	26.91^a	59.72^a	10.02^a
Medium	59.59^b	25.75^b	59.72^a	9.98^b
Long	59.50^c	25.70^c	57.04^b	9.83^b
Effect	p-value
Fiber (%)	0.02^**	0.01^*	0.25^ns	0.59^ns
Action period	0.05^**	0.01^*	0.04^**	0.04^**
Interaction	0.62^ns	0.12^ns	0.01^*	0.69^ns
CV (%)²	4.08	10.63	8.07	5.88

¹Treatments with averages in the column differ or not between the Tukey test at 5%; ²CV - Coefficient of variation; ^*Significant effect (p < 0.01); ^**Significant effect (p < 0.05); ns - no significant.

Table 7 Interaction between level of fiber and action period in diets to laying hens on yolk (%).

Factors¹	Action period
Fiber (%)	Short	Medium	Long
2.50	29.15^Aa	28.90^Ab	25.41^Ac
4.87	26.76^Ba	26.14^Ba	25.41^Ab
7.24	26.76^Ba	26.14^Ba	21.89^Bb
Effect	p-value
Period x 2.50	0.01^*
Period x 4.87	0.02^**
Period x 7.24	0.05^**
Fiber x Short	0.03^**
Fiber x Medium	0.04^**
Fiber x Long	0.02^**
CV (%)	10.77

¹Treatments with averages in the column (effect between levels of fiber - uppercase letters) and in the line (effect between action periods of fiber - lowercase letters) differ or not between the Tukey test at 5%; ²CV - Coefficient of variation; ^*Significant effect (p < 0.01); ^**Significant effect (p < 0.05).

Table 8 Albumen height (AH), yolk height (YH), yolk diameter (YD), eggshell thickness (ST), specific gravity (SG), Haugh unit (HU) and yolk color (YC) of eggs from laying hens fed diets with different fiber levels to different periods.

Factors¹	Variables
Factors¹	AH (mm)	YH (mm)	YD (mm)	ST (µm)	SG (g mL^-3)	HU	YC
Fiber (%)
2.50	7.45^c	19.60^c	41.38^c	40.40	1,083.75^c	82.73	5.15
4.87	8.82^a	22.11^a	43.08^a	39.66	1,087.86^a	82.58	4.80
7.24	7.81^b	21.50^ab	42.65^b	40.00	1,085.41^b	83.20	5.01
Action period
Short	8.32^a	21.49^a	42.44	45.30^a	1,085.13^a	83.99	4.98
Medium	8.28^a	21.42^a	42.48	38.33^b	1,085.11^a	83.44	4.96
Long	7.16^b	20.25^b	42.48	37.66^b	1,166.54^b	83.44	4.96
Effect	p-value
Fiber (%)	0.01^*	0.01^*	0.01^*	0.08^ns	0.03^**	0.07^ns	0.16^ns
Action period	0.01^*	0.01^*	0.98^ns	0.01^*	0.03^**	0.06^ns	0.98^ns
Interaction	0.21^ns	0.01^*	0.64^ns	0.61^ns	0.41^ns	0.21^ns	0.09^ns
CV (%)²	6.76	5.42	2.67	4.70	13.21	2.94	7.10

¹Treatments with averages in the column differ or not between the Tukey test at 5%; ²CV - Coefficient of variation; ^* Significant effect (p < 0.01); ^**Significant effect (p < 0.05); ns - no significant.

Table 9 Relationship between level of fiber and action period in diets to laying hens on yolk height (mm).

Factors¹	Action period
Fiber (%)	Short	Medium	Long
2.50	21.80^a	21.55^a	20.85^Ab
4.87	21.75^a	21.55^a	20.85^Ab
7.24	21.75^a	21.30^a	17.60^Bb
Effect	p-value
Period x 2.50	0.05^**
Period x 4.87	0.04^**
Period x 7.24	0.01^*
Fiber x Short	0.23^ns
Fiber x Medium	0.15^ns
Fiber x Long	0.05^**
CV (%)	6.82

¹Treatments with averages in the column (effect between levels of fiber - uppercase letters) and in the line (effect between action periods of fiber - lowercase letters) differ or not between the Tukey test at 5%; ²CV - Coefficient of variation; ^* Significant effect (p < 0.01); ^**Significant effect (p < 0.05); ns - no significant.

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Relationship between the level and the action period of fiber in diets to laying hens

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: frankgcruz@gmail.com