Growth curves of broilers fed different nutritional relationships using the Gompertz model

The study aimed to evaluate performance and growth curves of broilers fed different nutritional relations. A total of 1,440 Cobb-500 male day-old chicks were assigned to eight treatments in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with six replicates of 30 birds each. The main factors were nutritional density (control and high), lysine source (HCl and sulfate), and calcium pidolate (presence and absence). Analyses were made for body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion rate (FCR) at 21, and 42 days of age. The growth curves were adjusted by weighing a bird per plot every three days. Data for BWG were tested by ANOVA to evaluate the effects of treatments and their interactions at 5% significance, and the Gompertz model was adjusted by NLS. Birds fed a high nutritional density had higher BWG and lower FCR. Calcium pidolate and different sources of lysine did not influence the FCR of broilers, however a triple interaction was evidenced for BWG at 1 to 42 days of age. The day with maximum gain adjusted by Gompertz of all treatments was at the 32^nd day of age and the maximum weight (A) was around 5.85 kg.

Keywords:
calcium pidolate; Gallus domesticus; growth rate; lysine; nonlinear models; nutritional density

Authorship

Luís Filipe Villas-Bôas de Freitas

Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”BrazilJaboticabal, São Paulo, BrazilFaculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.

Antônio Gilberto Bertechini

Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Trevo rotatório professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, Cx. Postal 3.037, 37203-202, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Universidade Federal de LavrasBrazilLavras, Minas Gerais, BrazilDepartamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Trevo rotatório professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, Cx. Postal 3.037, 37203-202, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Alisson Hélio Sampaio Clemente ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: clementezootecnista@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2955-6980

Felipe Augusto Fernandes

Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.Universidade Federal de LavrasBrazilLavras, Minas Gerais, BrazilDepartamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Diego Bauth

Tales Jesus Fernandes

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: clementezootecnista@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (1)
Tables (6)
Formulas (1)

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Figure 1
Growth curves of Cobb500 broilers in different nutritional relationships estimated by the Gompertz model.

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Table 1
Dietary composition used in the treatments (control nutritional density (C), high nutritional density (H), lysine HCl (LH), lysine sulfate (LS), absence of calcium pidolate (A) and presence of calcium pidolate (P)) at 1 to 21 days of age of broilers.

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Table 2
Dietary composition used in the treatments (Control nutritional density (C), high nutritional density (H), lysine HCl (LH), lysine sulfate (LS)) at 22 to 42 days of age of broilers.

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Table 3
Body weight gain (BWG) (kg), feed conversion rate (FCR) (kg kg^-1) of broilers at 1-21, and 1-42 days of age in different nutritional relationships.

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Table 4
Interaction between factors for body weight gain (BWG) (kg) at 1 to 42 days of age.

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Table 5
Estimated parameters of the Gompertz model(1) with the respective standard error (SE) to describe the growth of Cobb 500^® broilers in different nutritional relationships.

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Table 6
Estimated day of maximum weight gain (Dmax), mean weight on the first day and maximum weight gain determined in Dmax, maximum growth rates (approximate standard error).

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Figure 1 Growth curves of Cobb500 broilers in different nutritional relationships estimated by the Gompertz model.

Table 1 Dietary composition used in the treatments (control nutritional density (C), high nutritional density (H), lysine HCl (LH), lysine sulfate (LS), absence of calcium pidolate (A) and presence of calcium pidolate (P)) at 1 to 21 days of age of broilers.

	Treatments
Ingredients (g kg^-1)	C LH A	C LH P	C LS A	C LS P	H LH A	H LH P	H LS A	H LS P
Maize 7.88%	65.91	65.91	65.91	65.91	57.76	57.76	57.76	57.76
Soybean meal 45%	30.30	30.30	30.30	30.30	34.97	34.97	34.97	34.97
Soybean oil	0.41	0.41	0.41	0.41	3.05	3.05	3.05	3.05
Dicalcium phosphate	1.03	1.03	1.03	1.03	0.99	0.99	0.99	0.99
Salt	0.46	0.46	0.46	0.46	0.46	0.46	0.46	0.46
Limestone	0.74	0.74	0.74	0.74	0.96	0.96	0.96	0.96
DL-methionine-99%	0.21	0.21	0.21	0.21	0.39	0.39	0.39	0.39
L-Lysine-HCl-78%	0.12	0.12	0.00	0.00	0.36	0.36	0.00	0.00
L-Lysine-SO4-70%	0.00	0.00	0.13	0.13	0.00	0.00	0.40	0.40
Pidolin PCa^®, %	0.00	0.03	0.00	0.03	0.00	0.03	0.00	0.03
L-Threonine-98%	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.14
L-Valine-98%	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09
Vitamin premix¹	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10
Mineral premix²	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10
Salinomicin, 12%	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05
Choline chloride, 60%	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04
Bacitracin	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03
Phytase³	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01
Inert	0.50	0.47	0.50	0.47	0.50	0.47	0.50	0.47
	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Calculated nutrient content
Metabolizable energy (kcal kg^-1)		19.30				3,050
Crude protein (g kg^-1)		19.30				21.00
Fat (g kg^-1)		4.422				6.122
Digestible Lysine (g kg^-1)		1.000				1.300
Digestible Met + Cys (g kg^-1)		0.811				0.962
Digestible Arginine (g kg^-1)		1.179				1.309
Calcium (g kg^-1)		0.800				0.800
Available phosphorus (g kg^-1)		0.430				0.430
Sodium (g kg^-1)		0.200				0.200

¹Provided per kg of diet: vitamin A - 8,250 IU; vitamin D3 - 2,090 IU; vitamin E - 31 IU; vitamin B1 - 2.20 mg; vitamin B2 - 5.50 mg; vitamin B6 - 3.08 mg; vitamin B12 - 0.013 mg; niacin - 33.0 mg; pantothenic acid - 11.00 mg; vitamin K₃ - 1,65 mg; folic acid - 0.77 mg; biotin - 0.077 mg; choline chloride (60%) - 1.0 g. ²Provided per kg of diet: Se - 0.33 mg; Mn - 77 mg; Fe - 55 mg; Zn - 71.5 mg; Cu - 11 mg; I - 1.10 mg, B - 42 mg. ³ Genophos®, activity of 10,000 FTU g^-1, matrix 0.13 g kg^-1 of Ca and 0.15 g kg^-1 of P.

Table 2 Dietary composition used in the treatments (Control nutritional density (C), high nutritional density (H), lysine HCl (LH), lysine sulfate (LS)) at 22 to 42 days of age of broilers.

	Treatments
Ingredients (g kg^-1)	C*LH	C*LS	H*LH	H*LS
Maize 7.88%	68.266	68.266	60.581	60.581
Soybean meal 45,0%	27.314	27.314	30.668	30.668
Soybean oil	1.120	1.120	4.987	4.987
Dicalcium phosphate	0.895	0.895	0.879	0.879
Salt	0.456	0.456	0.456	0.456
Limestone	0.787	0.787	0.783	0.783
DL-methionine-99%	0.190	0.190	0.398	0.398
L-Lysine-HCl-78%	0.141	0.000	0.433	0.000
L-Lysine-SO₄-70%	0.000	0.157	0.000	0.482
L-Threonine-98%	0.005	0.005	0.005	0.172
L-Valine-98%	0.005	0.005	0.005	0.169
Vitamin premix¹	0.100	0.100	0.100	0.100
Mineral premix ²	0.100	0.100	0.100	0.100
Salinomicin, 12%	0.050	0.050	0.050	0.050
Choline-Chloride, 60%	0.040	0.040	0.040	0.040
Phytase³	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025
Inert	0.500	0.500	0.500	0.500
	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
Calculated nutrient content
Metabolizable energy (kcal kg^-1)	3,050	3,050	3,200	3,200
Crude protein (g kg^-1)	18.30	18.30	19.20	19.20
Fat (g kg^-1)	3.500	3.500	6.601	6.601
Digestible lysine (g kg^-1)	0.95	0.95	1.250	1.250
Digestible Met + Cys (g kg^-1)	0.703	0.703	0.925	0.925
Calcium (g kg^-1)	0.700	0.700	0.700	0.700
Available phosphorus (g kg^-1)	0.400	0.400	0.400	0.400
Sodium (g kg^-1)	0.200	0.200	0.200	0.200

¹Provided per kg of diet: vitamin A - 8,250 IU; vitamin D3 - 2,090 IU; vitamin E - 31 IU; vitamin B1 - 2.20 mg; vitamin B2 - 5.50 mg; vitamin B6 - 3.08 mg; vitamin B12 - 0.013 mg; nicotinic acid - 33,0 mg; pantothenic acid - 11,0 mg; vitamin K3 - 1.65 mg; folic acid - 0.770 mg; biotin - 0.077 mg; choline chloride (60%) - 1.0 g. ²Provided per kg of diet: Se - 0.330 mg; Mn - 77 mg; Fe - 55 mg; Zn - 71.5 mg; Cu - 11 mg; I - 1.10 mg, B - 42 mg. ³Genophos®, activity of 10,000 FTU g^-1, matrix 0.13 g kg^-1 of Ca and 0.15 g kg^-1 of P.

Table 3 Body weight gain (BWG) (kg), feed conversion rate (FCR) (kg kg^-1) of broilers at 1-21, and 1-42 days of age in different nutritional relationships.

Factors		BWG 1-21 21d	FCR 1-21	BWG 1-42	FCR 1-42
Sources of lysine	Lysine HCl	0.995	1.33	3.13	1.72
Sources of lysine	Lysine SO₄	0.992	1.33	3.14	1.65
P-value		0.787	0.979	0.535	0.130
Calcium pidolate	Presence	0.994	1.33	3.13	1.71
Calcium pidolate	Absence	0.993	1.33	3.13	1.66
P-value		0.930	0.916	0.708	0.270
Nutritional density	High	1.028 a	1.28 a	3.22 a	1.61 a
Nutritional density	Control	0.958 b	1.39 b	3.04 b	1.77 b
P-value		0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Factorial interaction
L⁽¹⁾ X CP⁽²⁾		0.769	0.692	0.503	0.420
L X ND⁽³⁾		0.717	0.642	0.049	0.700
CP X ND		0.925	0.745	0.345	0.310
L X CP X ND		0.149	0.671	0.000	0.340
SE⁽⁴⁾ (%)		0.015	0.015	0.019	0.010

Means followed by different letters are significantly different by F-test at 5% significance; *Significant at 5% probability. ¹Sources of lysine,²CP - calcium pidolate, ³ND - Nutritional density, ⁴ Coefficient of variation.

Table 4 Interaction between factors for body weight gain (BWG) (kg) at 1 to 42 days of age.

	High density				Control density
	Absence of calcium pidolate		Presence of calcium pidolate		Absence of calcium pidolate		Presence of calcium pidolate		p value	SEM
	Lysine HCl	Lysine SO₄	Lysine HCl	Lysine SO₄	Lysine HCl	Lysine SO₄	Lysine HCl	Lysine SO₄
BWG	3.24 ab	3.19 b	3.17 b	3.29 a	3.07 cd	2.99 d	3.08 c	3.02 cd	0.000	0.019

Means with different letters are significantly different by Tukey’s test at 5% probability.

Table 5 Estimated parameters of the Gompertz model(1) with the respective standard error (SE) to describe the growth of Cobb 500^® broilers in different nutritional relationships.

Gompertz Parameters⁵	Treatments
Gompertz Parameters⁵	Control density	High density	Lysine HCl	Lysine sulfate	Absence of calcium pidolate	Presence of calcium pidolate
A, g	5,611 (322.1)	5,937 (346.1)	6,001 (322.1)	5,838 (346.1)	5,828 (353.8)	5,741 (301.5)
B, d⁽²⁾	32.05 (1.198)	32.17 (1.190)	32.67 (1.280)	32.69 (1.210)	32.69 (1.259)	31.82 (1.085)
K (growth rate) d^-1	0.050 (0.002)	0.052 (0.002)	0.049 (0.002)	0.050 (0.002)	0.050 (0.002)	0.051 (0.002)
ɸ	-	0.3581	-	-	-	-
Statistical assumptions
SW⁽²⁾	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
DW⁽³⁾	ns	*	ns	ns	ns	ns
BW⁽⁴⁾	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
R²	0.99	0.99	0.99	0.99	0.99	0.99

⁽¹⁾Gompertz model: Yi=Aexp-exp⁡-B*(X-ti ; ⁽²⁾Shapiro-Wilk test for normality of data at 5% significance; ⁽³⁾Durbin-Watson test for independence of errors at 5% significance; ⁽⁴⁾Breusch-Pagan test for homoscedasticity of residuals at 5% significance; *Significant at 5% probability. ⁽⁵⁾Parameters: A represents the maximum horizontal asymptote, that is, the maximum weight these birds can reach; B is interpreted as the abscissa inflection point, from which growth slows down; k is the growth rate and ɸ is the first-order autoregressive parameter.

Table 6 Estimated day of maximum weight gain (Dmax), mean weight on the first day and maximum weight gain determined in Dmax, maximum growth rates (approximate standard error).

Treatments	Dmax	Weight at d1 (g)	Maximum growth rates (g day^-1)
High nutritional density	32.17 (1.20)	44.63	112.63
Control nutritional density	32.05 (1.19)	46.39	104.02
Lysine HCl	32.67 (1.28)	45.98	109.14
Lysine SO₄	32.69 (1.21)	45.04	107.81
Presence of calcium pidolate	31.82 (1.08)	45.45	107.98
Absence of calcium pidolate	32.69 (1.26)	45.57	108.18

Y_{i} = A e x p \{- \exp (- B * (X - t_{i})\}

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Growth curves of broilers fed different nutritional relationships using the Gompertz model

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: clementezootecnista@gmail.com