Use of different adsorbents in broiler diets naturally contaminated by mycotoxins

This study investigated the effects of adding different adsorbent substances to broilers feed naturally contaminated by mycotoxins. Two hundred and eighty male 1-day-old chicks, Cobb Slow® lineage, were distributed in a randomized block design with 4 treatments, 5 repetitions with 14 birds each. The treatments consisted of: T1- basal feed naturally contaminated with mycotoxins. T2- basal feed + Bentonite, Thistle Extract, Yeast Extract, Vitamin E and Choline. T3- basal feed + Bentonite, Thistle Extract, yeast cell wall and Silymarin. T4- basal feed + Bentonite and Algae extract. Performance (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion) at 7, 14, 21, 28 days were evaluated. At 28 days, a portion of the jejunum was collected in two birds by replicate to study the intestinal morphology. The relative weight of the gizzard, proventricle and total intestine was evaluated. The data obtained were analyzed using the statistical program SAS (9.3). With the use of any adsorbents studied, the performance and liver weight were improved in all evaluated periods. Thus, the inclusion of adsorbents improves the performance of the broiler chickens when the feed is contaminated by mycotoxins.

Keywords:
intestinal morphometry; poultry farming; adsorbents sources; zootechnical parameters

Authorship

Priscila Michelin Groff-Urayama ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: priscilagroff@hotmail.com

Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’, Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, 18618-681, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’BrazilBotucatu, São Paulo, BrazilFaculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’, Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, 18618-681, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5609-3611

Joselaine Bortolanza Padilha-Boaretto

Mateus Henrique Gorges

Isabela Lopes dos Santos

Jéssica Moraes Cruvinel

Departamento de Melhoramento e Nutrição Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’BrazilBotucatu, São Paulo, Brazil Departamento de Melhoramento e Nutrição Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.

Adriana Sbardelotto Di Domenico

Sabrina Endo Takahashi

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: priscilagroff@hotmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (4)

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Table 1
Composition and nutritional levels of experimental diet for broilers 1-28 days of age.

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Table 2
Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and body weight of chickens subjected to feed intake containing mycotoxins and addition of different adsorbents in the periods of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age.

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Table 3
Relative weight (%) of gizzards, proventriculus and intestines of broiler chickens at the 28^th day of age submitted to the consumption of feed containing mycotoxins and addition of different adsorbents.

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Table 4
Villus height (μm), villus width (μm), crypt depth (μm) and relationship villus:crypt of the jejunum of broilers with 28 d-age, submitted to the consumption of feed containing mycotoxins and addition of different adsorbents.

Table 1 Composition and nutritional levels of experimental diet for broilers 1-28 days of age.

Ingredients	1-28 days of age (kg)
Corn grain (7.5%)	62.24
Soybean meal (46%)	30.90
Soybean oil	4.00
Salt	0.20
Dicalcium phosphate 18% Limestone	0.80 0.70
Vitamin and mineral supplement*	0.40
DL- Methionine	0.30
L- Lysine 78	0.15
L- Threonine 98 Inert¹ Adsorbents ²	0.11 0.20 0.20
Total	100.00
Calculated composition
AME	3003.19 kcal Kg^-1
Crude protein	21.62%
Calcium	1.12%
phosphorus	0.69%
Available phosphorus	0.45%
Sodium	0.21%
Lysine	1.29%
Available Lysine	1.17%
Methionine	0.65%
Available Methionine	0.64%
Available Threonine	0.83%
Available Tryptophan	0.25%
Available Methionine + cysteine	0.91%

¹- Included in the control diet (treatment 1). ²- Included in the diet of Treatments 2, 3 and 4 to replace the inert. * Provided per kilogram of product: Folic acid (min) 7.5 mg, Pantothenic acid (min) 100 mg, Zinc Bacitracin 1.375 mg, Biotin (min) 0.5 mg, Calcium (min) 200 g, Calcium (max) 300 g kg^-1; Copper (min) 165 mg, Choline chloride (min) 3.750 mg, Iron (min) 1.375 mg, phosphorus (min) 58 g, Fluorine (max) 580 mg kg^-1, Iodine (min) 33 mg, manganese (min) 1.650 mg, Methionine (min) 18.2 g, Niancin (min) 300 mg, selenium (min) 5 mg, Sodium (min) 37.1 g, Vitamin A (min) 97.500 UI, Vitamin B1 (min) 10 mg, Vitamin B12 (min) 125 mcg, Vitamin B2 (min) 50 mg, Vitamin B6 (min) 15 mg, Vitamin D3 (min) 30.000 UI, Vitamin E (min) 162.5 UI, Vitamin K3 (min) 25 mg, Zinc (min) 1.650 mg.

Table 2 Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and body weight of chickens subjected to feed intake containing mycotoxins and addition of different adsorbents in the periods of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age.

Weight gain (g bird^-1)
Treatment	7-d-old	14-d-old	21-d-old	28-d-old
T1	61.38^b	106.22^b	211.29^b	330.78^b
T2	83.96^a	164.93^a	281.17^a	433.49^a
T3	79.22^a	151.40^a	271.10^a	413.77^a
T4	78.34^a	147.97^a	256.72^ab	382.63^ab
Coefficient of variation (%)	11.48	12.61	10.92	8.80
p value	0.004	0.005	0.013	0.011
Feed intake (g bird^-1)
Treatment	7-d-old	14-d-old	21-d-old	28-d-old
T1	124.77^b	478.79	353.87^b	603.27
T2	155.99^a	460.24	479.52^a	819.47
T3	150.80^a	450.14	445.87^a	670.69
T4	154.30^a	450.64	457.13^a	753.50
Coefficient of variation (%)	11.95	5.80	8.60	17.77
p value	0.040	0.322	0.004	0.148
Feed conversion ratio (g g^-1)
Treatment	7-d-old	14-d-old	21-d-old	28-d-old
T1	2.07	2.17	1.73	2.26
T2	1.86	2.04	1.71	1.98
T3	1.93	1.98	1.64	1.88
T4	1.95	2.79	1.79	2.09
p value	0.642	0.051	0.845	0.456
Body weigth (g)
Treatment	7-d-old	14-d-old	21-d-old	28-d-old
T1	106.93^b	213.27^b	424.43^b	754.67^b
T2	129.82^a	294.74^a	575.91^a	1009.40^a
T3	124.30^ab	275.94^a	547.38^a	961.15^a
T4	124.75^ab	272.73^a	530.59^a	913.21^a
Coefficient of variation (%)	5.63	8.01	10.18	9.15
p value	0.010	0.012	0.017	0.018

T1: basal feed naturally contaminated with mycotoxins and without the inclusion of adsorbent (control group); T2: basal feed + adsorbent 1 (Bentonite, Thistle Extract, Yeast Extract, Vitamin E and Choline); T3: basal feed + adsorbent 2 (Bentonite, Thistle Extract, yeast cell wall and Silymarin); T4: basal feed + adsorbent 3 (Bentonite e Algae Extract). Means followed by equal letters in the same column do not differ by Tukey's test at 5% probability.

Table 3 Relative weight (%) of gizzards, proventriculus and intestines of broiler chickens at the 28^th day of age submitted to the consumption of feed containing mycotoxins and addition of different adsorbents.

Treatments	Gizzard (%)	Proventriculus (%)	Intestine (%)
T1	4.0579	0.5622	7.4634
T2	4.1798	0.5632	7.4411
T3	3.8605	0.5665	7.7653
T4	4.3010	0.5783	7.4816
Coefficient of variation (%)	11.73	11.86	10.91
p value	0.090	0.350	0.180

T1: basal feed naturally contaminated with mycotoxins and without the inclusion of adsorbent (control group); T2: basal feed + adsorbent 1 (Bentonite, Thistle Extract, Yeast Extract, Vitamin E and Choline); T3: basal feed + adsorbent 2 (Bentonite, Thistle Extract, yeast cell wall and Silymarin); T4: basal feed + adsorbent 3 (Bentonite e Algae Extract).

Table 4 Villus height (μm), villus width (μm), crypt depth (μm) and relationship villus:crypt of the jejunum of broilers with 28 d-age, submitted to the consumption of feed containing mycotoxins and addition of different adsorbents.

Treatments	Villus height (μm)	Villus width (μm)	Crypt depth (μm)	Relationship villus:crypt
T1	479.015	63.135	105.584	4.886
T2	545.535	61.906	101.306	5.304
T3	398.685	69.69	84.44	5.305
T4	477.60	86.78	77.64	5.799
Coefficient of variation (%)	29.01	24.09	27.48	20.86
p value	0.082	0.140	0.290	0.102

T1: control group, without the inclusion of adsorbent in the basal feed; T2: Basal feed + Bentonite, Thistle Extract, Yeast Extract, Vitamin E and Choline; T3: Basal feed + Bentonite and Thistle Extract; T4: Basal feed + Bentonite and Algae extract.

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Use of different adsorbents in broiler diets naturally contaminated by mycotoxins

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: priscilagroff@hotmail.com