Effect of soybean meal replacement by slow-release urea on ruminal parameter, blood metabolites, and microbial protein synthesis in Zel ram

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soybean meal replacement by slow-release urea on feed intake, ruminal parameters, blood metabolites, dry matter, nutrients digestion, and microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in ram. Rams were used for four 21-day periods. The experimental design was a 4×4 Latin square design. The experiment has consisted of the following four rations: 1) basic diet with soybean meal as a protein source, 2) basic diet with soybean meal plus 0.5 % of DM slow-release urea (SRU), 3) basic diet with soybean meal plus 1 % of DM SRU, and 4) basic diet with soybean meal plus 1.5 % of SRU, respectively. Soybean meal replacement by SRU decreased ruminal ammonia and blood urea. SRU increase in diets significantly increased acetic acid 3 hours after morning feeding, blood glucose, total purine, uric acid excretion, microbial nitrogen, and microbial protein. The results showed that soybean meal replacement by SRU sources had no negative effect on rams performance.

Keywords:
microbial protein; purine derivative; ruminal ammonia; nutrients digestion

Authorship

Zahra Alizadeh ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: z.alizadeh@sanru.ac.ir

Department of Animal Science, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, 9th km of Farah Abad Road, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran.Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources UniversityIranSari, Mazandaran, IranDepartment of Animal Science, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, 9th km of Farah Abad Road, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5868-6699

Asadollah Teymouri Yansari

Yadollah Chashnidel

Mohammad Kazemifard

Samaneh Azarpajouh

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: z.alizadeh@sanru.ac.ir

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (6)

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Table 1
Ingredients and chemical composition (g kg^-1 of DM or as stated) of the diets containing different levels of slow release urea (SRU).

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Table 2
Effects of slow releasing urea replacement by soybean meal on dry matter and nutrients intake and digestibility in lambs fed experimental rations.

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Table 3
Effect of slow releasing urea replacement by soybean meal on ruminal pH and ruminal ammonia concentration (mg dL^-1) at different time after feeding in lambs fed experimental rations.

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Table 4
Effect of slow releasing urea replacement by soybean meal on blood metabolites in lambs fed experimental rations.

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Table 5
Effect of replacement of slow releasing urea by soybean meal on total purine derivatives, microbial nitrogen, and microbial protein in lambs that fed experimental rations.

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Table 6
Effect of slow releasing urea replacement by soybean meal in different hour after feeding on volatile fatty acids in lambs fed experimental rations.

Table 1 Ingredients and chemical composition (g kg^-1 of DM or as stated) of the diets containing different levels of slow release urea (SRU).

	Treatments
Item	1	2	3	4
Ingredient (%DM)
Barley grain	40.06	40.06	40.06	40.06
Beet pulp	7.65	7.65	7.65	7.65
Corn silage	20.5	22.50	23.50	25.50
Limestone	1.30	1.30	1.30	1.30
SBM¹	8.24	5.95	3.40	0.85
Wheat bran	14.00	13.00	12.00	11.00
Wheat straw	8.25	9.04	11.09	12.14
SRU²	00	0.50	1.00	1.50
Chemical composition (%DM)
DM	67.58	65.02	63.96	69.64
CP	14.10	14.00	14.30	14.40
NDF	38.20	39.30	40.70	43.60
EE³	2.40	2.50	2.50	2.50
Ash	7.10	7.10	7.30	7.10
NFC⁴	40.2	39.50	38.70	43.60
ME⁵ (Mcal kg^-1 DM)	2.89	2.87	2.85	2.85

¹SBM = soybean meal; ²SRU = slow release urea; ³EE = ether extraction; ⁴NFC=100 - (% Neutral Detergent Fiber+ % Crude Protein+ % Ether Extraction + Ash); ⁵ME = Metabolism Energy.

Table 2 Effects of slow releasing urea replacement by soybean meal on dry matter and nutrients intake and digestibility in lambs fed experimental rations.

	Treatments¹ Experimental						contrasts
Item	1	2	3	4	SEM	p-value	Linear	Quadratic
Intake (g d^-1)
DM	1775.4	1861.2	1796.6	1927.9	41.24	0.59	0.75	0.74
CP	291.25	288.56	291.04	307.30	8.54	0.86	0.59	0.58
EE	49.57	50.80	50.88	53.35	1.48	0.84	0.48	0.46
NDF	789.06	802.68	828.33	930.42	24.59	0.27	0.11	0.11
NFC	830.38	802.69	787.63	783.18	22.98	0.88	0.53	0.55
Ash	146.66	146.31	148.57	151.51	4.30	0.97	0.72	0.74
Apparent Digestibility (%)
DM	81.215	82.310	84.021	82.183	0.43	0.24	0.41	0.58
OM	83.11	82.19	84.97	82.96	0.45	0.27	0.70	0.93
CP	73.35	72.03	74.44	70.86	3.47	0.98	0.96	0.84
EE	54.36	54.43	55.44	58.01	3.00	0.97	0.56	0.58
NDF	79.04	77.71	79.05	77.27	0.46	0.82	0.68	0.56
NFC	94.06	93.26	97.42	95.66	1.43	0.75	0.40	0.63

EE = ether extraction; NFC=100 - (% neutral detergent fiber+ % crude protein+ % ether extraction + ash); OM = organic matter. ¹Four experimental rations as treatments including: 1) basal diet contained soybean meal, 2, 3, and 4) basal diet contained soy bean meal plus 0.5, 1, and 1.5 % of DM slow release urea.¹Footnote explaining heading. The SRU level in diets did not affect the apparent DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF and NFC digestibility (p ≥ 0.24).

Table 3 Effect of slow releasing urea replacement by soybean meal on ruminal pH and ruminal ammonia concentration (mg dL^-1) at different time after feeding in lambs fed experimental rations.

Time (after feeding)	Treatments¹						contrasts
Time (after feeding)	1	2	3	4	SEM	p-value	Linear	Quadratic
Ruminal pH
0	6.59	6.85	6.99	6.63	0.05	0.10	0.54	0.77
3	6.35	6.28	6.56	6.26	0.08	0.61	0.98	0.59
6	6.29	6.22	6.48	6.27	0.12	0.87	0.83	0.96
12	6.88	6.57	6.96	6.86	0.09	0.49	0.72	0.93
Ruminal ammonia
0	20.03^a	17.06^ab	17.06^ab	14.84 ^b	0.49	0.02	0.02	0.01
3	20.03	19.66	18.92	22.63	0.57	0.22	0.29	0.22
6	19.66	18.92	18.17	23.74	0.85	0.20	0.12	0.09
12	21.14	20.03	18.55	18.55	0.84	0.66	0.35	0.41

¹ our experimental rations as treatments including: 1) basal diet contained soybean meal, 2, 3, and 4) basal diet contained soy bean meal plus 0.5, 1, and 1.5 % of DM slow release urea.¹Footnote explaining heading. ^a,b Values within a row with different superscripts differ significantly at p < 0.05.

Table 4 Effect of slow releasing urea replacement by soybean meal on blood metabolites in lambs fed experimental rations.

Item	Treatments¹						contrasts
Item	1	2	3	4	SEM	p-value	Linear	Quadratic
blood metabolites (mg dL^-1)
Glucose	66.5^b	78.25^a	78.00^a	70.00^b	0.99	0.02	0.45	0.42
Cholesterol	64.50	57.50	59.00	63.50	1.90	0.54	0.97	0.94
Triglycerides	35.00	30.00	34.50	36.75	2.33	0.77	0.69	0.82
HDL	29.00	24.50	25.00	28.50	0.58	0.07	0.91	0.86
LDL	28.50	27.25	26.00	28.75	1.26	0.86	0.97	0.96
Urea	25.38^a	24.76^a	23.48^a	19.86^b	0.41	0.01	0.01	0.01

HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-Density lipoprotein. ¹Four experimental rations as treatments including: 1) basal diet contained soybean meal, 2, 3, and 4) basal diet contained soy bean meal plus 0.5, 1, and 1.5 % of DM slow release urea.1 Footnote explaining heading. ^a,b,c Values within a row with different superscripts differ significantly at p < 0.05.

Table 5 Effect of replacement of slow releasing urea by soybean meal on total purine derivatives, microbial nitrogen, and microbial protein in lambs that fed experimental rations.

Item mmol d^-1	Treatments¹						contrasts
Item mmol d^-1	1	2	3	4	SEM	p-value	Linear	Quadratic
Allantoin,	4.82	4.25	8.14	8.99	0.66	0.10	0.04	0.08
Uric acid,	1.01^b	2.31^a	0.852^b	2.42^a	0.18	0.04	0.10	0.02
Total purine derivatives,	6.24^b	7.14^b	10.02^ab	12.85^a	0.66	0.04	0.01	0.01
Microbial N, g d^-1	4.53^b	5.19^b	7.28^ab	9.34^a	0.48	0.04	0.01	0.01
Microbial protein, g d^-1	28.36^b	32.48^b	45.53^ab	58.39^a	3.01	0.04	0.01	0.01

¹Four experimental rations as treatments including: 1) basal diet contained soybean meal, 2, 3, and 4) basal diet contained soy bean meal plus 0.5, 1, and 1.5 % of DM slow release urea.1 Footnote explaining heading. ^a,b Values within a row with different superscripts differ significantly at p < 0.05.

Table 6 Effect of slow releasing urea replacement by soybean meal in different hour after feeding on volatile fatty acids in lambs fed experimental rations.

	Treatments¹						contrasts
Item	1	2	3	4	SEM	p-value	Linear	Quadratic
At feeding time
TVFA, mmol L^-1	64.88	63.19	51.00	48.17	4.50	0.50	0.13	0.20
Acetic acid	60.93	62.11	63.80	62.77	0.44	0.23	0.09	0.16
Propionic acid	21.26	17.67	19.29	21.66	0.72	0.27	0.77	0.90
Isobutyric acid	0.57	0.48	0.58	0.65	0.06	0.78	0.47	0.58
N-Butyric acid	14.78	17.62	14.04	12.10	0.58	0.07	0.15	0.29
Isovaleric acid	1.27	1.07	1.32	1.69	0.09	0.23	0.14	0.19
Valeric acid	1.17	1.04	0.94	1.10	0.03	0.10	0.36	0.50
AC:AP	3.01	3.52	3.41	3.05	0.12	0.39	1.00	0.94
3 hour after feeding
TVFA, mmol L^-1	74.08	67.24	65.73	63.62	4.40	0.85	0.37	0.36
Acetic acid	60.65^b	62.45^a	63.01^a	63.31^a	0.21	0.02	0.05	0.06
Propionic acid	24.18	21.19	22.75	23.67	0.64	0.44	1.00	0.84
Isobutyric acid	0.33	0.32	0.33	0.30	0.02	0.92	0.71	0.66
N-Butyric acid	12.78	13.96	11.64	10.98	0.55	0.32	0.15	0.28
Isovaleric acid	0.89	87.40	0.90	1.026	0.08	0.89	0.62	0.66
Valeric acid	1.15	1.18	0.98	0.99	0.04	0.24	0.04	0.10
AC:AP	2.55	2.94	2.81	2.77	0.08	0.42	0.59	0.48
6 hour after feeding
TVFA, mmol L^-1	66.13	72.98	54.86	58.41	4.55	0.54	0.33	0.56
Acetic acid	52.13	62.84	63.13	63.36	0.38	0.70	0.32	0.33
Propionic acid	22.34	19.99	21.88	23.09	0.51	0.28	0.61	0.77
Isobutyric acid	0.28	0.31	0.21	0.32	0.02	0.36	0.99	0.73
N-Butyric acid	13.36	14.89	12.82	11.12	0.39	0.07	0.16	0.25
Isovaleric acid	0.84	0.82	0.97	1.20	0.09	0.48	0.30	0.33
Valeric acid	1.02	1.12	0.96	0.89	0.03	0.11	0.02	0.07
AC:AP	2.82	3.16	2.93	2.87	0.09	0.56	0.94	0.90
12 hour after feeding
TVFA, mmol L^-1	55.51	50.90	64.66	52.12	4.24	0.67	0.94	0.83
Acetic acid	61.44	63.49	63.94	66.22	0.56	0.11	0.09	0.06
Propionic acid	20.91	18.40	19.02	18.13	0.83	0.66	0.25	0.19
Isobutyric acid	0.55	0.63	0.58	0.44	0.06	0.72	0.45	0.49
N-Butyric acid	14.66	15.34	14.37	12.71	0.48	0.34	0.17	0.21
Isovaleric acid	1.19	1.12	1.14	1.55	0.09	0.35	0.17	0.16
Valeric acid	1.23	1.00	0.92	0.91	0.06	0.29	0.04	0.05
AC:AP	3.02	3.52	3.40	3.68	0.16	0.56	0.16	0.12

TVFA = Total volatile fatty acids. ¹ Four experimental rations as treatments including: 1) basal diet contained soybean meal, 2, 3, and 4) basal diet contained soy bean meal plus 0.5, 1, and 1.5 % of DM slow release urea.1 Footnote explaining heading. ^a,b Values within a row with different superscripts differ significantly at p < 0.05.

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Effect of soybean meal replacement by slow-release urea on ruminal parameter, blood metabolites, and microbial protein synthesis in Zel ram

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: z.alizadeh@sanru.ac.ir