Thermal comfort and productive responses of 7/8 holstein-gyr cows subjected to cooling system

The objective of this research was to identify the influence of the evaporative adiabatic cooling system (EACS) on the thermal comfort and productive responses of dairy cattle, through multivariate analysis by principal components (PC), in the summer and winter seasons of the semiarid region of Pernambuco, Brazil. The data came from an experiment that included 16 multiparous lactating cows (7/8 Holstein-Gyr), randomly distributed in 4 sets, with 4 experimental phases and 4 treatments (0, 10, 20, and 30 min.). The multivariate analysis was carried out through PC for the thermal comfort indices, physiological variables, and milk production and composition. The highest milk production in the summer season was obtained for animals exposed to the cooling system for 30 min. In the winter season in the morning period, the use of the EACS for 10 min. was sufficient for improvements in milk production. The times of exposure to EACS caused changes in the composition of milk, for both seasons. Principal component analysis made it possible to verify a positive correlation of evaporative cooling with thermal comfort, physiological responses, and production and composition of milk of lactating cows.

Keywords:
multivariate analysis; dairy cattle; evaporative cooling system

Authorship

Marcos Vinícius da Silva ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: marcolino_114@hotmail.com

Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Manuel de Medeiros, s/n, 52171-900, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Universidade Federal Rural de PernambucoBrazilDois Irmãos, Recife, BrazilDepartamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Manuel de Medeiros, s/n, 52171-900, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1318-2320

Gledson Luiz Pontes de Almeida

Héliton Pandorfi

Alex Souza Moraes

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Universidade Federal Rural de PernambucoBrazilRecife, Pernambuco, BrazilDepartamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.

Gleidiana Amélia Pontes de Almeida Macêdo

Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Universidade Federal Rural de PernambucoBrazilRecife, Pernambuco, BrazilDepartamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.

Maria Eduarda Gonçalves de Oliveira

Maria Vitória Neves de Melo

Taize Calvacante Santana

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: marcolino_114@hotmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (3)
Tables (6)

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Figure 1
Location of the property in the municipality of Capoeiras, State of Pernambuco, Brazil (IBGE, 2021Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística [IBGE]. (2021). Malha Municipal. Retrieved from https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/organizacao-do-territorio/malhas-territoriais/15774-malhas.html?edicao=33087&t=acesso-ao-produto
https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/orga... ).

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Figure 2
Principal components of the physiological variables, animal comfort indices, and production and composition of milk of cows in the morning period in summer and winter (A); PCs of the operating time of the EACS in the morning (B). Note: h: enthalpy (h; KJ kg^-1); GTHI: globe temperature and humidity index; THI: temperature and humidity index; RTL: radiant thermal load (W m^-2); RT: rectal temperature (ºC); RR: respiratory rate (mov min^-1); ST: skin temperature (ºC); Prod: milk production (liters); Fat: fat (%); Pro: protein (%); Lac: lactose (%); Solid: soluble solids (%); EACS: adiabatic evaporative cooling system operating for times of 0, 10, 20 and 30 minutes.

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Figure 3
Principal components of the physiological variables, animal comfort indices, and production and composition of milk of cows in the afternoon period in summer and winter (A); PCs of the operating time of the EACS in the afternoon (B).

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Table 1
Descriptive statistics of milk production (Prod, liters), fat (Fat, %), protein (Pro, %), lactose (Lac, %), total solids (Sol, %) in the morning period in both seasons.

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Table 2
Descriptive statistics of enthalpy (h, KJ kg^-1), black globe temperature and humidity index (GTHI), temperature and humidity index (THI), radiant thermal load (RTL, W m^-2), rectal temperature (RT, °C), respiratory rate (RR, mov min.^-1) and skin temperature (ST, °C) in the morning period in both seasons.

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Table 3
Principal components of comfort indices, physiological variables, behavioral parameters, and production and composition of milk of dairy cows in the morning period in summer and winter.

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Table 4
Descriptive statistics of milk production (Prod, liters), fat (Fat, %), protein (Pro, %), lactose (Lac, %), total solids (Sol, %) in the afternoon period in both seasons.

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Table 5
Descriptive statistics of enthalpy (h, KJ kg^-1), black globe temperature and humidity index (GTHI), temperature and humidity index (THI), radiant thermal load (RTL, W m^-2), rectal temperature (RT, °C), respiratory rate (RR, mov min.^-1) and skin temperature (ST, °C) in the afternoon period in both seasons.

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Table 6
Principal components of comfort indices, physiological variables, behavioral parameters, and production and composition of milk of dairy cows in the afternoon period in the summer and winter seasons.

Figure 1 Location of the property in the municipality of Capoeiras, State of Pernambuco, Brazil (IBGE, 2021Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística [IBGE]. (2021). Malha Municipal. Retrieved from https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/organizacao-do-territorio/malhas-territoriais/15774-malhas.html?edicao=33087&t=acesso-ao-produto
https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/orga... ).

Figure 2 Principal components of the physiological variables, animal comfort indices, and production and composition of milk of cows in the morning period in summer and winter (A); PCs of the operating time of the EACS in the morning (B). Note: h: enthalpy (h; KJ kg^-1); GTHI: globe temperature and humidity index; THI: temperature and humidity index; RTL: radiant thermal load (W m^-2); RT: rectal temperature (ºC); RR: respiratory rate (mov min^-1); ST: skin temperature (ºC); Prod: milk production (liters); Fat: fat (%); Pro: protein (%); Lac: lactose (%); Solid: soluble solids (%); EACS: adiabatic evaporative cooling system operating for times of 0, 10, 20 and 30 minutes.

Figure 3 Principal components of the physiological variables, animal comfort indices, and production and composition of milk of cows in the afternoon period in summer and winter (A); PCs of the operating time of the EACS in the afternoon (B).

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of milk production (Prod, liters), fat (Fat, %), protein (Pro, %), lactose (Lac, %), total solids (Sol, %) in the morning period in both seasons.

¹Var	²Tim	Summer					Winter
¹Var	²Tim	³m	⁴SD	⁵CV	⁶Min	⁷Max	m	SD	CV	Min	Max
Prod	0	10.84	0.63	5.80	9.91	11.30	11.69	0.73	6.26	10.84	12.62
	10	11.08	0.37	3.34	10.75	11.59	11.77	0.38	3.23	11.42	12.26
	20	11.36	0.16	1.41	11.21	11.58	11.77	0.96	8.18	11.07	13.18
	30	11.54	0.48	4.20	11.04	12.20	11.74	0.96	8.20	10.45	12.62
Fat	0	3.08	0.22	7.19	2.85	3.35	3.01	0.26	8.72	2.63	3.19
	10	2.64	0.23	8.77	2.39	2.86	3.00	0.40	13.24	2.62	3.55
	20	2.88	0.34	11.80	2.41	3.19	2.99	0.35	11.53	2.59	3.34
	30	2.74	0.31	11.36	2.37	3.02	3.10	0.25	8.04	2.73	3.27
Pro	0	2.71	0.14	5.13	2.52	2.84	2.75	0.09	3.17	2.63	2.83
	10	2.69	0.10	3.57	2.60	2.82	2.74	0.09	3.40	2.61	2.81
	20	2.71	0.05	1.83	2.64	2.76	2.76	0.06	2.20	2.67	2.80
	30	2.66	0.06	2.14	2.58	2.71	2.79	0.06	1.98	2.72	2.85
Lac	0	4.42	0.11	2.48	4.34	4.58	4.56	0.11	2.32	4.43	4.65
	10	4.50	0.15	3.28	4.36	4.70	4.61	0.06	1.40	4.54	4.67
	20	4.51	0.12	2.69	4.41	4.69	4.60	0.05	1.08	4.53	4.65
	30	4.52	0.12	2.58	4.39	4.67	4.61	0.11	2.43	4.50	4.76
Sol	0	11.11	0.19	1.68	10.91	11.27	11.25	0.14	1.28	11.06	11.39
	10	10.72	0.10	0.93	10.61	10.81	11.28	0.41	3.60	10.97	11.88
	20	10.96	0.32	2.93	10.56	11.32	11.28	0.34	3.03	10.83	11.64
	30	10.82	0.35	3.25	10.36	11.16	11.43	0.18	1.58	11.19	11.62

¹Var: variables; ²Tim: adiabatic evaporative cooling time (0, 10, 20 and 30 min.); ³m: mean; ⁴SD: standard deviation; ⁵CV: coefficient of variation; ⁶Min: minimum; ⁷Max: maximum.

Table 2 Descriptive statistics of enthalpy (h, KJ kg^-1), black globe temperature and humidity index (GTHI), temperature and humidity index (THI), radiant thermal load (RTL, W m^-2), rectal temperature (RT, °C), respiratory rate (RR, mov min.^-1) and skin temperature (ST, °C) in the morning period in both seasons.

¹Var	²Tim	Summer					Winter
¹Var	²Tim	³m	⁴SD	⁵CV	⁶Min	⁷Max	m	SD	CV	Min	Max
h	0	60.30	1.54	2.55	58.10	61.50	54.42	2.03	3.73	51.90	56.80
	10	58.33	1.16	1.98	57.10	59.70	50.55	6.58	13.02	41.10	55.20
	20	57.93	1.41	2.43	56.70	59.90	49.73	6.43	12.94	40.40	54.10
	30	57.45	1.02	1.78	56.20	58.70	52.33	1.54	2.94	50.20	53.60
GTHI	0	69.25	0.50	0.72	69.00	70.00	64.75	0.96	1.48	64.00	66.00
	10	68.00	0.00	0.00	68.00	68.00	64.00	0.82	1.28	63.00	65.00
	20	67.50	0.58	0.86	67.00	68.00	63.50	0.58	0.91	63.00	64.00
	30	67.50	0.58	0.86	67.00	68.00	63.50	0.58	0.91	63.00	64.00
THI	0	70.00	0.00	0.00	70.00	70.00	67.00	0.82	1.22	66.00	68.00
	10	69.00	0.00	0.00	69.00	69.00	66.00	1.41	2.14	64.00	67.00
	20	68.75	0.50	0.73	68.00	69.00	65.75	1.50	2.28	64.00	67.00
	30	68.00	0.00	0.00	68.00	68.00	65.75	0.50	0.76	65.00	66.00
RTL	0	420.35	6.16	1.47	411.80	426.50	381.32	11.26	2.95	367.70	392.30
	10	401.90	14.83	3.69	385.60	420.30	352.60	26.80	7.60	317.50	376.70
	20	396.60	23.50	5.94	364.60	419.40	359.80	30.20	8.39	319.50	387.80
	30	407.60	10.57	2.59	394.30	420.10	348.90	23.40	6.70	323.10	376.50
RT	0	38.18	0.13	0.33	38.00	38.30	38.03	0.22	0.58	37.80	38.30
	10	38.28	0.05	0.13	38.20	38.30	38.15	0.10	0.26	38.00	38.20
	20	38.15	0.17	0.45	38.00	38.30	38.13	0.19	0.50	38.00	38.40
	30	38.03	0.15	0.39	37.90	38.20	37.95	0.10	0.26	37.90	38.10
RR	0	36.00	4.76	13.22	33.00	43.00	28.00	1.41	5.05	26.00	29.00
	10	27.75	1.26	4.53	26.00	29.00	26.50	2.65	9.98	24.00	30.00
	20	28.00	2.71	9.67	26.00	32.00	26.75	2.22	8.29	24.00	29.00
	30	25.75	1.26	4.89	24.00	27.00	26.00	2.83	10.88	22.00	28.00
ST	0	30.08	0.94	3.12	29.20	31.30	26.70	1.51	5.65	25.10	28.60
	10	27.70	0.92	3.32	26.60	28.60	26.58	1.14	4.31	25.60	28.20
	20	26.68	0.85	3.17	25.60	27.40	25.70	0.08	0.32	25.60	25.80
	30	26.45	0.79	2.97	25.40	27.10	24.95	2.25	9.01	22.60	28.00

¹Var: variables; ²Tim: adiabatic evaporative cooling time (0, 10, 20 and 30 min.); ³m: mean; ⁴SD: standard deviation; ⁵CV: coefficient of variation; ⁶Min: minimum; ⁷Max: maximum.

Table 3 Principal components of comfort indices, physiological variables, behavioral parameters, and production and composition of milk of dairy cows in the morning period in summer and winter.

Variable	Principal Component in Summer		Principal Component in Winter
Variable	*PC1	PC2	PC1	PC2
¹h	0.244	-0.017	0.165	-0.298
²GTHI	0.239	-0.077	0.242	-0.032
³THI	0.239	0.026	0.225	-0.112
⁴RTL	0.184	-0.259	0.234	-0.043
⁵RT	0.121	0.338	0.033	0.417
⁶RR	0.242	-0.041	0.240	0.013
⁷ST	0.239	-0.027	0.196	0.220
⁸Prod	-0.227	-0.111	-0.196	0.251
⁹Fat	0.192	-0.125	-0.118	-0.355
¹⁰Pro	0.191	0.208	-0.134	-0.342
¹¹Lac	-0.242	0.053	-0.234	0.094
¹²Sol	0.182	-0.125	-0.178	-0.281
Eigenvalue	16.732	5.590	16.732	5.590
Proportion	0.697	0.233	0.697	0.233
Accumulated	0.697	0.930	0.697	0.930

*PC: principal component; ¹h: enthalpy (h; KJ kg^-1); ²GTHI: globe temperature and humidity index; ³THI: temperature and humidity index; ⁴RTL: radiant thermal load (W m^-2); ⁵RT: rectal temperature (ºC); ⁶RR: respiratory rate (mov min.^-1); ⁷ST: skin temperature (ºC); ⁸Prod: milk production (liters); ⁹Fat: fat (%); ¹⁰Pro: protein (%); ¹¹Lac: lactose (%); ¹²Sol: soluble solids (%).

Table 4 Descriptive statistics of milk production (Prod, liters), fat (Fat, %), protein (Pro, %), lactose (Lac, %), total solids (Sol, %) in the afternoon period in both seasons.

¹Var	²Tim	Summer					Winter
¹Var	²Tim	³m	⁴SD	⁵CV	⁶Min	⁷Max	m	SD	CV	Min	Max
Prod	0	6.67	0.29	4.40	6.35	6.98	7.67	0.62	8.06	6.83	8.21
	10	6.89	0.26	3.72	6.67	7.20	7.61	0.37	4.81	7.20	7.98
	20	6.75	0.29	4.30	6.39	7.04	7.61	0.35	4.63	7.20	7.94
	30	6.87	0.19	2.78	6.63	7.09	7.70	0.54	7.07	7.08	8.18
Fat	0	4.15	0.42	10.21	3.55	4.49	4.34	0.27	6.10	4.14	4.71
	10	4.69	0.55	11.66	4.11	5.32	4.31	0.44	10.30	3.74	4.74
	20	4.14	0.31	7.51	3.79	4.53	4.46	0.15	3.33	4.29	4.59
	30	4.40	0.61	13.95	3.72	5.11	4.44	0.59	13.26	4.03	5.29
Pro	0	2.71	0.17	6.32	2.45	2.82	2.79	0.08	2.91	2.67	2.84
	10	2.67	0.13	4.77	2.55	2.85	2.79	0.09	3.14	2.66	2.87
	20	2.72	0.07	2.44	2.64	2.80	2.79	0.04	1.34	2.74	2.82
	30	2.68	0.10	3.60	2.55	2.77	2.82	0.09	3.06	2.70	2.88
Lac	0	4.41	0.12	2.79	4.33	4.59	4.47	0.03	0.76	4.43	4.51
	10	4.42	0.13	2.87	4.28	4.59	4.53	0.03	0.77	4.49	4.57
	20	4.44	0.06	1.42	4.38	4.53	4.52	0.05	1.01	4.47	4.56
	30	4.43	0.14	3.09	4.30	4.60	4.51	0.07	1.65	4.46	4.62
Sol	0	12.19	0.40	3.26	11.61	12.50	12.54	0.33	2.65	12.23	13.01
	10	12.70	0.59	4.63	11.97	13.39	12.57	0.52	4.14	11.90	13.10
	20	12.22	0.38	3.12	11.81	12.68	12.72	0.23	1.80	12.44	12.97
	30	12.45	0.59	4.73	11.68	12.98	12.71	0.68	5.36	12.15	13.69

¹Var: variables; ²Tim: adiabatic evaporative cooling time (0, 10, 20 and 30 min.); ³m: mean; ⁴SD: standard deviation; ⁵CV: coefficient of variation; ⁶Min: minimum; ⁷Max: maximum.

Table 5 Descriptive statistics of enthalpy (h, KJ kg^-1), black globe temperature and humidity index (GTHI), temperature and humidity index (THI), radiant thermal load (RTL, W m^-2), rectal temperature (RT, °C), respiratory rate (RR, mov min.^-1) and skin temperature (ST, °C) in the afternoon period in both seasons.

¹Var	²Tim	Summer					Winter
¹Var	²Tim	³m	⁴SD	⁵CV	⁶Min	⁷Max	m	SD	CV	Min	Max
h	0	70.65	2.23	3.16	68.40	72.90	65.93	1.73	2.63	63.50	67.60
	10	69.03	1.04	1.51	68.10	70.20	64.78	2.38	3.67	61.60	66.70
	20	67.63	0.96	1.42	66.80	69.00	62.72	2.50	3.99	60.40	65.80
	30	66.38	1.20	1.81	64.70	67.30	64.00	2.34	3.65	60.70	65.80
GTHI	0	82.25	2.50	3.04	79.00	85.00	75.75	1.89	2.50	73.00	77.00
	10	72.25	0.50	0.69	72.00	73.00	69.50	1.92	2.76	67.00	71.00
	20	71.50	0.58	0.81	71.00	72.00	69.00	1.41	2.05	67.00	70.00
	30	71.25	0.50	0.70	71.00	72.00	68.75	1.26	1.83	67.00	70.00
THI	0	77.75	1.26	1.62	76.00	79.00	74.50	0.58	0.77	74.00	75.00
	10	75.25	0.96	1.27	74.00	76.00	73.00	1.16	1.58	72.00	74.00
	20	73.50	1.00	1.36	72.00	74.00	72.25	0.96	1.33	71.00	73.00
	30	73.00	0.82	1.12	72.00	74.00	72.00	0.82	1.13	71.00	73.00
RTL	0	534.40	31.00	5.80	503.20	573.20	482.60	28.80	5.98	443.40	508.20
	10	388.32	8.85	2.28	379.30	399.30	353.70	40.10	11.34	313.80	396.70
	20	390.32	7.15	1.83	380.10	395.30	348.10	33.30	9.55	315.20	391.30
	30	397.45	5.48	1.38	390.40	403.10	347.40	32.50	9.36	317.10	389.30
RT	0	39.05	0.24	0.61	38.80	39.30	38.95	0.24	0.61	38.70	39.20
	10	38.93	0.21	0.53	38.70	39.10	38.73	0.21	0.53	38.50	39.00
	20	38.90	0.28	0.73	38.70	39.30	38.75	0.30	0.77	38.60	39.20
	30	38.73	0.15	0.39	38.50	38.80	38.63	0.17	0.44	38.40	38.80
RR	0	61.50	12.12	19.71	51.00	79.00	51.75	9.74	18.83	41.00	60.00
	10	38.75	7.41	19.12	32.00	47.00	38.75	7.14	18.41	30.00	47.00
	20	39.75	9.18	23.09	29.00	50.00	33.75	3.10	9.17	31.00	38.00
	30	35.25	7.14	20.24	27.00	44.00	31.50	3.11	9.87	28.00	35.00
ST	0	38.50	5.09	13.22	33.20	45.30	34.23	2.18	6.38	31.70	36.80
	10	31.93	1.27	3.98	30.10	33.00	30.15	0.70	2.31	29.50	31.10
	20	29.83	1.90	6.38	27.60	32.10	28.43	0.64	2.25	27.60	29.10
	30	30.78	2.07	6.73	27.80	32.60	29.48	0.91	3.08	28.60	30.60

¹Var: variables; ²Tim: adiabatic evaporative cooling time (0, 10, 20 and 30 min.); ³m: mean; ⁴SD: standard deviation; ⁵CV: coefficient of variation; ⁶Min: minimum; ⁷Max: maximum.

Table 6 Principal components of comfort indices, physiological variables, behavioral parameters, and production and composition of milk of dairy cows in the afternoon period in the summer and winter seasons.

Variable	Principal Component in Summer		Principal Component in Winter
Variable	*PC1	PC2	PC1	*PC1
¹h	0.229	0.113	0.203	0.191
²GTHI	0.242	-0.060	0.243	-0.034
³THI	0.241	0.070	0.241	0.083
⁴RTL	0.233	-0.103	0.239	-0.075
⁵RT	0.204	0.078	0.240	-0.061
⁶RR	0.241	-0.089	0.244	0.036
⁷ST	0.240	0.004	0.236	0.025
⁸Prod	-0.181	0.282	0.027	-0.132
⁹Fat	-0.086	0.423	-0.150	-0.360
¹⁰Pro	0.059	-0.413	-0.160	-0.125
¹¹Lac	-0.218	-0.181	-0.197	0.201
¹²Sol	-0.101	0.413	-0.204	-0.251
Eigenvalue	16.616	4.806	16.616	4.806
Proportion	0.692	0.200	0.692	0.200
Accumulated	0.692	0.893	0.692	0.893

*PC: principal component; ¹h: enthalpy (h; KJ kg^-1); ²GTHI: globe temperature and humidity index; ³THI: temperature and humidity index; ⁴RTL: radiant thermal load (W m^-2); ⁵RT: rectal temperature (ºC); ⁶RR: respiratory rate (mov min.^-1); ⁷ST: skin temperature (ºC); ⁸Prod: milk production (liters); ⁹Fat: fat (%); ¹⁰Pro: protein (%); ¹¹Lac: lactose (%); ¹²Sol: soluble solids (%).

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Leia a Declaração de Acesso Aberto

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Thermal comfort and productive responses of 7/8 holstein-gyr cows subjected to cooling system

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: marcolino_114@hotmail.com