Salinity and prey concentration on larviculture of killifish <i>Hypsolebias radiseriatus</i> (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae)

The aim of this study was to investigate the tolerance of Hypsolebias radiseriatus larvae to different salinities, and the effects of different prey concentrations and water salinities on the larviculture of this species. Salinity tolerance was tested by subjecting newly-hatched larvae to 96 hours of osmotic shock testing (experiment I) and gradual acclimatization (experiment II) of the following salinities: freshwater (control), 2, 4, 6 and 8 g of salt L^-1. A third experiment (experiment III) evaluated three water salinities (S₀ - freshwater, S₂ - 2 g of salt L^-1 and S₄ - 4 g of salt L^-1) and three initial daily prey concentrations (100, 300 and 500 artemia nauplii larva^-1). In experiments I and II, survival was only influenced by the salinity of 8 g of salt L^-1 (p < 0.01). After 35 days, weight was only influenced by prey concentration (p < 0.05), with the highest value being with 500 artemia nauplii larva^-1. The lowest survival was for 4 g of salt L^-1 and for 100 artemia nauplii larva^-1. H. radiseriatus larviculture can be carried out in salinity of up to 2 g of salt L^-1 and initial daily prey concentrations with 500 artemia nauplii larva^-1.

Keywords:
artemia nauplii; annual fish; freshwater; larvae; salt

Authorship

Luciano Medeiros de Araújo

Laboratório de Aquacultura, Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais , Brazil. Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBrazilBelo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BrazilLaboratório de Aquacultura, Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais , Brazil.

Lucas Pedro Gonçalves Junior

Walisson de Souza e Silva

Ronald Kennedy Luz ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail:luzrk@yahoo.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1021-5772

* Author for correspondence. E-mail:luzrk@yahoo.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (6)

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Table 1
Mean values (± standard deviation) for physico-chemical variables of the different water salinity treatments used for testing osmotic shock and gradual acclimatization tolerance by Hypsolebias radiseriatus larvae.

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Table 2
Daily concentrations of Artemia nauplii (P) (nauplii larva^-1) offered to the larvae of Hypsolebias radiseriatus during 35 days of feeding, for the different salinities tested.

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Table 3
Mean values (± standard deviation) of survival (%), weight (mg) and total length (TL; mm) of Hypsolebias radiseriatus larvae 96 hours after the initiation of the osmotic shock tolerance test (Experiment I) and gradual acclimatization (Experiment II) in different salinities.

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Table 4
Mean values (± standard deviation) for physico-chemical variables for the water salinities (S) and prey concentrations (P) tested on Hypsolebias radiseriatus larviculture.

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Table 5
Mean values (± standard deviation) of total length (L_T; mm), weight (W; mg), daily specific growth rate (SGR; % day^-1) and survival (S %) during larviculture of Hypsolebias radiseriatus in different water salinities (S) and prey concentrations (P).

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Table 6
Interaction of daily prey concentration × salinity mean values (± standard deviation) for total length (L_T; mm) and weight (W; mg) after 15 days of feeding for Hypsolebias radiseriatus larvae.

Table 1 Mean values (± standard deviation) for physico-chemical variables of the different water salinity treatments used for testing osmotic shock and gradual acclimatization tolerance by Hypsolebias radiseriatus larvae.

	Salinity (g of salt L^-1)
	Freshwater	2	4	6	8
	Osmotic shock (Experiment I)
pH	8.29 ± 0.12	8.13 ± 0.09	8.13 ± 0.08	8.10 ± 0.07	8.06 ± 0.09
Temperature (ºC)	28.00 ± 0.28	28.00 ± 0.32	28.15 ± 0.30	28.20 ± 0.35	28.00 ± 0.45
Conductivity (mS cm^-1)	0.30 ± 0.07	4.17 ± 0.05	8.29 ± 0.09	12.35 ± 0.10	16.35 ± 0.10
	Gradual acclimatization (Experiment II)
pH	8.22 ± 0.38	8.06 ± 0.43	8.03 ± 0.47	7.98 ± 0.47	7.95 ± 0.42
Temperature(ºC)	28.05 ± 0.24	28.05 ± 0.24	28.00 ± 0.27	28.05 ± 0.26	28.05 ± 0.28
Conductivity (mS cm^-1)	0.24 ± 0.08	4.23 ± 0.10	8.25 ± 0.29	12.23 ± 0.49	16.27 ± 0.79

Table 2 Daily concentrations of Artemia nauplii (P) (nauplii larva^-1) offered to the larvae of Hypsolebias radiseriatus during 35 days of feeding, for the different salinities tested.

	Feeding period
Treatments	1-5 days	6-10 days	11-15 days	16-20 days	21-25 days	26-30 days	31-35 days
	Daily prey concentrations (nauplii larva^-1)
P₁₀₀	100	150	225	338	506	760	1,139
P₃₀₀	300	450	675	1,013	1,520	2,280	3,420
P₅₀₀	500	750	1,125	1,688	2,532	3,798	5,697

Table 3 Mean values (± standard deviation) of survival (%), weight (mg) and total length (TL; mm) of Hypsolebias radiseriatus larvae 96 hours after the initiation of the osmotic shock tolerance test (Experiment I) and gradual acclimatization (Experiment II) in different salinities.

	Water salinity (g of salt L ^-1)
Variables	Freshwater	2	4	6	8
	Osmotic shock (Experiment I)
Survival	100.0^a	100.0^a	93.3±0.58^a	86.7±1.15^a	43.3±1.52^b
Weight	0.99±0.06^a	0.78±0.07^ab	0.88±0.04^ab	0.69±0.07^b	0.64±0.13^b
TL	4.94±0.06^a	4.83±0.06^ab	4.78±0.18^ab	4.79±0.01^ab	4.60±0.05^b
	Gradual acclimatization (Experiment II)
Survival	100.0^a	100.0^a	100.0^a	93.3±1.15^a	76.6±0.58^b
Weight	0.92±0.07^a	0.76±0.10^a	0.71±0.04^a	0.66±0.20^a	0.71±0.13^a
TL	4.96±0.08^a	4.85±0.06^a	4.83±0.15^a	4.82±0.067^a	4.74±0.08^a

Means in the same line followed by the same letter do not differ statistically according to Tukey’s test (p > 0.05).

Table 4 Mean values (± standard deviation) for physico-chemical variables for the water salinities (S) and prey concentrations (P) tested on Hypsolebias radiseriatus larviculture.

Statistics	F values
Statistics	pH	Total ammonia
Salinity (S)	2.84^ns	0.60^ns
Prey concentration (P)	1.37^ns	17.06^**
Interaction SxP	2.83^ns	2.61^ns
Salinity	Means
S₀	6.90 ± 0.11	0.44 ± 0.27
S₂	6.85 ± 0.10	0.56 ± 0.37
S₄	6.95 ± 0.08	0.58 ± 0.65
Prey concentration	Means
P₁₀₀	6.86 ± 0,12	0.17 ± 0.18^b
P₃₀₀	6.91 ± 0,09	0.47 ± 0.23^b
P₅₀₀	6.93 ± 0,10	0.94 ± 0.46^a

Means in the same columm followed by the same letter do not differ statistically according to Tukey’s test (p > 0.05). ^*(p < 0.05); ^**(p < 0.01); ^ns(not significative).

Table 5 Mean values (± standard deviation) of total length (L_T; mm), weight (W; mg), daily specific growth rate (SGR; % day^-1) and survival (S %) during larviculture of Hypsolebias radiseriatus in different water salinities (S) and prey concentrations (P).

Statistics	Valores de F
Statistics	L_T 15 days	L_T 35 days	W 15 days	W 35 days	SGR 1-15 days	SGR 16-35 days	S 15 days	S 35 days
Salinity (S)	53.30^**	1.70^ns	20.00^**	0.27^ns	13.39^**	1.06^ns	25.55^**	33.48^**
Prey conc. (P)	44.68^**	2.12^ns	29.47^**	4.05^*	20,43^**	0.02^ns	1.65^ns	4.6^*
Inter. S x P	7.19^**	0.07^ns	3.82^*	0.19^ns	0.97^ns	0.69^ns	0.2 ^ns	1.05^ns
	Averages by salt concentration
S₀	12.18 ± 1.40	15.57 ± 1.86	19.49 ± 7.88	40.65 ± 13.37	19.91 ± 2.99^a	3.82 ± 1.24	93.06 ± 9.08^a	79.17 ± 8.84^a
S₂	12.85 ± 12.43	15.84 ± 0.02	25.87 ± 12.43	46.83 ± 20.35	21.56 ± 3.62^a	3.11 ± 1.23	87.50 ± 12.50^a	80.56 ± 12.67^a
S₄	9.51 ± 2.11	12.06 ± 2.25	11.96 ± 5.91	39.33 ± 34.42	16.28 ± 4.07^b	4.71 ± 3.36	52.78 ± 15.02^b	43.06 ± 15.45^b
	Means for prey concentration (P)
P₁₀₀	9.65 ± 1.19	11.94 ± 4.71	9.86 ± 3.39	24.60 ± 15.40^b	15.42 ± 3.09^b	3.86 ± 2.54	72.22 ± 21.45	61.11 ± 17.05^b
P₃₀₀	12.43 ± 1.19	14.96 ± 5.88	21.03 ± 5.55	49.07 ± 24.85^ab	20.76 ± 1.86^a	3.97 ± 2.48	77.78 ± 23.20	65.28 ± 24.83^ab
P₅₀₀	12.47 ± 17.89	16.57 ± 0.02	26.43 ± 12.55	53.15 ± 20.83^a	21.59 ± 4.11^a	3.97 ± 2.48	83.33 ± 21.65	76.39 ± 21.14^a
CV%	6.31	33.46	24.4	54.44	11.51	60.20	16.66	16.31

Means in the same columm followed by the same letter do not differ statistically according to Tukey’s test (p > 0.05). *(p < 0.05); **(p < 0.01); ^ns(not significative).

Table 6 Interaction of daily prey concentration × salinity mean values (± standard deviation) for total length (L_T; mm) and weight (W; mg) after 15 days of feeding for Hypsolebias radiseriatus larvae.

	Daily prey concentration
Salinity	P₁₀₀	P₃₀₀	P₅₀₀
	L_T - 15 days
S₀	10.48±0.13^Ba	12.43 ± 0.18^Aab	13.64 ± 0.45^Aa
S₂	10.21±0.37^Ba	13.65 ± 0.56^Aa	14.70 ± 0.87^Aa
S₄	8.25±1.03^Bb	11.21 ± 0.93^Ab	9.07 ± 1.17^Bb
	W - 15 dias
S₀	10.39±0.88^Ba	20.32 ± 3.48^Aab	27.75 ± 2.83^Ab
S₂	12.30±3.15^Ca	26.81 ± 2.65 ^Ba	38.51 ± 9.13^Aa
S₄	6.89±3.56^Aa	15.97 ± 3.88^Ab	13.03 ± 6.88^Ac

Means followed by the same letters (A, B for lines and a, b, c for columns) do not differ by the Tukey’s test (p > 0.05).

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Salinity and prey concentration on larviculture of killifish <i>Hypsolebias radiseriatus</i> (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae)

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail:luzrk@yahoo.com