Feeding behavior of sheep in feedlot and fed with diets containing detoxified castor cake in substitution to the soybean meal

To evaluate the ingestive behavior of sheep confined and fed with substitution levels of soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor cake (DCC). We adopted a completely randomized design, with four levels of substitution (0; 33; 67 and 100%) with five replicates (sheep). We estimated the percentages of total times of intake of feed, time of rumination, in ‘other activities’, in idle agreed and in idle sleeping, dividing the day into eight periods (5h00 to 8h00; 8h01 to 11h00; 11h01 to 14h00; 14h01 to 17h00; 17h01 to 20h00; 20h01 to 23h00; 23h01 to 2h00 and 2h01 to 5h00). No interaction was observed between levels of substitution of the SM by DCC and period of the day to go. However, the isolated effect period of the day, there is more time to go from 8h00 to 11h00. The time rumination was not influenced by the levels of substitution of the SM by DCC. As for the variable other activities, the level of 67% DCC was superior to that of 100%. Regarding the variables idle agreed and idle sleeping, were not observed effects of substitution levels of SM by DCC. The DCC provides no changes in the behavior of the sheep, but the period of the day exerts influence on the behavioral pattern of such animals.

Keywords:
Biodiesel byproducts; rumination chews; idleness; Ricinus communis

Authorship

Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco Pompeu ^** Author for correspondence: roberto.pompeu@embrapa.br

Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Caprinos, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Fazenda Três Lagoas, Estrada Sobral/Groaíras, Km 4, 62010-970, Sobral, Ceará, Brasil.Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa AgropecuáriaBrazilSobral, Ceará, BrazilCentro Nacional de Pesquisa de Caprinos, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Fazenda Três Lagoas, Estrada Sobral/Groaíras, Km 4, 62010-970, Sobral, Ceará, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4099-3575

Marcos Cláudio Pinheiro Rogério

Magno José Duarte Cândido

Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil.Universidade Federal do CearáBrazilFortaleza, Ceará, Brazil Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil.

Marco Aurélio Delmondes Bomfim

Elzânia Sales Pereira

Marcos Neves Lopes

Instituto Federal do Piauí, Valença do Piauí, Piauí, Brasil. Instituto Federal do PiauíBrazilValença do Piauí, Piauí, Brazil Instituto Federal do Piauí, Valença do Piauí, Piauí, Brasil.

Ricardo Alves de Araújo

Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Balsas, Maranhão, Brasil. Universidade Estadual do MaranhãoBrazilBalsas, Maranhão, BrazilDepartamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Balsas, Maranhão, Brasil.

* Author for correspondence: roberto.pompeu@embrapa.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Instituto Federal do Piauí, Valença do Piauí, Piauí, Brasil. Instituto Federal do PiauíBrazilValença do Piauí, Piauí, Brazil Instituto Federal do Piauí, Valença do Piauí, Piauí, Brasil.

Tables

Tables (5)

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Table 1
Centesimal composition of the ingredients and the total feed containing different levels of soybean meal replacement by detoxified castor cake.

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Table 2
Chemical composition of experimental ingredients and diets.

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Table 3
Continuous activities of sheep confined and fed detoxified castor cake in place of soybean meal.

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Table 4
Punctual activities of sheep confined and fed detoxified castor cake in place of soybean meal.

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Table 5
Means and regression equation for behavior variables of sheep confined and fed different levels of soybean meal substitution by detoxified castor cake.

Table 1 Centesimal composition of the ingredients and the total feed containing different levels of soybean meal replacement by detoxified castor cake.

Ingredient	Replacement level
Ingredient	0% DCC¹	33% DCC	67% DCC	100% DCC
Hay of tifton 85	50.14	50.37	50.55	50.45
Ground corn	33.58	32.49	31.72	30.59
Soybean meal	14.23	10.33	5.31	-
Detoxified castor cake	-	5.09	10.78	16.83
Urea	0.23	0.32	0.50	0.68
Ammonium sulfate	0.10	0.15	0.23	0.31
Common salt	0.50	0.50	0.51	0.50
Limestone	0.53	0.27	-	-
Dicalcium phosphate	0.29	0.08	-	0.24
Mineral salt (Ovifós)²	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40

¹DCC: detoxified castor cake. ²Composition: phosphorus, 65.00 g; calcium, 160.00 g; sulphur, 15.00 g; magnesium, 6.50 g; sodium, 150.00 g; cobalt, 0.125 g; zinc, 4.50 g; iron, 1.70 g; manganese, 4.50 g; iode, 0.06 g; selenium, 0.03 g; fluoride, 0.95 g.

Table 2 Chemical composition of experimental ingredients and diets.

Item		Ingredient				Total feed (% DM)¹
Item		Hay of tifton	Ground corn	Soybean meal	Castor cake	0% DCC	33% DCC	67% DCC	100% DCC
DM	%FM	91.43	89.76	88.88	90.61	89.28	89.91	90.58	90.75
OM	%FM	85.35	87.91	82.59	84.53	84.71	85.29	85.93	86.09
CP	% DM	5.99	10.03	48.06	30.19	13.86	13.68	13.42	13.08
NDF	% DM	82.11	16.17	13.28	47.99	48.49	50.43	52.51	54.45
NDFap	% DM	79.81	13.66	12.03	45.26	46.32	48.18	50.19	52.06
ADF	% DM	43.00	3.87	9.73	40.23	24.24	25.97	27.82	29.65
EE	% DM	1.32	5.91	1.80	6.10	2.90	3.08	3.30	3.50
CELL²	% DM	32.64	2.72	4.71	33.32	17.95	19.51	21.20	22.91
HCEL³	% DM	36.81	9.79	2.30	5.03	22.07	22.22	22.38	22.41
LIG⁴	% DM	6.64	0.61	1.14	3.42	3.70	3.83	3.98	4.11
NIDN	% TN	69.88	11.19	5.00	15.73	39.51	40.15	40.84	41.32
NIDA	% TN	36.59	2.69	3.65	13.34	19.77	20.36	20.98	21.53
TC⁵	% DM	86.61	82.21	43.85	57.63	77.27	77.80	78.40	78.54
FCn⁶	% DM	6.80	68.55	31.82	12.37	30.96	29.61	28.20	26.48
TDN	% DM	50.46	89.34	80.15	71.53	66.70	66.36	65.81	64.82

¹Percentage of detoxified castor cake in concentrated feed, based on DM. ²Cellulose. ³Hemicellulose. ⁴Lignin. ⁵Total carbohydrates. ⁶Non fibrous carbohydrates.

Table 3 Continuous activities of sheep confined and fed detoxified castor cake in place of soybean meal.

Level (%)	Periods								Mean
	5h00 - 8h00	8h01 - 11h00	11h01 - 14h00	14h01 - 17h00	17h01 - 20h00	20h01 - 23h00	23h01 - 2h00	2h01 - 5h00
	Feed intake (% of time)
0	4.44 b	28.89 Ba	6.67 b	24.44 a	22.22 a	26.67 a	8.89 b	10.00 b	16.53
33	5.56 cd	32.22 Ba	11.11 cd	26.67 a	24.44 ab	16.67 bc	14.45 bcd	3.34 d	16.81
67	7.78 b	34.44ABa	15.56 b	28.89 a	27.78 a	15.56 b	11.11 b	6.67 b	18.47
100	1.11 e	44.45 Aa	13.33 cd	32.22 b	22.22 bc	18.89 c	4.45 de	1.11 e	17.22
Mean	4.72	35	11.67	28.06	24.17	19.45	9.72	5.28
	Rumination (% of time)
0	40.00 abc	33.33 abc	26.67 c	32.22 Aabc	26.66 c	31.11 Aabc	41.11 ab	43.33 Ba	34.3
33	50.00 ab	34.44 cd	28.89 cde	17.78 Be	22.23 de	37.78 Abc	35.56 cd	60.00Aa	35.83
67	46.67 a	28.89 c	28.89 c	20.00 ABc	17.78 c	31.11 Abc	43.33 ab	48.89 ABa	33.19
100	43.33 ab	27.78 cd	35.56 bc	22.22 ABcd	28.89 cd	17.78 Bd	35.56 bc	50.00 Aba	32.64
Méan	45	31.11	30	23.06	23.89	29.44	38.89	50.56
	Other activities (% of time)
0	38.89 a	10.00 b	8.89 b	25.56 a	25.56 Ba	25.56 a	26.67 Aa	27.78 a	23.61
33	31.11 a	7.78 c	15.56 bc	25.56 ab	35.56 ABa	26.67 ab	11.11 Bc	16.67 bc	21.25
67	32.22 ab	16.67 cd	20.00 bcd	28.89 abc	42.22 Aa	33.33 ab	12.22 Bd	22.22 bcd	25.98
100	34.44 a	6.67 c	16.67 bc	18.89 bc	27.78 ABab	28.89 ab	15.56 Bbc	17.78 bc	20.83
Mean	34.17	10.28	15.28	24.72	32.78	28.61	16.39	21.11
	Idle agreed (% of time)
0	13.33 b	18.89 b	35.55 a	17.78 b	18.89 b	15.56 ABb	16.67 b	16.67 b	19.17
33	6.67 b	16.67 ab	27.78 a	26.67 a	17.78 ab	15.56 ABab	28.89 a	15.56 ab	19.44
67	7.78 c	18.89 abc	29.30 a	20.00 abc	12.22 bc	14.44 Bbc	23.33 ab	13.33 bc	17.5
100	20.00	18.89	22.22	20.00	18.89	28.89 A	25.55	23.33 a	22.22
Mean	11.95	18.33	28.89	21.11	16.95	18.61	23.61	17.22
	Idle sleeping (% of time)
0	3.34 Abc	8.89 b	22.22 Aa	0.00 c	6.67 bc	1.11 bc	6.67 Bbc	2.22 bc	6.39
33	6.67 Abc	8.89 ab	16.67 ABa	3.34 bc	0.00 c	3.34 bc	10.00 Bab	4.45 bc	6.67
67	5.56 Aabc	1.11 bc	5.56 Cabc	2.22 abc	0.00 c	5.56 abc	10.00 Ba	8.89 ab	4.86
100	1.11 Ac	2.22 c	12.22 BCab	6.67 bc	2.22 c	5.56 bc	18.89 Aa	7.78 bc	7.09
Mean	4.17	5.28	14.17	3.06	2.22	3.89	11.39	5.83

Averages with lowercase letters in the same row and uppercase in the column followed by equal letters do not differ (p > 0.05), by Tukey's test.

Table 4 Punctual activities of sheep confined and fed detoxified castor cake in place of soybean meal.

Level (%)	Periods								Total
Level (%)	5h00 - 8h00	8h01 - 11h00	11h01 - 14h00	14h01 - 17h00	17h01 - 20h00	20h01 - 23h00	23h01 - 2h00	2h01 - 5h00
	Water intake (times day^-1)
0	2.00 Aabc	2.40 Aa	0.60 Abc	2.20 ABab	2.20 ABab	1.80 Aabc	0.40 Ac	1.80 Aabc	13.4
33	1.40 Ab	3.60 Aa	0.20 Ab	1.20 Bb	1.40 Bb	1.00 Ab	0.60 Ab	0.60 Ab	10.0
67	1.40 Ab	3.40 Aa	1.80 Aab	3.20 Aa	3.20 Aa	0.40 Ab	0.80 Ab	0.40 Ab	14.6
100	1.00 Aabc	2.40 Aa	0.80 Aabc	2.00 ABab	1.60 ABabc	0.40 Abc	0.20 Ac	0.60 Abc	9.0
Mean	1.45 bc	2.95 a	0.85 c	2.15 ab	2.10 b	0.90 cd	0.50 d	0.85 cd
	Urination (times day^-1)
0	2.60 ABa	1.80 Aa	2.20 ABa	2.20 Aa	2.00 Aa	1.60 Aa	1.60 Aa	1.80 Aa	15.8
33	2.83 ABa	1.80 Aa	2.00 ABa	2.00 Aa	3.20 Aa	1.80 Aa	1.80 Aa	2.00 Aa	17.4
67	3.60 Aa	1.80 Ab	2.80 Aab	3.20 Aab	2.40 Aab	2.00 Aab	1.60 Ab	2.40 Aab	19.8
100	2.60 Aa	0.80 Ab	1.00 Bab	2.00 Aab	1.80 Bab	2.20 Aab	1.40 Aab	1.60 Aab	13.4
Mean	2.91 a	1.55 b	2.00 ab	2.35 ab	2.35 ab	1.90 ab	1.60 b	1.95 ab
	Defecation (times day^-1)
0	1.60 Ba	2.20 ABa	1.60 Ba	1.60 Ba	1.40 Ba	1.60 Aa	1.20 Aa	0.80 Aa	12.0
33	3.20 Aab	2.00 ABbc	3.60 Aa	3.00 ABab	3.20 Aab	1.40 Ac	1.40 Ac	1.40 Ac	19.2
67	3.80 Aa	3.40 Aa	3.20 Aab	3.20 Aab	2.60 ABab	2.60 Ab	1.80 Ab	1.80 Ab	22.4
100	1.60 Babc	1.20 Bbc	2.40 ABab	2.80 ABa	2.20 ABabc	1.20 Abc	0.80 Ac	0.60 Ac	10.8
Mean	2.55 a	2.20 ab	2.70 a	2.65 a	2.35 ab	1.70 bc	1.30 c	1.15 c

Averages with lowercase letters in the same row and uppercase in the column followed by equal letters do not differ (p > 0.05), by Tukey's test.

Table 5 Means and regression equation for behavior variables of sheep confined and fed different levels of soybean meal substitution by detoxified castor cake.

Replacement level (% DM)				CV (%)	Equation	P-value
0	33	67	100	CV (%)	Equation	P-value
970.50	864.70	864.40	757.90	11.94	DMI = 959.10 - 1.88 DCC; R² = 0.33	0.0104
396.80	406.30	419.70	473.30	9.89	NDFI = 389.00 + 0.71 DCC; R² = 0.39	0.0175
249.90	241.70	206.40	196.20	13.07	FE_DM = 250.50 - 0.55 DCC; R² = 0.35	0.0155
120.60	101.50	109.50	107.20	17.38	RE_DM = 110.50 ± 19.21	-
48.30	46.01	51.17	62.08	18.07	RE_NDF = 46.17 + 0.12 DCC; R² = 0.22	0.0471
12.20	12.58	12.96	11.96	11.21	TCT = 12.41 ± 1.39	-
778.71	756.20	734.06	649.71	13.76	NRB = 790.80 - 1.22 DCC; R² = 0.39	0.0468
41,154	45,116	41,284	41,429	15.22	MC_ND = 42,181 ± 6418	-
55.80	59.86	55.26	68.01	14.57	MC_NB = 59.50 ± 8.67	-
60.28	60.49	60.12	60.03	1.77	MCTB = 60.23 ± 1.07	-
44.60	39.00	46.25	27.50	33.28	NDM = 40.65 ± 13.53	-
5.51	5.59	6.27	8.36	30.62	ALM = 5.11 + 0.03 DCC; R² = 0.25	0.0448

Dry matter intake (DMI, g day^-1) and NDF (NDFI, g day^-1), Dry matter feed efficiency (FE_DM, g DM h^-1) and rumination efficiency of dry matter (RE_DM, g DM h^-1) e NDF (RE_NDF, g NDF h^-1), total chewing time (TCT, h day^-1), number of ruminal bolus (NRB, nº day^-1), number of daily mericics chews (MC_ND, nº day^-1), mericics chews per number bolus (MC_NB, nº bolus^-1), time of mericics chews per bolus (MC_TB, seg bolus^-1), number of daily meals (NDM, nº day^-1) and average length of each meal (ALM, minutes).

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Feeding behavior of sheep in feedlot and fed with diets containing detoxified castor cake in substitution to the soybean meal

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[1] * Author for correspondence: roberto.pompeu@embrapa.br