Potencial fitotóxico de Drimys brasiliensis miers para o controle de plantas daninhas

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito fitotóxico de frações do extrato de folhas e raízes de Drimys brasiliensis sobre a germinação e o crescimento de plântulas de Panicum maximum e Euphorbia heterophylla, e sua influência sobre as células do metaxilema da última espécie. Os extratos de folhas e raízes foram fracionados por cromatografia de partição e as frações hexânica e acetato de etila obtidas de cada órgão foram avaliadas nos bioensaios, em diferentes concentrações. No teste de crescimento, comparou-se o efeito das soluções das frações com o herbicida oxyfluorfen. A fração hexânica das raízes apresentou maior potencial para inibir a germinação e crescimento das espécies infestantes e ocasionou redução em mais de 50% no tamanho das células do metaxilema de E. heterophylla. As inibições no crescimento inicial, decorrentes da aplicação da fração hexânica das raízes, foram similares ao efeito produzido pelo herbicida comercial, indicando a eficiência de D. brasiliensis para o controle das espécies infestantes estudadas.

Palavras-chave
alelopatia; inibição; germinação; crescimento inicial

Autoria

Simoni Anese ^**Author for correspondence. E-mail:simonianese@hotmail.com

Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, Cx. Postal 676, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.Universidade Federal de São CarlosBrazilSão Carlos, São Paulo, BrazilDepartamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, Cx. Postal 676, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.

Sonia Cristina Juliano Gualtieri

Patrícia Umeda Grisi

Luciana de Jesus Jatobá

Marcos Arduin

*Author for correspondence. E-mail:simonianese@hotmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figuras | Tabelas

Figuras (7)
Tabelas (2)

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Figure 1.
Germination and early growth of P. maximum treated with different concentrations of the AcOEt (□; ---y) and hexane (♦; ___'y) fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis roots. Equations were obtained by regression analysis: (A) y = 86.17 - 17x, R2 = 0.90; 'y = 85.09 - 0.188x + 0.0001x2 , R2 = 0.99; (B) y = 3.80 + 1.575x , R2 = 0.94; 'y = 4.26 + 2.56x , R2 = 0.82; (C) y = 0.325 - 0.157x, R2 = 0.87; 'y = 0.3336 - 0.7966x + 0.574x2, R2 = 0.91; (D) y = 110.599 - 80.5x , R2 = 0.91; 'y = 105.35 - 257.85x - 157.14x2, R2 = 0.97; (E) y = 34.81 - 102.26x + 71.20x2 , R2 = 0.85; 'y = 32.79 - 120.17x + 91.37x2, R2 = 0.78; (F) y = 10.74 - 4.805x, R2 = 0.94; 'y = 10.52 - 20.04x + 14.10x2, R2 = 0.94.

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Figure 2.
Germination and early growth of P. maximum treated with different concentrations of the AcOEt (○; ---y) and hexane (♦; ^____'y) fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis leaves. Equations were obtained by regression analysis: (A) 'y = 3.788 - 1.604x, R² = 0.92; (B)'y = 0.3394 - 0.2017x , R² = 0.96; (C) y = 42.351 - 12.57x, R² = 0.95; 'y = 36.34 - 83.45x + 57.11x², R² = 0.88; (D) y = 11.544 - 2.636x , R² = 0.95; 'y = 10.685 - 7.8851x + 5.146x², R² = 0.79.

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Figure 3.
Germination and early growth of E. heterophylla treated with different concentrations of AcOEt (□; ---y) and hexane (♦; ^{___ '}y) fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis root extracts. Equations were obtained by regression analysis: (A) 'y = 55.4 - 72.74x + 56.77x², R² = 0.90; (B) y = 48.55 - 116.95x + 73.488x², R² = 0.75; 'y = 49.002 - 177.97x + 133.08x², R² = 0.81 (C) y = 64.195 - 112.75x +76.874^x2, R² = 0.90; 'y = 61.35 - 141.39x + 93.378x², R² = 0.80; (D) y = 91.35 - 0.207x + 0.0001x², R² = 0.96; 'y = 79.65 - 0.2823x + 0.0002x², R² = 0.85.

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Figure 4.
Early growth of E. heterophylla treated with different concentrations of AcOEt (□; ---y) and hexane (♦; ^{____ '}y) fractions of D. brasiliensis leaf extract. Equations were obtained by regression analysis: (A) y = 57.46 - 90.68x + 63.63x², R^{2 =} 0.92; 'y = 54.467 - 42.826x, R² = 0.93; (B) y = 64.157 - 77.79x + 53.165x², R² = 0.81; 'y = 66.937 -77.826 x + 44.59x², R²=0.96 (C) 'y = 92.363 - 59.9x, R² = 0.91.

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Figure 5.
Average sizes of E. heterophylla root metaxylem cells in the presence of different concentrations of AcOEt and hexane fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis leaf and roots extracts compared to the control. (*)Average differs significantly from control by the Dunnett test, at a level of significance of 0.05.

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Figure 6.
Photomicrographs of root metaxylem cells of E. heterophylla grown in control (A), AcOEt fraction of leaf extract (B), hexane fraction of leaf extract (C), AcOEt fraction of root extract (D) and hexane fraction of root extract (E) of D. brasiliensis, at a concentration of 0.25 mg mL^-1. Scale = 50 μm.

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Figure 7.
Root (A) and shoot lengths (B) of E. heterophylla and P. maximum seedlings treated with hexane and AcOEt fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis root and leaf extracts or a commercial herbicide. Means followed by the same capital letters within each species do not differ by tukey's test at a significance level of 0.05.

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Table 1.
Seed germination and seedling morphology of P. maximum treated with different concentrations of hexane or AcOEt fractions from D. brasiliensis leaf extract.

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Table 2.
Seed germination and seedling morphology of E. heterophylla upon treatment with different concentrations of D. brasiliensis root and leaf extract fractions.

Figure 1. Germination and early growth of P. maximum treated with different concentrations of the AcOEt (□; ---y) and hexane (♦; ___'y) fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis roots. Equations were obtained by regression analysis: (A) y = 86.17 - 17x, R2 = 0.90; 'y = 85.09 - 0.188x + 0.0001x2 , R2 = 0.99; (B) y = 3.80 + 1.575x , R2 = 0.94; 'y = 4.26 + 2.56x , R2 = 0.82; (C) y = 0.325 - 0.157x, R2 = 0.87; 'y = 0.3336 - 0.7966x + 0.574x2, R2 = 0.91; (D) y = 110.599 - 80.5x , R2 = 0.91; 'y = 105.35 - 257.85x - 157.14x2, R2 = 0.97; (E) y = 34.81 - 102.26x + 71.20x2 , R2 = 0.85; 'y = 32.79 - 120.17x + 91.37x2, R2 = 0.78; (F) y = 10.74 - 4.805x, R2 = 0.94; 'y = 10.52 - 20.04x + 14.10x2, R2 = 0.94.

Figure 2. Germination and early growth of P. maximum treated with different concentrations of the AcOEt (○; ---y) and hexane (♦; ^____'y) fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis leaves. Equations were obtained by regression analysis: (A) 'y = 3.788 - 1.604x, R² = 0.92; (B)'y = 0.3394 - 0.2017x , R² = 0.96; (C) y = 42.351 - 12.57x, R² = 0.95; 'y = 36.34 - 83.45x + 57.11x², R² = 0.88; (D) y = 11.544 - 2.636x , R² = 0.95; 'y = 10.685 - 7.8851x + 5.146x², R² = 0.79.

Figure 3. Germination and early growth of E. heterophylla treated with different concentrations of AcOEt (□; ---y) and hexane (♦; ^{___ '}y) fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis root extracts. Equations were obtained by regression analysis: (A) 'y = 55.4 - 72.74x + 56.77x², R² = 0.90; (B) y = 48.55 - 116.95x + 73.488x², R² = 0.75; 'y = 49.002 - 177.97x + 133.08x², R² = 0.81 (C) y = 64.195 - 112.75x +76.874^x2, R² = 0.90; 'y = 61.35 - 141.39x + 93.378x², R² = 0.80; (D) y = 91.35 - 0.207x + 0.0001x², R² = 0.96; 'y = 79.65 - 0.2823x + 0.0002x², R² = 0.85.

Figure 4. Early growth of E. heterophylla treated with different concentrations of AcOEt (□; ---y) and hexane (♦; ^{____ '}y) fractions of D. brasiliensis leaf extract. Equations were obtained by regression analysis: (A) y = 57.46 - 90.68x + 63.63x², R^{2 =} 0.92; 'y = 54.467 - 42.826x, R² = 0.93; (B) y = 64.157 - 77.79x + 53.165x², R² = 0.81; 'y = 66.937 -77.826 x + 44.59x², R²=0.96 (C) 'y = 92.363 - 59.9x, R² = 0.91.

Figure 5. Average sizes of E. heterophylla root metaxylem cells in the presence of different concentrations of AcOEt and hexane fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis leaf and roots extracts compared to the control. (*)Average differs significantly from control by the Dunnett test, at a level of significance of 0.05.

Figure 6. Photomicrographs of root metaxylem cells of E. heterophylla grown in control (A), AcOEt fraction of leaf extract (B), hexane fraction of leaf extract (C), AcOEt fraction of root extract (D) and hexane fraction of root extract (E) of D. brasiliensis, at a concentration of 0.25 mg mL^-1. Scale = 50 μm.

Figure 7. Root (A) and shoot lengths (B) of E. heterophylla and P. maximum seedlings treated with hexane and AcOEt fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis root and leaf extracts or a commercial herbicide. Means followed by the same capital letters within each species do not differ by tukey's test at a significance level of 0.05.

Table 1. Seed germination and seedling morphology of P. maximum treated with different concentrations of hexane or AcOEt fractions from D. brasiliensis leaf extract.

Means followed by the same letter in the line do not differ by tukey's test at a 0.05 level of significance; G: germinability; MGT: mean germination time; Z: synchrony; NS: normal seedlings; F: test statistic F - Values indicated no significant differences among the concentrations (ANOVA; p > 0.05); H: statistic of the Kruskal-Wallis test - Values indicated no significant differences among the concentrations (p > 0.05); p: probability

Table 2. Seed germination and seedling morphology of E. heterophylla upon treatment with different concentrations of D. brasiliensis root and leaf extract fractions.

Means followed by the same letter in the line do not differ by tukey's test at a 0.05 level of significance; G: germinability; MGT: mean germination time; Z: synchrony; NS: normal seedlings; F: test statistic F - Values in bold indicate significant difference among the concentrations (ANOVA; p < 0.05); H: statistic of the Kruskal-Wallis test; P: probability

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Potencial fitotóxico de Drimys brasiliensis miers para o controle de plantas daninhas

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[1] *Author for correspondence. E-mail:simonianese@hotmail.com