Soil preparation systems and type of fertilization as affecting physical attributes of cohesive soil under eucalyptus in Northeastern Brazil

Nunes, Vinicius de Jesus; Leite, Elton da Silva; Lima, José Maria de; Barbosa, Ronny Sobreira; Santos, Davi Ney; Dias, Fabiane Pereira Machado; Nóbrega, Júlio César Azevedo

doi:10.4025/actasciagron.v45i1.58010

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Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy

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CROP PRODUCTION • Acta Sci., Agron. 45 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v45i1.58010 copy

Soil preparation systems and type of fertilization as affecting physical attributes of cohesive soil under eucalyptus in Northeastern Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT.

Cohesive Oxisols are widely used for cultivating eucalyptus in the Coastal Tablelands of the northeastern region of Brazil. However, mechanization and plant cultivation in these soils are difficult because of their cohesive layers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify better combinations between tillage systems and types of fertilization to improve the physical attributes of cohesive soil, with the aim of improving eucalyptus growth. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme (soil preparation × fertilization). The tillage systems tested were: i) conventional tillage (CT) - one plowing combined with two harrowings, ii) minimum tillage (MT) - subsoiling down until 0.57 m depths in the planting line, iii) no-tillage type 1 (NT1) - planting in 0.3 m-deep pits, and iv) no-tillage type 2 (NT2) - planting in 0.6 m-deep pits. The types of fertilization tested were mineral (MF) and organic fertilization (OF). The diameter of the soil aggregates was reduced after being subjected to any combination of cohesive soils. Furthermore, OF provided the best levels of plant-available water, attenuating the adverse conditions of the cohesive layer. MT, NT1, and NT2 improved the soil physical attributes when compared to CT. Therefore, the combination of either NT1 or NT2 with OF, followed by the combination of either NT1 or NT2 with MF, was determined to be the best way to cultivate eucalyptus on cohesive soils.

Keywords:
coastal tablelands; soil quality; root growth; forest systems; Oxisols

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: jcanobrega@ufrb.edu.br

Attributes¹	0 - 0.2 m	0.2 - 0.4 m
pH (H₂O)	5.58	5.24
P (mg dm^-3)	2.80	1.20
K⁺ (mg dm^-3)	40.00	17.00
Ca²⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	0.45	0.35
Mg²⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	0.35	0.19
Al³⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	0.20	0.68
H⁺+Al³⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	3.10	3.90
SB	0.90	0.58
t (cmol_c dm^-3)	1.10	1.26
T (cmol_c dm^-3)	4.00	4.48
V (%)	22.54	13.01
m (%)	18.14	53.82
Sand (g kg^-1)	701.90	660.23
Silt (g kg^-1)	47.83	40.51
CDC (g kg^-1)	250.28	299.26
WDC (g kg^-1)	208.03	240.60
DF (%)	16.88	19.60

Fertilization	Tillage systems¹
Fertilization	CT	MT	NT1	NT2	Means
Bulk density (mg m^-3)
0-0.1 m
Mineral	1.46 aA	1.52 aA	1.57 aA	1.54 aA	1.52 A
Organic	1.52 aA	1.59 aA	1.59 aA	1.58 aA	1.57 A
Means	1.49 a	1.56 a	1.58 a	1.56 a
CV (%)	4.26
0.1-0.2 m
Mineral	1.53 aA	1.58 aA	1.58 aA	1.61 aA	1.58 A
Organic	1.62 aA	1.56 aA	1.64 aA	1.62 aA	1.61 A
Means	1.56 a	1.57 a	1.61 a	1.61 a
CV (%)	5.99
0.2-0.4 m
Mineral	1.61 aA	1.58 aA	1.57 aA	1.65 aA	1.60 A
Organic	1.45 aB	1.52 aA	1.56 aA	1.58 aA	1.52 BB
Means	1.54 a	1.55 a	1.57 a	1.62 a
CV (%)	4.00
0.4-0.6 m
Mineral	1.50 aA	1.53 aA	1.60 aA	1.55 aA	1.54 A
Organic	1.54 aA	1.55 aA	1.59 aA	1.52 aA	1.55 A
Means	1.52 a	1.54 a	1.59 a	1.53 a
CV (%)	4.02

Fertilization	Tillage systems
Fertilization	NT1	NT2	MT	CT	Means
Soil Resistance to Penetration (MPa)
0 - 0.1 m
MF	1.44 aA	1.79 aA	1.00 aA	1.73 aA	1.49 A
OF	1.48 aA	1.41 aA	1.20 aA	1.25 aA	1.33 A
Means	1.46 a	1.60 a	1.10 a	1.49 a
CV (%)	47.66
0.1 - 0.2 m
MF	2.33 aA	2.68 aA	1.20 aA	2.43 aA	2.16 A
OF	2.29 aA	2.55 aA	1.65 aA	1.83 aA	2.08 A
Means	2.31 b	2.61 b	1.42 a	2.13 b
CV (%)	31.31
0.2 - 0.3 m
MF	2.83 bA	2.95 bA	1.29 aA	2.87 bA	2.48 A
OF	2.58 bA	2.95 bA	1.45 aA	2.32 bA	2.33 A
Means	2.70 b	2.95 b	1.37 a	2.59 b
CV (%)	25.89
0.3 - 0.4 m
MF	2.77 bA	2.71 bA	1.49 aA	3.42 bA	2.60 A
OF	2.52 bA	2.81 bA	1.61 aA	3.07 bA	2.50 A
Means	2.65 b	2.76 b	1.55 a	3.24 b
CV (%)	24.84
0.4 - 0.5 m
MF	2.30 aA	2.57 aA	2.25 aA	2.81 aA	2.48 A
OF	2.42 aA	2.72 aA	2.00 aA	2.97 aA	2.53 A
Means	2.36 a	2.65 a	2.13 a	2.89 a
CV (%)	26.61

Fertilization	Tillage systems¹
Fertilization	CT	MT	NT1	NT2	Means
Weighted average diameter (mm)
0 - 0.1 m
Mineral	2.32 aA	2.70 aA	2.76 aA	2.88 aA	2.67 A
Organic	2.29 aA	2.72 aA	2.52 aA	2.68 aA	2.54 A
Means	2.30 b	2.71 a	2.70 a	2.71 a
CV (%)	10.16
0.1 - 0.2 m
Mineral	2.58 aA	2.32 aA	2.55 aA	2.55 aA	2.50 A
Organic	1.82 bB	2.31 aA	2.46 aA	2.70 aA	2.32 A
Means	2.20 a	2.32 a	2.50 a	2.62 a
CV (%)	13.67
0.2 - 0.4 m
Mineral	2.22 aA	2.01 aA	2.29 aA	2.22 aA	2.18 A
Organic	1.95 aA	2.00 aA	1.87 aB	1.99 aA	1.95 B
Means	2.10 a	2.01 a	2.08 a	2.06 a
CV (%)	12.68
0.4 - 0.6 m
Mineral	1.97 aA	1.88 aA	1.70 aA	2.02 aA	1.85 A
Organic	1.69 aA	1.66 aA	1.93 aA	1.35 aA	1.65 A
Means	1.86 a	1.77 a	1.81 a	1.48 a
CV (%)	16.52

	AW	H	FC	DGL	WAD	BD	Ma	Mi	PWP
0-0.1 m
H	0.20^ns	1.00
FC	0.80*	0.18^ns	1.00
DGL	0.27^ns	0.62*	0.16^ns	1.00
WAD	0.06^ns	0.39^ns	0.07^ns	0.29^ns	1.00
BD	0.07^ns	-0.32^ns	0.02^ns	-0.10^ns	0.25^ns	1.00
Ma	-0.18^ns	0.18^ns	-0.13^ns	0.02^ns	-0.08^ns	-0.78*	1.00
Mi	0.36^ns	0.02^ns	0.29^ns	0.09^ns	-0.08^ns	0.14^ns	-0.67*	1.00
PWP	0.27^ns	0.10^ns	0.79*	0.00^ns	0.05^ns	-0.05^ns	-0.01^ns	0.08^ns	1.00
TPV	0.08^ns	0.26^ns	0.08^ns	0.11^ns	-0.18^ns	-0.93*	0.74*	0.00^ns	0.07^ns
0.1-0.2 m
H	-0.08^ns	1.00
FC	0.61*	-0.23^ns	1.00
DGL	0.02^ns	0.66*	-0.20^ns	1.00
WAD	-0.27^ns	0.26^ns	-0.41^ns	0.15^ns	1.00
BD	0.39^ns	0.07^ns	0.62*	0.17^ns	-0.32^ns	1.00
Ma	-0.50^ns	0.09^ns	-0.57^ns	0.30^ns	0.05^ns	-0.55*	1.00
Mi	0.38^ns	-0.13^ns	0.46^ns	-0.38^ns	-0.07^ns	0.03^ns	-0.45*	1.00
PWP	-0.03^ns	-0.22^ns	0.77*	-0.26^ns	-0.31^ns	0.47^ns	-0.32^ns	0.27^ns	1.00
TPV	-0.28^ns	0.01^ns	-0.31^ns	0.06^ns	0.01^ns	-0.58*	0.78*	0.20^ns	-0.16^ns
0.2-0.4 m
H	0.03^ns	1.00
FC	0.51^ns	0.14^ns	1.00
DGL	-0.03^ns	0.74*	0.23^ns	1.00
WAD	0.20^ns	0.03^ns	0.22^ns	-0.09^ns	1.00
BD	-0.36^ns	-0.12^ns	-0.10^ns	0.05^ns	0.31^ns	1.00
Ma	0.33^ns	0.11^ns	-0.07^ns	-0.16^ns	-0.27^ns	-0.61*	1.00
Mi	0.06^ns	-0.18^ns	0.20^ns	0.00^ns	0.06^ns	0.07^ns	-0.73*	1.00
PWP	0.02^ns	0.14^ns	0.87*	0.30^ns	0.13^ns	0.10^ns	-0.27^ns	0.21^ns	1.00
TPV	0.55^ns	-0.03^ns	0.13^ns	-0.23^ns	-0.33^ns	-0.80*	0.62*	0.08^ns	-0.16^ns
0.4-0.6 m
H	0.32^ns	1.00
FC	0.38^ns	0.01^ns	1.00
DGL	0.07^ns	0.70*	-0.03^ns	1.00
WAD	-0.43^ns	-0.03^ns	-0.52^ns	0.06^ns	1.00
BD	0.11^ns	0.01^ns	0.61*	-0.16^ns	-0.12^ns	1.00
Ma	-0.02^ns	0.02^ns	-0.40^ns	0.26^ns	0.28^ns	-0.59*	1.00
Mi	0.15^ns	0.11^ns	0.19^ns	-0.08^ns	-0.26^ns	0.19^ns	-0.79*	1.00
PWP	-0.10^ns	-0.14^ns	0.88*	-0.06^ns	-0.34^ns	0.58^ns	-0.41^ns	0.14^ns	1.00
TPV	0.07^ns	0.11^ns	-0.44^ns	0.32^ns	0.23^ns	-0.72*	0.90*	-0.43^ns	-0.50^ns