Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Lesão renal aguda em pacientes adultos com COVID-19: revisão integrativa

Lesión renal aguda en pacientes adultos con COVID-19: revisión integradora

Resumo

Objetivo

Identificar a frequência de lesão renal aguda (LRA) em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19, as características associadas, a mortalidade e a letalidade.

Métodos

Revisão realizada nas bases de dados CINAHL, Embase, LILACS, Livivo, PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science e, na literatura cinzenta (Google Acadêmico) em 12 de janeiro de 2022. Foram incluídos artigos em inglês, espanhol e português, publicados a partir de novembro 2019 até janeiro de 2022, em pacientes maiores de 18 anos com COVID-19 hospitalizados e LRA conforme critério Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Os estudos selecionados foram lidos na íntegra para extração, interpretação, síntese e categorização conforme nível de evidência.

Resultados

699 artigos encontrados e 45 incluídos. A idade avançada, sexo masculino, hipertensão, doença renal crônica, ventilação mecânica, aumento da proteína C reativa, uso de drogas vasoativas e de determinadas classes de anti-hipertensivos foram associados a LRA. A LRA está relacionada à maior frequência de mortalidade. Em 30% dos pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 houve LRA. A taxa de mortalidade por LRA foi de 5% e a letalidade de 18%.

Conclusão

Estes resultados ressaltam a relevância da LRA como uma complicação significativa da COVID-19 e sugerem que um controle mais cuidadoso e precoce dos fatores associados poderia potencialmente reduzir a mortalidade e a letalidade. É crucial intensificar a pesquisa nesse campo para esclarecer melhor os mecanismos envolvidos na lesão renal em pacientes com COVID-19, bem como identificar estratégias terapêuticas mais efetivas para sua prevenção e tratamento nesse contexto.

COVID-19; Infecções por coronavírus; Injúria renal aguda; Incidência; Fatores de risco; Gravidade do paciente; Adulto

Resumen

Objetivo

Identificar la frecuencia de lesión renal aguda (LRA) en pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19, las características relacionadas, la mortalidad y la letalidad.

Métodos

Revisión realizada en las bases de datos CINAHL, Embase, LILACS, Livivo, PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science y en la literatura gris (Google Académico) el 12 de enero de 2022. Se incluyeron artículos en inglés, español y portugués, publicados a partir de noviembre de 2019 hasta enero de 2022, con pacientes mayores de 18 años con COVID-19 hospitalizados y LRA de acuerdo con el criterio Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Los estudios seleccionados fueron leídos en su totalidad para extracción, interpretación, síntesis y categorización según el nivel de evidencia.

Resultados

Se encontraron 699 artículos y se incluyeron 45. Los factores relacionados con la LRA fueron: edad avanzada, sexo masculino, hipertensión, enfermedad renal crónica, ventilación mecánica, aumento de la proteína C reactiva, uso de drogas vasoactivas y de determinadas clases de antihipertensivos. La LRA está relacionada con mayor frecuencia de mortalidad. En el 30 % de los pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 hubo LRA. La tasa de mortalidad por LRA fue de 5 % y la letalidad de 18 %.

Conclusión

Estos resultados resaltan la relevancia de la LRA como una complicación significativa de COVID-19 y sugieren que un control más cuidadoso y temprano de los factores asociados podría reducir potencialmente la mortalidad y la letalidad. Es crucial intensificar la investigación en este campo para explicar mejor los mecanismos relacionados con la lesión renal en pacientes con COVID-19, así como identificar estrategias terapéuticas más efectivas para su prevención y tratamiento en este contexto.

COVID-19; Infecciones por coronavírus; Lesión renal aguda; Incidencia; Fatores de riesgo; Gravedad del paciente; Adulto

Abstract

Objective

To identify the frequency of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients hospitalized with COVID-19, associated characteristics, mortality and lethality.

Methods

Integrative review carried out in the databases CINAHL, Embase, LILACS, Livivo, PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science and in the grey literature (Google Scholar) on January 12, 2022. Articles were included in English, Spanish and Portuguese, published from November 2019 to January 2022, in hospitalized patients over 18 years old with COVID-19 and AKI according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. The selected studies were read in full for extraction, interpretation, synthesis and categorization according to the level of evidence.

Results

A total of 699 articles were found and 45 included. Older age, male gender, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, mechanical ventilation, increased C-reactive protein, use of vasoactive drugs and certain classes of antihypertensives were associated with AKI. AKI is related to a higher frequency of mortality. AKI occurred in 30% of patients hospitalized with COVID-19. The mortality rate from AKI was 5% and the case fatality rate was 18%.

Conclusion

These results highlight the relevance of AKI as a significant complication of COVID-19 and suggest that more careful and early control of associated factors could potentially reduce mortality and lethality. It is crucial to intensify research in this field to better clarify the mechanisms involved in kidney injury in COVID-19 patients, as well as to identify more effective therapeutic strategies for its prevention and treatment in this context.

COVID-19; Coronavirus infections; Acute kidney injury; Incidence; Risk factor; Patient acuity; Adult

Introdução

A maioria dos indivíduos com COVID-19, doença causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2, apresentam manifestações leves e moderadas. É estimado que 20% dos casos evoluam para a forma grave da doença inflamatória e necessitem de cuidados hospitalares.(11. Abreu AP, Riella MC, Nascimento MM. The Brazilian Society of Nephrology and the Covid-19 Pandemic. J Bras Nefrol. 2020;42(2 Suppl 1):1–3.) Desses, 5% evoluem para um quadro crítico e necessitam de cuidados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI).(11. Abreu AP, Riella MC, Nascimento MM. The Brazilian Society of Nephrology and the Covid-19 Pandemic. J Bras Nefrol. 2020;42(2 Suppl 1):1–3.)

O principal mecanismo fisiopatológico da COVID-19 é a superprodução de citocinas pró-inflamatórias que desencadeia um processo inflamatório exacerbado, aumento da permeabilidade vascular e falência de múltiplos órgãos em virtude dos efeitos citocinérgicos prolongados.(22. Pecly IM, Azevedo RB, Muxfeldt ES, Botelho BG, Albuquerque GG, Diniz PH, et al. A review of Covid-19 and acute kidney injury: from pathophysiology to clinical results. J Bras Nefrol. 2021;43(4):551–71. Review.,33. Jose RJ, Manuel A. COVID-19 cytokine storm: the interplay between inflammation and coagulation. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(6):e46–7.) Vale ressaltar também que a disfunção orgânica, em especial a pulmonar, já consiste em fator de risco para a LRA.(11. Abreu AP, Riella MC, Nascimento MM. The Brazilian Society of Nephrology and the Covid-19 Pandemic. J Bras Nefrol. 2020;42(2 Suppl 1):1–3.) Outro agravante clínico é a interação inflamação-coagulação, com estado hiperinflamatório e protrombótico.(22. Pecly IM, Azevedo RB, Muxfeldt ES, Botelho BG, Albuquerque GG, Diniz PH, et al. A review of Covid-19 and acute kidney injury: from pathophysiology to clinical results. J Bras Nefrol. 2021;43(4):551–71. Review.,33. Jose RJ, Manuel A. COVID-19 cytokine storm: the interplay between inflammation and coagulation. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(6):e46–7.) Esse processo inflamatório tem contribuído para o desenvolvimento de Lesão Renal Aguda (LRA) nos pacientes com COVID-19 grave.(44. Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, et al. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;97(5):829–38.,55. Wang D, Yin Y, Hu C, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhou S, et al. Clinical course and outcome of 107 patients infected with the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, discharged from two hospitals in Wuhan, China. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):188.)

Os principais fatores de risco para LRA, associados infecção pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2, incluem danos virais diretos aos rins e os distúrbios hemodinâmicos causados pela COVID-19. Os receptores de enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 (ECA-2) são a principal via de ligação para o vírus e estão amplamente expressos nos túbulos proximais dos rins, favorecendo o dano renal.(66. Ahmadian E, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Razi Soofiyani S, Abediazar S, Shoja MM, Ardalan M, et al. Covid-19 and kidney injury: pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(3):e2176.) Fatores secundários, como tempestade de citocinas, hipóxia, nefro toxicidade associada ao uso de drogas e infecção secundária por outros microrganismos, podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento da LRA.(66. Ahmadian E, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Razi Soofiyani S, Abediazar S, Shoja MM, Ardalan M, et al. Covid-19 and kidney injury: pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(3):e2176.)

As citocinas séricas estimulam as células endoteliais renais a secretarem mais quimiocinas, assim desencadeiam aumento da permeabilidade vascular e disfunção na microcirculação renal, além de morte celular e dano tecidual renal levando à falência dos rins.(66. Ahmadian E, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Razi Soofiyani S, Abediazar S, Shoja MM, Ardalan M, et al. Covid-19 and kidney injury: pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(3):e2176.) A desregulação do sistema complemento e a ocorrência de hipercoagulação levam à formação de trombos microvasculares e ao desenvolvimento de danos intersticiais por vezes irreversíveis, como Necrose Tubular Aguda (NTA)e necrose cortical. A formação de microtrombos e a microangiopatia aumentam o risco de microinfartos em diferentes órgãos, incluindo os rins.(66. Ahmadian E, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Razi Soofiyani S, Abediazar S, Shoja MM, Ardalan M, et al. Covid-19 and kidney injury: pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(3):e2176.)

Considerando que a COVID-19 grave tem repercussões multissistêmicas, estudos prévios relatam que a ocorrência de LRA em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 está associada a maior mortalidade e a um pior prognóstico.(22. Pecly IM, Azevedo RB, Muxfeldt ES, Botelho BG, Albuquerque GG, Diniz PH, et al. A review of Covid-19 and acute kidney injury: from pathophysiology to clinical results. J Bras Nefrol. 2021;43(4):551–71. Review.,77. Ng JH, Hirsch JS, Hazzan A, Wanchoo R, Shah HH, Malieckal DA, Ross DW, Sharma P, Sakhiya V, Fishbane S, Jhaveri KD; Northwell Nephrology COVID-19 Research Consortium. Outcomes Among Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 and Acute Kidney Injury. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021;77(2):204-15.e1.,88. Lin L, Wang X, Ren J, Sun Y, Yu R, Li K, et al. Risk factors and prognosis for COVID-19-induced acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2020;10(11):e042573.) Portanto, a identificação das características que expõe o paciente com COVID-19 ao maior risco de LRA devem ser conhecidas e precocemente manejadas pela equipe multidisciplinar. Embora revisões sistemáticas prévias abordem o objeto de estudo, esta revisão se justifica uma vez que abrange dados mais atuais, engloba um desfecho adicional e bases de dados adicionais.(99. Cai X, Wu G, Zhang J, Yang L. Risk factors for acute kidney injury in adult patients with covid-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:719472.,1010. Passoni R, Lordani TV, Peres LA, Carvalho AR. Occurrence of acute kidney injury in adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nefrologia (Engl Ed). 2022;42(4):404–14. Review.)

Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo primário identificar a frequência de LRA em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19. Foram objetivos secundários, identificar a mortalidade e a letalidade de LRA relacionada e identificar as principais características descritas na literatura associadas à LRA.

Métodos

Tipo de estudo e questão de pesquisa

Trata-se de revisão integrativa, com a seguinte pergunta norteadora “Qual a frequência, a mortalidade, a letalidade e os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de LRA em adultos hospitalizados com COVID-19?”, elaborada utilizando a estratégia PECO,(1111. Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Critical Appraisal Tools Joanna Briggs Institute. Adelaide: JBI; 2021 [cited 2023 Sep 20]. Available from: https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-tools
https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-to...
)definidos por Paciente (adulto hospitalizado), Exposição (infecção por SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19), Comparação (não se aplica) e Outcomes (frequência, fatores associados com o desenvolvimento de LRA, mortalidade e letalidade).

A revisão foi desenvolvida seguindo as recomendações da declaração do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), compreendendo uma lista de verificação com 27 itens.(1212. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264–9.)

Fontes de informação e estratégia de busca

A estratégia de busca foi construída a partir de Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) e MeSH terms (Medical Subject Headings): “Adult”, “Covid-19”, “Acute Kidney Injury”, “Risk Factors”. Os descritores foram combinados usando o operador booleano AND para o cruzamento dos descritores diferentes. A busca ocorreu em 12 de janeiro de 2022 nas bases de dados: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINHAL), EMBASE, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciência da Saúde (LILACS), LIVIVO, PubMed Central, SCOPUS e Web of Science. A estratégia de busca detalhada está disponível no quadro 1.

Quadro 1
Estratégia de busca

Critérios de elegibilidade

Foram incluídos artigos em inglês, espanhol e português, publicados a partir de novembro 2019 até janeiro de 2022, com amostra de pacientes maiores de 18 anos com COVID-19 hospitalizados, com casos de LRA conforme critério Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)(1313. KDIGO. Clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Supplements. 2012;2:124–38.,1414. Ostermann M, Bellomo R, Burdmann EA, Doi K, Endre ZH, Goldstein SL, Kane-Gill SL, Liu KD, Prowle JR, Shaw AD, Srisawat N, Cheung M, Jadoul M, Winkelmayer WC, Kellum JA; Conference Participants. Controversies in acute kidney injury: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Conference. Kidney Int. 2020;98(2):294-309.) (Estágio 1: aumento de 0,3mg/dL ou aumento de 1,5 a 1,9 vezes na creatinina sérica basal e redução do débito urinário para menos que 0,5 mL/Kg/h por 6-12 horas. Estágio 2: aumento de 2,0 a 2,9 vezes a creatinina sérica basal e redução do débito urinário para menos de 0,5 mL/Kg/h por tempo maior ou igual a 12 horas. Estágio 3: aumento de 3,0 vezes ou aumento acima de 4,0 mg/dL da creatinina sérica basal ou iniciação da terapia de substituição renal ou pacientes com mais de 18 anos apresentando redução da taxa de filtração glomerular estimada para menos de 35 mL/min/1,73m2e redução do débito urinário para menos de 0,3 mL/kg/h por tempo maior ou igual a 24 horas ou anúria por tempo maior ou igual a 12 horas), necessitando ou não de tratamento dialítico.

Foram excluídos (1) estudos secundários, como revisões e metanálises; (2) diretrizes, editoriais, relatórios de especialistas; (3) estudos em crianças, receptores de transplante renal e doença renal crônica; (4) estudos que não abordavam a exposição ou desfecho de interesse. As informações referentes aos critérios de elegibilidade estão em consonância com a pergunta de pesquisa, seguindo a estratégia PECO, o que garante que a seleção dos estudos esteja diretamente relacionada ao objetivo de pesquisa.

Seleção dos estudos

Os artigos encontrados na busca foram exportados para o gerenciador de referências (EndNote Web®), onde realizou-se a remoção de duplicatas, e então as referências foram exportadas para o software Rayyan® para a triagem dos estudos, seguindo os critérios de elegibilidade. Primeiramente foi realizada a leitura de títulos e resumos por dois revisores independentes. Os artigos que atendiam aos critérios de elegibilidade foram lidos na íntegra por dois revisores independentes. As divergências foram resolvidas por um terceiro revisor.

Extração de dados

Os dados foram coletados por instrumento próprio, criado pelas autoras, sendo estes dados referentes à: identificação da publicação (autores, ano de publicação, país de desenvolvimento do estudo, idioma), tipo de estudo, tamanho da amostra com covid-19, características demográficas e clínicas, tempo de internação na UTI, frequência da LRA, número de óbitos por lesão renal aguda e por todas as causas, taxa mortalidade de LRA em pacientes COVID-19 positivos, letalidade de LRA em pacientes COVID-19 positivos e fatores associados à LRA. A extração de dados foi validada pela terceira revisora.

Avaliação dos estudos incluídos

Os estudos foram avaliados e categorizados de acordo com o nível de evidência (NE),(1515. Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: a guide to best practice. 4ª ed. Filadélfia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2018.) sendo: I) Revisões sistemáticas ou meta-análises de relevantes ensaios clínicos; II) Evidências de pelo menos um ensaio clínico randomizado controlado bem delineado; III) Ensaios clínicos bem delineados sem randomização; IV) Estudos de coorte e de caso-controle bem delineados; V) Revisão sistemática de estudos descritivos e qualitativos; VI) Evidências derivadas de um único estudo descritivo ou qualitativo; VII) Opinião de autoridades ou relatório de comitês de especialistas.

Síntese dos estudos incluídos

Análise descritiva quantitativa foi realizada usando a função de proporção do software Excel 2013. A taxa de mortalidade geral foi calculada considerando o número de óbitos por todas as causas. A taxa de mortalidade de LRA e a letalidade foi calculada considerando o número de óbitos de pacientes com diagnóstico de LRA, independente do estágio. A análise descritiva qualitativa foi realizada para agrupar resultados relacionados aos fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de LRA em pacientes com COVID-19 identificados nos estudos individuais.

Resultados

Foram identificados 699 estudos a partir da estratégia de busca nas bases de dados. Restaram 396 artigos, após a remoção das duplicatas, para triagem através da leitura dos títulos e resumos. Foram selecionados 46 estudos para a leitura exploratória e realizado a seleção de 44 artigos para a amostra final, pois atendiam aos critérios de elegibilidade conforme fluxograma (Figura 1).

Figura 1
Fluxograma do processo de busca e seleção na literatura baseado no PRISMA

Todos os estudos incluídos foram publicados em língua inglesa, entre 2020 e 2022, desenvolvidos na América do Sul(1616. de Almeida DC, Franco MD, Dos Santos DR, Santos MC, Maltoni IS, Mascotte F, et al. Acute kidney injury: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes in severe COVID-19 patients. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0251048.

17. Doher MP, Carvalho FR, Scherer PF, Matsui TN, Ammirati AL, Silva BC, et al. Acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy in critically Ill COVID-19 patients: risk factors and outcomes: a single-center experience in Brazil. Blood Purif. 2021;50(4-5):520–30.

18. Neves PD, Sato VA, Mohrbacher S, Ferreira BM, Oliveira ES, Pereira LV, et al. Acute kidney injury due to COVID-19 in intensive care unit: an analysis from a latin-american center. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:620050.
-1919. Zamoner W, Santos CA, Magalhães LE, Oliveira PG, Balbi AL, Ponce D. Acute kidney injury in COVID-19: 90 days of the pandemic in a Brazilian Public Hospital. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:622577.) e América do Norte,(2020. Casas-Aparicio GA, León-Rodríguez I, Alvarado-de la Barrera C, González-Navarro M, Peralta-Prado AB, Luna-Villalobos Y, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with severe COVID-19 in Mexico. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246595.

21. Martínez-Rueda AJ, Álvarez RD, Méndez-Pérez RA, Fernández-Camargo DA, Gaytan-Arocha JE, Berman-Parks N, et al. Community- and hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in COVID-19: different phenotypes and dismal prognosis. Blood Purif. 2021;50(6):931–41.

22. Azam TU, Shadid HR, Blakely P, O’Hayer P, Berlin H, Pan M, Zhao P, Zhao L, Pennathur S, Pop-Busui R, Altintas I, Tingleff J, Stauning MA, Andersen O, Adami ME, Solomonidi N, Tsilika M, Tober-Lau P, Arnaoutoglou E, Keitel V, Tacke F, Chalkias A, Loosen SH, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Eugen-Olsen J, Reiser J, Hayek SS; International Study of Inflammation in COVID-19. Soluble Urokinase Receptor (SuPAR) in COVID-19-Related AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(11):2725-35.

23. Bowe B, Cai M, Xie Y, Gibson AK, Maddukuri G, Al-Aly Z. Acute kidney injury in a National Cohort of Hospitalized US veterans with COVID-19. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;16(1):14–25.

24. Fisher M, Neugarten J, Bellin E, Yunes M, Stahl L, Johns TS, et al. AKI in hospitalized patients with and without COVID-19: a comparison study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(9):2145-57.

25. Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Ross DW, Sharma P, Shah HH, Barnett RL, Hazzan AD, Fishbane S, Jhaveri KD; Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium; Northwell Nephrology COVID-19 Research Consortium. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;98(1):209-18.

26. Nimkar A, Naaraayan A, Hasan A, Pant S, Durdevic M, Suarez CN, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury and Its Effect on Mortality in Patients Hospitalized From COVID-19. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2020;4(6):687–95.
-2727. Zahid U, Ramachandran P, Spitalewitz S, Alasadi L, Chakraborti A, Azhar M, et al. Acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients: an inner city hospital experience and policy implications. Am J Nephrol. 2020;51(10):786–96.) Ásia,(2828. See YP, Young BE, Ang LW, Ooi XY, Chan CP, Looi WL, et al. Risk factors for development of acute kidney injury in covid-19 patients: a retrospective observational cohort study. Nephron. 2021;145(3):256–64.

29. Chebotareva N, Berns S, Berns A, Androsova T, Lebedeva M, Moiseev S. Acute kidney injury and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019: results from a cohort study of 1,280 patients. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2021;40(2):241–9.

30. Sarkisian DK, Chebotareva NV, McDonnell V, Oganesyan AV, Krasnova TN, Makarov EA. Risk factors for kidney damage in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Russ Open Med J. 2021;10(2):e0203.

31. Chan KW, Hung IF, Tsang OT, Wu TC, Tso EY, Lung KC, et al. Mass Screening Is Associated with Low Rates of Acute Kidney Injury among COVID-19 Patients in Hong Kong. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52(2):161–72.

32. Chen Z, Gao C, Yu H, Lu L, Liu J, Chen W, et al. Hypophosphatemia is an independent risk factor for AKI among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection. Ren Fail. 2021;43(1):1329–37.

33. Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang X, Wang K, Zhang N, Zhang M, et al. The Incidence, Risk Factors, and Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury in Adult Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15(10):1394–402.

34. Cui X, Yu X, Wu X, Huang L, Tian Y, Huang X, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with the coronavirus disease 2019: a multicenter study. kidney blood press res. 2020;45(4):612–22.

35. Dai Y, Liu Z, Du X, Wei H, Wu Y, Li H, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients infected with covid-19 from wuhan, china: a retrospective study. BioMed Res Int. 2021;2021:6655185.

36. Jin K, Xie T, Seery S, Ye L, Jiang J, Yang W, et al. Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: clinical outcomes and risk factors [preprint posted 30 Jun, 2020]. Res Sq. 2020. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37577/v1
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37577/v...

37. Li WX, Xu W, Huang CL, Fei L, Xie XD, Li Q, et al. Acute cardiac injury and acute kidney injury associated with severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(4):2114–22.

38. Peng S, Wang HY, Sun X, Li P, Ye Z, Li Q, et al. Early versus late acute kidney injury among patients with COVID-19-a multicenter study from Wuhan, China. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020;35(12):2095–102.

39. Sang L, Chen S, Zheng X, Guan W, Zhang Z, Liang W, et al. The incidence, risk factors and prognosis of acute kidney injury in severe and critically ill patients with COVID-19 in mainland China: a retrospective study. BMC Pulm Med. 2020;20(1):290.

40. Wang J, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Li H, Yuan X, Wang X, et al. Identify the risk factors of covid-19-related acute kidney injury: a single-center, retrospective cohort study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:436.

41. Wang RR, He M, Kang Y. A risk score based on procalcitonin for predicting acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021;35(6):e23805.
-4242. Xu J, Xie J, Du B, Tong Z, Qiu H, Bagshaw SM. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe COVID-19 induced acute kidney injury. J Intensive Care Med. 2021;36(3):319–26.) Europa,(4343. Bell JS, James BD, Al-Chalabi S, Sykes L, Kalra PA, Green D. Community- versus hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in hospitalised COVID-19 patients. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):269.

44. Parker K, Hamilton P, Hanumapura P, Castelino L, Murphy M, Challiner R, et al. Chronic anticoagulation is not associated with a reduced risk of acute kidney injury in hospitalised Covid-19 patients. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):224.

45. Sullivan MK, Lees JS, Drake TM, Docherty AB, Oates G, Hardwick HE, Russell CD, Merson L, Dunning J, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Openshaw P, Harrison EM, Baillie JK; ISARIC4C Investigators; Semple MG, Ho A, Mark PB. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK Study: a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2022;37(2):271-84.

46. Lowe R, Ferrari M, Nasim-Mohi M, Jackson A, Beecham R, Veighey K, Cusack R, Richardson D, Grocott M, Levett D, Dushianthan A; University Hospital Southampton Critical Care Team and the REACT COVID investigators. Clinical characteristics and outcome of critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury: a single centre cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):92.

47. Lumlertgul N, Pirondini L, Cooney E, Kok W, Gregson J, Camporota L, et al. Acute kidney injury prevalence, progression and long-term outcomes in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):123.

48. Geri G, Darmon M, Zafrani L, Fartoukh M, Voiriot G, Le Marec J, et al. Acute kidney injury in SARS-CoV2-related pneumonia ICU patients: a retrospective multicenter study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):86.

49. Joseph A, Zafrani L, Mabrouki A, Azoulay E, Darmon M. Acute kidney injury in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):117.

50. Alfano G, Ferrari A, Fontana F, Mori G, Magistroni R, Meschiari M, Franceschini E, Menozzi M, Cuomo G, Orlando G, Santoro A, Digaetano M, Puzzolante C, Carli F, Bedini A, Milic J, Coloretti I, Raggi P, Mussini C, Girardis M, Cappelli G, Guaraldi G; Modena Covid-19 Working Group (MoCo19). Incidence, risk factors and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with COVID-19. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2021;25(11):1203-14.

51. Scarpioni R, Valsania T, Albertazzi V, Blanco V, DeAmicis S, Manini A, et al. Acute kidney injury, a common and severe complication in hospitalized patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Nephrol. 2021;34(4):1019–24.

52. Diebold M, Schaub S, Landmann E, Steiger J, Dickenmann M. Acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study from Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151(910):w20482.
-5353. Hardenberg JB, Stockmann H, Aigner A, Gotthardt I, Enghard P, Hinze C, et al. Critical Illness and Systemic Inflammation Are Key Risk Factors of Severe Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With COVID-19. Kidney Int Rep. 2021;6(4):905–15.) África(5454. Trifi A, Abdellatif S, Masseoudi Y, Mehdi A, Benjima O, Seghir E, et al. COVID-19-induced acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: epidemiology, risk factors, and outcome. Acute Crit Care. 2021;36(4):308–16.) e Oriente Médio.(5555. Rahimzadeh H, Kazemian S, Rahbar M, Farrokhpour H, Montazeri M, Kafan S, et al. The Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes Associated with Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19: Data from a Large Cohort in Iran. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2021;46(5):620–8.

56. Elkholi MH, Alrais ZF, Algouhary AR, Al-Taie MS, Sawwan AA, Khalafalla AA, et al. Acute kidney injury in ventilated patients with coronavirus disease-2019 pneumonia: A single-center retrospective study. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2021;11(3):123–33.

57. Ghosn M, Attallah N, Badr M, Abdallah K, De Oliveira B, Nadeem A, et al. Severe acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes. J Clin Med. 2021;10(6):1217.
-5858. Kanbay M, Medetalibeyoglu A, Kanbay A, Cevik E, Tanriover C, Baygul A, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 2022;54(5):1097–104.) O país com maior número de publicações sobre LRA associada à COVID-19 foi a China, contemplando 27,3% (n = 12) dos artigos.(3131. Chan KW, Hung IF, Tsang OT, Wu TC, Tso EY, Lung KC, et al. Mass Screening Is Associated with Low Rates of Acute Kidney Injury among COVID-19 Patients in Hong Kong. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52(2):161–72.

32. Chen Z, Gao C, Yu H, Lu L, Liu J, Chen W, et al. Hypophosphatemia is an independent risk factor for AKI among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection. Ren Fail. 2021;43(1):1329–37.

33. Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang X, Wang K, Zhang N, Zhang M, et al. The Incidence, Risk Factors, and Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury in Adult Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15(10):1394–402.

34. Cui X, Yu X, Wu X, Huang L, Tian Y, Huang X, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with the coronavirus disease 2019: a multicenter study. kidney blood press res. 2020;45(4):612–22.

35. Dai Y, Liu Z, Du X, Wei H, Wu Y, Li H, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients infected with covid-19 from wuhan, china: a retrospective study. BioMed Res Int. 2021;2021:6655185.

36. Jin K, Xie T, Seery S, Ye L, Jiang J, Yang W, et al. Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: clinical outcomes and risk factors [preprint posted 30 Jun, 2020]. Res Sq. 2020. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37577/v1
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37577/v...

37. Li WX, Xu W, Huang CL, Fei L, Xie XD, Li Q, et al. Acute cardiac injury and acute kidney injury associated with severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(4):2114–22.

38. Peng S, Wang HY, Sun X, Li P, Ye Z, Li Q, et al. Early versus late acute kidney injury among patients with COVID-19-a multicenter study from Wuhan, China. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020;35(12):2095–102.

39. Sang L, Chen S, Zheng X, Guan W, Zhang Z, Liang W, et al. The incidence, risk factors and prognosis of acute kidney injury in severe and critically ill patients with COVID-19 in mainland China: a retrospective study. BMC Pulm Med. 2020;20(1):290.

40. Wang J, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Li H, Yuan X, Wang X, et al. Identify the risk factors of covid-19-related acute kidney injury: a single-center, retrospective cohort study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:436.

41. Wang RR, He M, Kang Y. A risk score based on procalcitonin for predicting acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021;35(6):e23805.
-4242. Xu J, Xie J, Du B, Tong Z, Qiu H, Bagshaw SM. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe COVID-19 induced acute kidney injury. J Intensive Care Med. 2021;36(3):319–26.) Todos os estudos foram observacionais, com predomínio de coorte 63,6% (n=28),(1616. de Almeida DC, Franco MD, Dos Santos DR, Santos MC, Maltoni IS, Mascotte F, et al. Acute kidney injury: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes in severe COVID-19 patients. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0251048.,1717. Doher MP, Carvalho FR, Scherer PF, Matsui TN, Ammirati AL, Silva BC, et al. Acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy in critically Ill COVID-19 patients: risk factors and outcomes: a single-center experience in Brazil. Blood Purif. 2021;50(4-5):520–30.,2020. Casas-Aparicio GA, León-Rodríguez I, Alvarado-de la Barrera C, González-Navarro M, Peralta-Prado AB, Luna-Villalobos Y, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with severe COVID-19 in Mexico. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246595.,2121. Martínez-Rueda AJ, Álvarez RD, Méndez-Pérez RA, Fernández-Camargo DA, Gaytan-Arocha JE, Berman-Parks N, et al. Community- and hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in COVID-19: different phenotypes and dismal prognosis. Blood Purif. 2021;50(6):931–41.,2323. Bowe B, Cai M, Xie Y, Gibson AK, Maddukuri G, Al-Aly Z. Acute kidney injury in a National Cohort of Hospitalized US veterans with COVID-19. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;16(1):14–25.,2828. See YP, Young BE, Ang LW, Ooi XY, Chan CP, Looi WL, et al. Risk factors for development of acute kidney injury in covid-19 patients: a retrospective observational cohort study. Nephron. 2021;145(3):256–64.,2929. Chebotareva N, Berns S, Berns A, Androsova T, Lebedeva M, Moiseev S. Acute kidney injury and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019: results from a cohort study of 1,280 patients. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2021;40(2):241–9.,3131. Chan KW, Hung IF, Tsang OT, Wu TC, Tso EY, Lung KC, et al. Mass Screening Is Associated with Low Rates of Acute Kidney Injury among COVID-19 Patients in Hong Kong. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52(2):161–72.

32. Chen Z, Gao C, Yu H, Lu L, Liu J, Chen W, et al. Hypophosphatemia is an independent risk factor for AKI among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection. Ren Fail. 2021;43(1):1329–37.
-3333. Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang X, Wang K, Zhang N, Zhang M, et al. The Incidence, Risk Factors, and Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury in Adult Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15(10):1394–402.,3535. Dai Y, Liu Z, Du X, Wei H, Wu Y, Li H, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients infected with covid-19 from wuhan, china: a retrospective study. BioMed Res Int. 2021;2021:6655185.

36. Jin K, Xie T, Seery S, Ye L, Jiang J, Yang W, et al. Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: clinical outcomes and risk factors [preprint posted 30 Jun, 2020]. Res Sq. 2020. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37577/v1
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37577/v...

37. Li WX, Xu W, Huang CL, Fei L, Xie XD, Li Q, et al. Acute cardiac injury and acute kidney injury associated with severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(4):2114–22.
-3838. Peng S, Wang HY, Sun X, Li P, Ye Z, Li Q, et al. Early versus late acute kidney injury among patients with COVID-19-a multicenter study from Wuhan, China. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020;35(12):2095–102.,4040. Wang J, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Li H, Yuan X, Wang X, et al. Identify the risk factors of covid-19-related acute kidney injury: a single-center, retrospective cohort study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:436.,4141. Wang RR, He M, Kang Y. A risk score based on procalcitonin for predicting acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021;35(6):e23805.,4343. Bell JS, James BD, Al-Chalabi S, Sykes L, Kalra PA, Green D. Community- versus hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in hospitalised COVID-19 patients. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):269.

44. Parker K, Hamilton P, Hanumapura P, Castelino L, Murphy M, Challiner R, et al. Chronic anticoagulation is not associated with a reduced risk of acute kidney injury in hospitalised Covid-19 patients. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):224.

45. Sullivan MK, Lees JS, Drake TM, Docherty AB, Oates G, Hardwick HE, Russell CD, Merson L, Dunning J, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Openshaw P, Harrison EM, Baillie JK; ISARIC4C Investigators; Semple MG, Ho A, Mark PB. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK Study: a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2022;37(2):271-84.
-4646. Lowe R, Ferrari M, Nasim-Mohi M, Jackson A, Beecham R, Veighey K, Cusack R, Richardson D, Grocott M, Levett D, Dushianthan A; University Hospital Southampton Critical Care Team and the REACT COVID investigators. Clinical characteristics and outcome of critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury: a single centre cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):92.,5151. Scarpioni R, Valsania T, Albertazzi V, Blanco V, DeAmicis S, Manini A, et al. Acute kidney injury, a common and severe complication in hospitalized patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Nephrol. 2021;34(4):1019–24.

52. Diebold M, Schaub S, Landmann E, Steiger J, Dickenmann M. Acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study from Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151(910):w20482.
-5353. Hardenberg JB, Stockmann H, Aigner A, Gotthardt I, Enghard P, Hinze C, et al. Critical Illness and Systemic Inflammation Are Key Risk Factors of Severe Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With COVID-19. Kidney Int Rep. 2021;6(4):905–15.,5555. Rahimzadeh H, Kazemian S, Rahbar M, Farrokhpour H, Montazeri M, Kafan S, et al. The Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes Associated with Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19: Data from a Large Cohort in Iran. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2021;46(5):620–8.

56. Elkholi MH, Alrais ZF, Algouhary AR, Al-Taie MS, Sawwan AA, Khalafalla AA, et al. Acute kidney injury in ventilated patients with coronavirus disease-2019 pneumonia: A single-center retrospective study. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2021;11(3):123–33.

57. Ghosn M, Attallah N, Badr M, Abdallah K, De Oliveira B, Nadeem A, et al. Severe acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes. J Clin Med. 2021;10(6):1217.

58. Kanbay M, Medetalibeyoglu A, Kanbay A, Cevik E, Tanriover C, Baygul A, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 2022;54(5):1097–104.
-5959. Kolhe NV, Fluck RJ, Selby NM, Taal MW. Acute kidney injury associated with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(10):e1003406.) 77,3% (n = 34) retrospectivos(1616. de Almeida DC, Franco MD, Dos Santos DR, Santos MC, Maltoni IS, Mascotte F, et al. Acute kidney injury: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes in severe COVID-19 patients. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0251048.

17. Doher MP, Carvalho FR, Scherer PF, Matsui TN, Ammirati AL, Silva BC, et al. Acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy in critically Ill COVID-19 patients: risk factors and outcomes: a single-center experience in Brazil. Blood Purif. 2021;50(4-5):520–30.
-1818. Neves PD, Sato VA, Mohrbacher S, Ferreira BM, Oliveira ES, Pereira LV, et al. Acute kidney injury due to COVID-19 in intensive care unit: an analysis from a latin-american center. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:620050.,2020. Casas-Aparicio GA, León-Rodríguez I, Alvarado-de la Barrera C, González-Navarro M, Peralta-Prado AB, Luna-Villalobos Y, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with severe COVID-19 in Mexico. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246595.,2121. Martínez-Rueda AJ, Álvarez RD, Méndez-Pérez RA, Fernández-Camargo DA, Gaytan-Arocha JE, Berman-Parks N, et al. Community- and hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in COVID-19: different phenotypes and dismal prognosis. Blood Purif. 2021;50(6):931–41.,2424. Fisher M, Neugarten J, Bellin E, Yunes M, Stahl L, Johns TS, et al. AKI in hospitalized patients with and without COVID-19: a comparison study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(9):2145-57.

25. Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Ross DW, Sharma P, Shah HH, Barnett RL, Hazzan AD, Fishbane S, Jhaveri KD; Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium; Northwell Nephrology COVID-19 Research Consortium. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;98(1):209-18.

26. Nimkar A, Naaraayan A, Hasan A, Pant S, Durdevic M, Suarez CN, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury and Its Effect on Mortality in Patients Hospitalized From COVID-19. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2020;4(6):687–95.

27. Zahid U, Ramachandran P, Spitalewitz S, Alasadi L, Chakraborti A, Azhar M, et al. Acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients: an inner city hospital experience and policy implications. Am J Nephrol. 2020;51(10):786–96.
-2828. See YP, Young BE, Ang LW, Ooi XY, Chan CP, Looi WL, et al. Risk factors for development of acute kidney injury in covid-19 patients: a retrospective observational cohort study. Nephron. 2021;145(3):256–64.,3030. Sarkisian DK, Chebotareva NV, McDonnell V, Oganesyan AV, Krasnova TN, Makarov EA. Risk factors for kidney damage in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Russ Open Med J. 2021;10(2):e0203.

31. Chan KW, Hung IF, Tsang OT, Wu TC, Tso EY, Lung KC, et al. Mass Screening Is Associated with Low Rates of Acute Kidney Injury among COVID-19 Patients in Hong Kong. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52(2):161–72.

32. Chen Z, Gao C, Yu H, Lu L, Liu J, Chen W, et al. Hypophosphatemia is an independent risk factor for AKI among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection. Ren Fail. 2021;43(1):1329–37.

33. Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang X, Wang K, Zhang N, Zhang M, et al. The Incidence, Risk Factors, and Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury in Adult Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15(10):1394–402.

34. Cui X, Yu X, Wu X, Huang L, Tian Y, Huang X, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with the coronavirus disease 2019: a multicenter study. kidney blood press res. 2020;45(4):612–22.

35. Dai Y, Liu Z, Du X, Wei H, Wu Y, Li H, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients infected with covid-19 from wuhan, china: a retrospective study. BioMed Res Int. 2021;2021:6655185.

36. Jin K, Xie T, Seery S, Ye L, Jiang J, Yang W, et al. Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: clinical outcomes and risk factors [preprint posted 30 Jun, 2020]. Res Sq. 2020. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37577/v1
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37577/v...

37. Li WX, Xu W, Huang CL, Fei L, Xie XD, Li Q, et al. Acute cardiac injury and acute kidney injury associated with severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(4):2114–22.

38. Peng S, Wang HY, Sun X, Li P, Ye Z, Li Q, et al. Early versus late acute kidney injury among patients with COVID-19-a multicenter study from Wuhan, China. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020;35(12):2095–102.

39. Sang L, Chen S, Zheng X, Guan W, Zhang Z, Liang W, et al. The incidence, risk factors and prognosis of acute kidney injury in severe and critically ill patients with COVID-19 in mainland China: a retrospective study. BMC Pulm Med. 2020;20(1):290.

40. Wang J, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Li H, Yuan X, Wang X, et al. Identify the risk factors of covid-19-related acute kidney injury: a single-center, retrospective cohort study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:436.

41. Wang RR, He M, Kang Y. A risk score based on procalcitonin for predicting acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021;35(6):e23805.

42. Xu J, Xie J, Du B, Tong Z, Qiu H, Bagshaw SM. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe COVID-19 induced acute kidney injury. J Intensive Care Med. 2021;36(3):319–26.

43. Bell JS, James BD, Al-Chalabi S, Sykes L, Kalra PA, Green D. Community- versus hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in hospitalised COVID-19 patients. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):269.
-4444. Parker K, Hamilton P, Hanumapura P, Castelino L, Murphy M, Challiner R, et al. Chronic anticoagulation is not associated with a reduced risk of acute kidney injury in hospitalised Covid-19 patients. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):224.,4646. Lowe R, Ferrari M, Nasim-Mohi M, Jackson A, Beecham R, Veighey K, Cusack R, Richardson D, Grocott M, Levett D, Dushianthan A; University Hospital Southampton Critical Care Team and the REACT COVID investigators. Clinical characteristics and outcome of critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury: a single centre cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):92.

47. Lumlertgul N, Pirondini L, Cooney E, Kok W, Gregson J, Camporota L, et al. Acute kidney injury prevalence, progression and long-term outcomes in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):123.

48. Geri G, Darmon M, Zafrani L, Fartoukh M, Voiriot G, Le Marec J, et al. Acute kidney injury in SARS-CoV2-related pneumonia ICU patients: a retrospective multicenter study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):86.

49. Joseph A, Zafrani L, Mabrouki A, Azoulay E, Darmon M. Acute kidney injury in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):117.

50. Alfano G, Ferrari A, Fontana F, Mori G, Magistroni R, Meschiari M, Franceschini E, Menozzi M, Cuomo G, Orlando G, Santoro A, Digaetano M, Puzzolante C, Carli F, Bedini A, Milic J, Coloretti I, Raggi P, Mussini C, Girardis M, Cappelli G, Guaraldi G; Modena Covid-19 Working Group (MoCo19). Incidence, risk factors and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with COVID-19. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2021;25(11):1203-14.

51. Scarpioni R, Valsania T, Albertazzi V, Blanco V, DeAmicis S, Manini A, et al. Acute kidney injury, a common and severe complication in hospitalized patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Nephrol. 2021;34(4):1019–24.

52. Diebold M, Schaub S, Landmann E, Steiger J, Dickenmann M. Acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study from Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151(910):w20482.
-5353. Hardenberg JB, Stockmann H, Aigner A, Gotthardt I, Enghard P, Hinze C, et al. Critical Illness and Systemic Inflammation Are Key Risk Factors of Severe Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With COVID-19. Kidney Int Rep. 2021;6(4):905–15.,5555. Rahimzadeh H, Kazemian S, Rahbar M, Farrokhpour H, Montazeri M, Kafan S, et al. The Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes Associated with Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19: Data from a Large Cohort in Iran. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2021;46(5):620–8.)e 2,3% (n = 1) prospectivos.(1919. Zamoner W, Santos CA, Magalhães LE, Oliveira PG, Balbi AL, Ponce D. Acute kidney injury in COVID-19: 90 days of the pandemic in a Brazilian Public Hospital. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:622577.) Todos os estudos incluídos apresentaram nível de evidência IV. Os dados extraídos dos estudos incluídos estão apresentados no quadro 2.

Quadro 2
Síntese dos artigos incluídos na revisão (n = 44)

O total de participantes incluídos nesta revisão compreendeu 78.467 pacientes, sendo a menor amostra entre os estudos individuais de 37(3030. Sarkisian DK, Chebotareva NV, McDonnell V, Oganesyan AV, Krasnova TN, Makarov EA. Risk factors for kidney damage in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Russ Open Med J. 2021;10(2):e0203.) pacientes e a maior de 41.294.(4545. Sullivan MK, Lees JS, Drake TM, Docherty AB, Oates G, Hardwick HE, Russell CD, Merson L, Dunning J, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Openshaw P, Harrison EM, Baillie JK; ISARIC4C Investigators; Semple MG, Ho A, Mark PB. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK Study: a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2022;37(2):271-84.) A mediana da idade foi maior que 36 anos para todos os estudos individuais e o sexo masculino foi predominante com 79,5% (n=35)(1717. Doher MP, Carvalho FR, Scherer PF, Matsui TN, Ammirati AL, Silva BC, et al. Acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy in critically Ill COVID-19 patients: risk factors and outcomes: a single-center experience in Brazil. Blood Purif. 2021;50(4-5):520–30.,1818. Neves PD, Sato VA, Mohrbacher S, Ferreira BM, Oliveira ES, Pereira LV, et al. Acute kidney injury due to COVID-19 in intensive care unit: an analysis from a latin-american center. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:620050.,2020. Casas-Aparicio GA, León-Rodríguez I, Alvarado-de la Barrera C, González-Navarro M, Peralta-Prado AB, Luna-Villalobos Y, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with severe COVID-19 in Mexico. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246595.

21. Martínez-Rueda AJ, Álvarez RD, Méndez-Pérez RA, Fernández-Camargo DA, Gaytan-Arocha JE, Berman-Parks N, et al. Community- and hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in COVID-19: different phenotypes and dismal prognosis. Blood Purif. 2021;50(6):931–41.

22. Azam TU, Shadid HR, Blakely P, O’Hayer P, Berlin H, Pan M, Zhao P, Zhao L, Pennathur S, Pop-Busui R, Altintas I, Tingleff J, Stauning MA, Andersen O, Adami ME, Solomonidi N, Tsilika M, Tober-Lau P, Arnaoutoglou E, Keitel V, Tacke F, Chalkias A, Loosen SH, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Eugen-Olsen J, Reiser J, Hayek SS; International Study of Inflammation in COVID-19. Soluble Urokinase Receptor (SuPAR) in COVID-19-Related AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(11):2725-35.
-2323. Bowe B, Cai M, Xie Y, Gibson AK, Maddukuri G, Al-Aly Z. Acute kidney injury in a National Cohort of Hospitalized US veterans with COVID-19. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;16(1):14–25.,2525. Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Ross DW, Sharma P, Shah HH, Barnett RL, Hazzan AD, Fishbane S, Jhaveri KD; Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium; Northwell Nephrology COVID-19 Research Consortium. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;98(1):209-18.

26. Nimkar A, Naaraayan A, Hasan A, Pant S, Durdevic M, Suarez CN, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury and Its Effect on Mortality in Patients Hospitalized From COVID-19. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2020;4(6):687–95.

27. Zahid U, Ramachandran P, Spitalewitz S, Alasadi L, Chakraborti A, Azhar M, et al. Acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients: an inner city hospital experience and policy implications. Am J Nephrol. 2020;51(10):786–96.

28. See YP, Young BE, Ang LW, Ooi XY, Chan CP, Looi WL, et al. Risk factors for development of acute kidney injury in covid-19 patients: a retrospective observational cohort study. Nephron. 2021;145(3):256–64.

29. Chebotareva N, Berns S, Berns A, Androsova T, Lebedeva M, Moiseev S. Acute kidney injury and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019: results from a cohort study of 1,280 patients. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2021;40(2):241–9.

30. Sarkisian DK, Chebotareva NV, McDonnell V, Oganesyan AV, Krasnova TN, Makarov EA. Risk factors for kidney damage in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Russ Open Med J. 2021;10(2):e0203.

31. Chan KW, Hung IF, Tsang OT, Wu TC, Tso EY, Lung KC, et al. Mass Screening Is Associated with Low Rates of Acute Kidney Injury among COVID-19 Patients in Hong Kong. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52(2):161–72.

32. Chen Z, Gao C, Yu H, Lu L, Liu J, Chen W, et al. Hypophosphatemia is an independent risk factor for AKI among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection. Ren Fail. 2021;43(1):1329–37.

33. Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang X, Wang K, Zhang N, Zhang M, et al. The Incidence, Risk Factors, and Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury in Adult Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15(10):1394–402.
-3434. Cui X, Yu X, Wu X, Huang L, Tian Y, Huang X, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with the coronavirus disease 2019: a multicenter study. kidney blood press res. 2020;45(4):612–22.,3737. Li WX, Xu W, Huang CL, Fei L, Xie XD, Li Q, et al. Acute cardiac injury and acute kidney injury associated with severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(4):2114–22.,3939. Sang L, Chen S, Zheng X, Guan W, Zhang Z, Liang W, et al. The incidence, risk factors and prognosis of acute kidney injury in severe and critically ill patients with COVID-19 in mainland China: a retrospective study. BMC Pulm Med. 2020;20(1):290.,4040. Wang J, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Li H, Yuan X, Wang X, et al. Identify the risk factors of covid-19-related acute kidney injury: a single-center, retrospective cohort study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:436.,4242. Xu J, Xie J, Du B, Tong Z, Qiu H, Bagshaw SM. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe COVID-19 induced acute kidney injury. J Intensive Care Med. 2021;36(3):319–26.

43. Bell JS, James BD, Al-Chalabi S, Sykes L, Kalra PA, Green D. Community- versus hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in hospitalised COVID-19 patients. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):269.
-4444. Parker K, Hamilton P, Hanumapura P, Castelino L, Murphy M, Challiner R, et al. Chronic anticoagulation is not associated with a reduced risk of acute kidney injury in hospitalised Covid-19 patients. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):224.,4646. Lowe R, Ferrari M, Nasim-Mohi M, Jackson A, Beecham R, Veighey K, Cusack R, Richardson D, Grocott M, Levett D, Dushianthan A; University Hospital Southampton Critical Care Team and the REACT COVID investigators. Clinical characteristics and outcome of critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury: a single centre cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):92.

47. Lumlertgul N, Pirondini L, Cooney E, Kok W, Gregson J, Camporota L, et al. Acute kidney injury prevalence, progression and long-term outcomes in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):123.

48. Geri G, Darmon M, Zafrani L, Fartoukh M, Voiriot G, Le Marec J, et al. Acute kidney injury in SARS-CoV2-related pneumonia ICU patients: a retrospective multicenter study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):86.

49. Joseph A, Zafrani L, Mabrouki A, Azoulay E, Darmon M. Acute kidney injury in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):117.
-5050. Alfano G, Ferrari A, Fontana F, Mori G, Magistroni R, Meschiari M, Franceschini E, Menozzi M, Cuomo G, Orlando G, Santoro A, Digaetano M, Puzzolante C, Carli F, Bedini A, Milic J, Coloretti I, Raggi P, Mussini C, Girardis M, Cappelli G, Guaraldi G; Modena Covid-19 Working Group (MoCo19). Incidence, risk factors and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with COVID-19. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2021;25(11):1203-14.,5252. Diebold M, Schaub S, Landmann E, Steiger J, Dickenmann M. Acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study from Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151(910):w20482.,5454. Trifi A, Abdellatif S, Masseoudi Y, Mehdi A, Benjima O, Seghir E, et al. COVID-19-induced acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: epidemiology, risk factors, and outcome. Acute Crit Care. 2021;36(4):308–16.

55. Rahimzadeh H, Kazemian S, Rahbar M, Farrokhpour H, Montazeri M, Kafan S, et al. The Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes Associated with Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19: Data from a Large Cohort in Iran. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2021;46(5):620–8.

56. Elkholi MH, Alrais ZF, Algouhary AR, Al-Taie MS, Sawwan AA, Khalafalla AA, et al. Acute kidney injury in ventilated patients with coronavirus disease-2019 pneumonia: A single-center retrospective study. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2021;11(3):123–33.

57. Ghosn M, Attallah N, Badr M, Abdallah K, De Oliveira B, Nadeem A, et al. Severe acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes. J Clin Med. 2021;10(6):1217.

58. Kanbay M, Medetalibeyoglu A, Kanbay A, Cevik E, Tanriover C, Baygul A, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 2022;54(5):1097–104.

59. Kolhe NV, Fluck RJ, Selby NM, Taal MW. Acute kidney injury associated with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(10):e1003406.
-6060. Fang Y, Gong AY, Haller ST, Dworkin LD, Liu Z, Gong R. The ageing kidney: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Ageing Res Rev. 2020;63:101151.)(Quadro 2). O tempo médio de internação geral foi de 14,8 dias, variando entre 2 a 51 dias, sendo o tempo de internação maior em pacientes com LRA, de acordo com os estudos que apresentavam essa informação.(1818. Neves PD, Sato VA, Mohrbacher S, Ferreira BM, Oliveira ES, Pereira LV, et al. Acute kidney injury due to COVID-19 in intensive care unit: an analysis from a latin-american center. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:620050.,2828. See YP, Young BE, Ang LW, Ooi XY, Chan CP, Looi WL, et al. Risk factors for development of acute kidney injury in covid-19 patients: a retrospective observational cohort study. Nephron. 2021;145(3):256–64.,2929. Chebotareva N, Berns S, Berns A, Androsova T, Lebedeva M, Moiseev S. Acute kidney injury and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019: results from a cohort study of 1,280 patients. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2021;40(2):241–9.,3131. Chan KW, Hung IF, Tsang OT, Wu TC, Tso EY, Lung KC, et al. Mass Screening Is Associated with Low Rates of Acute Kidney Injury among COVID-19 Patients in Hong Kong. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52(2):161–72.,3535. Dai Y, Liu Z, Du X, Wei H, Wu Y, Li H, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients infected with covid-19 from wuhan, china: a retrospective study. BioMed Res Int. 2021;2021:6655185.,4747. Lumlertgul N, Pirondini L, Cooney E, Kok W, Gregson J, Camporota L, et al. Acute kidney injury prevalence, progression and long-term outcomes in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):123.,5353. Hardenberg JB, Stockmann H, Aigner A, Gotthardt I, Enghard P, Hinze C, et al. Critical Illness and Systemic Inflammation Are Key Risk Factors of Severe Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With COVID-19. Kidney Int Rep. 2021;6(4):905–15.,5454. Trifi A, Abdellatif S, Masseoudi Y, Mehdi A, Benjima O, Seghir E, et al. COVID-19-induced acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: epidemiology, risk factors, and outcome. Acute Crit Care. 2021;36(4):308–16.,5757. Ghosn M, Attallah N, Badr M, Abdallah K, De Oliveira B, Nadeem A, et al. Severe acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes. J Clin Med. 2021;10(6):1217.

58. Kanbay M, Medetalibeyoglu A, Kanbay A, Cevik E, Tanriover C, Baygul A, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 2022;54(5):1097–104.
-5959. Kolhe NV, Fluck RJ, Selby NM, Taal MW. Acute kidney injury associated with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(10):e1003406.)

A frequência de LRA variou de 4%(3131. Chan KW, Hung IF, Tsang OT, Wu TC, Tso EY, Lung KC, et al. Mass Screening Is Associated with Low Rates of Acute Kidney Injury among COVID-19 Patients in Hong Kong. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52(2):161–72.) a 81%(4949. Joseph A, Zafrani L, Mabrouki A, Azoulay E, Darmon M. Acute kidney injury in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):117.) nos estudos individuais. Considerando a amostra total desta revisão (78467 pacientes com COVID-19), a frequência de LRA foi de 30%. A ocorrência de LRA foi associada a maior frequência de mortalidade.(1717. Doher MP, Carvalho FR, Scherer PF, Matsui TN, Ammirati AL, Silva BC, et al. Acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy in critically Ill COVID-19 patients: risk factors and outcomes: a single-center experience in Brazil. Blood Purif. 2021;50(4-5):520–30.,1818. Neves PD, Sato VA, Mohrbacher S, Ferreira BM, Oliveira ES, Pereira LV, et al. Acute kidney injury due to COVID-19 in intensive care unit: an analysis from a latin-american center. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:620050.,2020. Casas-Aparicio GA, León-Rodríguez I, Alvarado-de la Barrera C, González-Navarro M, Peralta-Prado AB, Luna-Villalobos Y, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with severe COVID-19 in Mexico. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246595.,2424. Fisher M, Neugarten J, Bellin E, Yunes M, Stahl L, Johns TS, et al. AKI in hospitalized patients with and without COVID-19: a comparison study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(9):2145-57.,2828. See YP, Young BE, Ang LW, Ooi XY, Chan CP, Looi WL, et al. Risk factors for development of acute kidney injury in covid-19 patients: a retrospective observational cohort study. Nephron. 2021;145(3):256–64.

29. Chebotareva N, Berns S, Berns A, Androsova T, Lebedeva M, Moiseev S. Acute kidney injury and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019: results from a cohort study of 1,280 patients. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2021;40(2):241–9.

30. Sarkisian DK, Chebotareva NV, McDonnell V, Oganesyan AV, Krasnova TN, Makarov EA. Risk factors for kidney damage in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Russ Open Med J. 2021;10(2):e0203.

31. Chan KW, Hung IF, Tsang OT, Wu TC, Tso EY, Lung KC, et al. Mass Screening Is Associated with Low Rates of Acute Kidney Injury among COVID-19 Patients in Hong Kong. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52(2):161–72.

32. Chen Z, Gao C, Yu H, Lu L, Liu J, Chen W, et al. Hypophosphatemia is an independent risk factor for AKI among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection. Ren Fail. 2021;43(1):1329–37.

33. Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang X, Wang K, Zhang N, Zhang M, et al. The Incidence, Risk Factors, and Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury in Adult Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15(10):1394–402.

34. Cui X, Yu X, Wu X, Huang L, Tian Y, Huang X, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with the coronavirus disease 2019: a multicenter study. kidney blood press res. 2020;45(4):612–22.

35. Dai Y, Liu Z, Du X, Wei H, Wu Y, Li H, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients infected with covid-19 from wuhan, china: a retrospective study. BioMed Res Int. 2021;2021:6655185.
-3636. Jin K, Xie T, Seery S, Ye L, Jiang J, Yang W, et al. Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: clinical outcomes and risk factors [preprint posted 30 Jun, 2020]. Res Sq. 2020. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37577/v1
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37577/v...
,3838. Peng S, Wang HY, Sun X, Li P, Ye Z, Li Q, et al. Early versus late acute kidney injury among patients with COVID-19-a multicenter study from Wuhan, China. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020;35(12):2095–102.,4040. Wang J, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Li H, Yuan X, Wang X, et al. Identify the risk factors of covid-19-related acute kidney injury: a single-center, retrospective cohort study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:436., 4242. Xu J, Xie J, Du B, Tong Z, Qiu H, Bagshaw SM. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe COVID-19 induced acute kidney injury. J Intensive Care Med. 2021;36(3):319–26.,4343. Bell JS, James BD, Al-Chalabi S, Sykes L, Kalra PA, Green D. Community- versus hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in hospitalised COVID-19 patients. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):269.,4646. Lowe R, Ferrari M, Nasim-Mohi M, Jackson A, Beecham R, Veighey K, Cusack R, Richardson D, Grocott M, Levett D, Dushianthan A; University Hospital Southampton Critical Care Team and the REACT COVID investigators. Clinical characteristics and outcome of critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury: a single centre cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):92.,4848. Geri G, Darmon M, Zafrani L, Fartoukh M, Voiriot G, Le Marec J, et al. Acute kidney injury in SARS-CoV2-related pneumonia ICU patients: a retrospective multicenter study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):86.

49. Joseph A, Zafrani L, Mabrouki A, Azoulay E, Darmon M. Acute kidney injury in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):117.

50. Alfano G, Ferrari A, Fontana F, Mori G, Magistroni R, Meschiari M, Franceschini E, Menozzi M, Cuomo G, Orlando G, Santoro A, Digaetano M, Puzzolante C, Carli F, Bedini A, Milic J, Coloretti I, Raggi P, Mussini C, Girardis M, Cappelli G, Guaraldi G; Modena Covid-19 Working Group (MoCo19). Incidence, risk factors and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with COVID-19. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2021;25(11):1203-14.

51. Scarpioni R, Valsania T, Albertazzi V, Blanco V, DeAmicis S, Manini A, et al. Acute kidney injury, a common and severe complication in hospitalized patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Nephrol. 2021;34(4):1019–24.
-5252. Diebold M, Schaub S, Landmann E, Steiger J, Dickenmann M. Acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study from Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151(910):w20482.,5454. Trifi A, Abdellatif S, Masseoudi Y, Mehdi A, Benjima O, Seghir E, et al. COVID-19-induced acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: epidemiology, risk factors, and outcome. Acute Crit Care. 2021;36(4):308–16.

55. Rahimzadeh H, Kazemian S, Rahbar M, Farrokhpour H, Montazeri M, Kafan S, et al. The Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes Associated with Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19: Data from a Large Cohort in Iran. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2021;46(5):620–8.
-5656. Elkholi MH, Alrais ZF, Algouhary AR, Al-Taie MS, Sawwan AA, Khalafalla AA, et al. Acute kidney injury in ventilated patients with coronavirus disease-2019 pneumonia: A single-center retrospective study. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2021;11(3):123–33.,5858. Kanbay M, Medetalibeyoglu A, Kanbay A, Cevik E, Tanriover C, Baygul A, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 2022;54(5):1097–104.,5959. Kolhe NV, Fluck RJ, Selby NM, Taal MW. Acute kidney injury associated with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(10):e1003406.) A mortalidade por todas as causas variou de 1%(3131. Chan KW, Hung IF, Tsang OT, Wu TC, Tso EY, Lung KC, et al. Mass Screening Is Associated with Low Rates of Acute Kidney Injury among COVID-19 Patients in Hong Kong. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52(2):161–72.,3737. Li WX, Xu W, Huang CL, Fei L, Xie XD, Li Q, et al. Acute cardiac injury and acute kidney injury associated with severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(4):2114–22.)a 60%.(5454. Trifi A, Abdellatif S, Masseoudi Y, Mehdi A, Benjima O, Seghir E, et al. COVID-19-induced acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: epidemiology, risk factors, and outcome. Acute Crit Care. 2021;36(4):308–16.,5656. Elkholi MH, Alrais ZF, Algouhary AR, Al-Taie MS, Sawwan AA, Khalafalla AA, et al. Acute kidney injury in ventilated patients with coronavirus disease-2019 pneumonia: A single-center retrospective study. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2021;11(3):123–33.) A mortalidade por LRA variou de 1%(2828. See YP, Young BE, Ang LW, Ooi XY, Chan CP, Looi WL, et al. Risk factors for development of acute kidney injury in covid-19 patients: a retrospective observational cohort study. Nephron. 2021;145(3):256–64.,3131. Chan KW, Hung IF, Tsang OT, Wu TC, Tso EY, Lung KC, et al. Mass Screening Is Associated with Low Rates of Acute Kidney Injury among COVID-19 Patients in Hong Kong. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52(2):161–72.)a 43%.(5656. Elkholi MH, Alrais ZF, Algouhary AR, Al-Taie MS, Sawwan AA, Khalafalla AA, et al. Acute kidney injury in ventilated patients with coronavirus disease-2019 pneumonia: A single-center retrospective study. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2021;11(3):123–33.) A letalidade variou de 3%(3737. Li WX, Xu W, Huang CL, Fei L, Xie XD, Li Q, et al. Acute cardiac injury and acute kidney injury associated with severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(4):2114–22.)a 85%.(5454. Trifi A, Abdellatif S, Masseoudi Y, Mehdi A, Benjima O, Seghir E, et al. COVID-19-induced acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: epidemiology, risk factors, and outcome. Acute Crit Care. 2021;36(4):308–16.) Três estudos(2222. Azam TU, Shadid HR, Blakely P, O’Hayer P, Berlin H, Pan M, Zhao P, Zhao L, Pennathur S, Pop-Busui R, Altintas I, Tingleff J, Stauning MA, Andersen O, Adami ME, Solomonidi N, Tsilika M, Tober-Lau P, Arnaoutoglou E, Keitel V, Tacke F, Chalkias A, Loosen SH, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Eugen-Olsen J, Reiser J, Hayek SS; International Study of Inflammation in COVID-19. Soluble Urokinase Receptor (SuPAR) in COVID-19-Related AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(11):2725-35.,4040. Wang J, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Li H, Yuan X, Wang X, et al. Identify the risk factors of covid-19-related acute kidney injury: a single-center, retrospective cohort study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:436.,4545. Sullivan MK, Lees JS, Drake TM, Docherty AB, Oates G, Hardwick HE, Russell CD, Merson L, Dunning J, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Openshaw P, Harrison EM, Baillie JK; ISARIC4C Investigators; Semple MG, Ho A, Mark PB. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK Study: a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2022;37(2):271-84.) não apresentaram dados de óbitos e, por isso, não foi possível fazer o cálculo de mortalidade e letalidade desses estudos individuais. Assim, 41 estudos(1616. de Almeida DC, Franco MD, Dos Santos DR, Santos MC, Maltoni IS, Mascotte F, et al. Acute kidney injury: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes in severe COVID-19 patients. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0251048.

17. Doher MP, Carvalho FR, Scherer PF, Matsui TN, Ammirati AL, Silva BC, et al. Acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy in critically Ill COVID-19 patients: risk factors and outcomes: a single-center experience in Brazil. Blood Purif. 2021;50(4-5):520–30.

18. Neves PD, Sato VA, Mohrbacher S, Ferreira BM, Oliveira ES, Pereira LV, et al. Acute kidney injury due to COVID-19 in intensive care unit: an analysis from a latin-american center. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:620050.

19. Zamoner W, Santos CA, Magalhães LE, Oliveira PG, Balbi AL, Ponce D. Acute kidney injury in COVID-19: 90 days of the pandemic in a Brazilian Public Hospital. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:622577.

20. Casas-Aparicio GA, León-Rodríguez I, Alvarado-de la Barrera C, González-Navarro M, Peralta-Prado AB, Luna-Villalobos Y, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with severe COVID-19 in Mexico. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246595.
-2121. Martínez-Rueda AJ, Álvarez RD, Méndez-Pérez RA, Fernández-Camargo DA, Gaytan-Arocha JE, Berman-Parks N, et al. Community- and hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in COVID-19: different phenotypes and dismal prognosis. Blood Purif. 2021;50(6):931–41.,2323. Bowe B, Cai M, Xie Y, Gibson AK, Maddukuri G, Al-Aly Z. Acute kidney injury in a National Cohort of Hospitalized US veterans with COVID-19. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;16(1):14–25.

24. Fisher M, Neugarten J, Bellin E, Yunes M, Stahl L, Johns TS, et al. AKI in hospitalized patients with and without COVID-19: a comparison study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(9):2145-57.

25. Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Ross DW, Sharma P, Shah HH, Barnett RL, Hazzan AD, Fishbane S, Jhaveri KD; Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium; Northwell Nephrology COVID-19 Research Consortium. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;98(1):209-18.

26. Nimkar A, Naaraayan A, Hasan A, Pant S, Durdevic M, Suarez CN, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury and Its Effect on Mortality in Patients Hospitalized From COVID-19. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2020;4(6):687–95.

27. Zahid U, Ramachandran P, Spitalewitz S, Alasadi L, Chakraborti A, Azhar M, et al. Acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients: an inner city hospital experience and policy implications. Am J Nephrol. 2020;51(10):786–96.

28. See YP, Young BE, Ang LW, Ooi XY, Chan CP, Looi WL, et al. Risk factors for development of acute kidney injury in covid-19 patients: a retrospective observational cohort study. Nephron. 2021;145(3):256–64.

29. Chebotareva N, Berns S, Berns A, Androsova T, Lebedeva M, Moiseev S. Acute kidney injury and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019: results from a cohort study of 1,280 patients. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2021;40(2):241–9.

30. Sarkisian DK, Chebotareva NV, McDonnell V, Oganesyan AV, Krasnova TN, Makarov EA. Risk factors for kidney damage in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Russ Open Med J. 2021;10(2):e0203.

31. Chan KW, Hung IF, Tsang OT, Wu TC, Tso EY, Lung KC, et al. Mass Screening Is Associated with Low Rates of Acute Kidney Injury among COVID-19 Patients in Hong Kong. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52(2):161–72.

32. Chen Z, Gao C, Yu H, Lu L, Liu J, Chen W, et al. Hypophosphatemia is an independent risk factor for AKI among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection. Ren Fail. 2021;43(1):1329–37.

33. Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang X, Wang K, Zhang N, Zhang M, et al. The Incidence, Risk Factors, and Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury in Adult Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15(10):1394–402.

34. Cui X, Yu X, Wu X, Huang L, Tian Y, Huang X, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with the coronavirus disease 2019: a multicenter study. kidney blood press res. 2020;45(4):612–22.

35. Dai Y, Liu Z, Du X, Wei H, Wu Y, Li H, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients infected with covid-19 from wuhan, china: a retrospective study. BioMed Res Int. 2021;2021:6655185.

36. Jin K, Xie T, Seery S, Ye L, Jiang J, Yang W, et al. Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: clinical outcomes and risk factors [preprint posted 30 Jun, 2020]. Res Sq. 2020. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37577/v1
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37577/v...

37. Li WX, Xu W, Huang CL, Fei L, Xie XD, Li Q, et al. Acute cardiac injury and acute kidney injury associated with severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(4):2114–22.

38. Peng S, Wang HY, Sun X, Li P, Ye Z, Li Q, et al. Early versus late acute kidney injury among patients with COVID-19-a multicenter study from Wuhan, China. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020;35(12):2095–102.
-3939. Sang L, Chen S, Zheng X, Guan W, Zhang Z, Liang W, et al. The incidence, risk factors and prognosis of acute kidney injury in severe and critically ill patients with COVID-19 in mainland China: a retrospective study. BMC Pulm Med. 2020;20(1):290.,4141. Wang RR, He M, Kang Y. A risk score based on procalcitonin for predicting acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021;35(6):e23805.

42. Xu J, Xie J, Du B, Tong Z, Qiu H, Bagshaw SM. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe COVID-19 induced acute kidney injury. J Intensive Care Med. 2021;36(3):319–26.
-4343. Bell JS, James BD, Al-Chalabi S, Sykes L, Kalra PA, Green D. Community- versus hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in hospitalised COVID-19 patients. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):269.) forneceram dados para o cálculo de mortalidade geral, mortalidade por LRA e letalidade para essa revisão. Em síntese, a taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com COVID-19 foi de 9%, a taxa de mortalidade por LRA foi de 5% e a letalidade de LRA foi de 18%. A mortalidade foi maior entre os indivíduos com LRA estágio 3 quando comparados à LRA estágio 1 e 2.(1616. de Almeida DC, Franco MD, Dos Santos DR, Santos MC, Maltoni IS, Mascotte F, et al. Acute kidney injury: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes in severe COVID-19 patients. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0251048.,2323. Bowe B, Cai M, Xie Y, Gibson AK, Maddukuri G, Al-Aly Z. Acute kidney injury in a National Cohort of Hospitalized US veterans with COVID-19. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;16(1):14–25.,2727. Zahid U, Ramachandran P, Spitalewitz S, Alasadi L, Chakraborti A, Azhar M, et al. Acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients: an inner city hospital experience and policy implications. Am J Nephrol. 2020;51(10):786–96.,3131. Chan KW, Hung IF, Tsang OT, Wu TC, Tso EY, Lung KC, et al. Mass Screening Is Associated with Low Rates of Acute Kidney Injury among COVID-19 Patients in Hong Kong. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52(2):161–72.,4545. Sullivan MK, Lees JS, Drake TM, Docherty AB, Oates G, Hardwick HE, Russell CD, Merson L, Dunning J, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Openshaw P, Harrison EM, Baillie JK; ISARIC4C Investigators; Semple MG, Ho A, Mark PB. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK Study: a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2022;37(2):271-84.,5757. Ghosn M, Attallah N, Badr M, Abdallah K, De Oliveira B, Nadeem A, et al. Severe acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes. J Clin Med. 2021;10(6):1217.)Os fatores associados à LRA contemplam: (1) características demográficas e clínicas, (2) biomarcadores e (3) tratamentos farmacológicos (Quadro 3).

Quadro 3
Fatores associados à LRA relatados nos artigos incluídos na revisão (n = 44)

Discussão

A presente revisão teve como objetivo identificar a frequência, a mortalidade, a letalidade e os principais fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de LRA em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 para o fortalecimento da prática baseada em evidências.

A partir desse conhecimento a equipe interdisciplinar, em especial a equipe de enfermagem, pode implementar na prática clínica ações mais assertivas de prevenção, diagnóstico precoce ou mesmo de limitação do progresso do dano renal, por meio do incremento de ações de monitoramento de parâmetros fisiológicos e da função renal, baseados na sistematização da assistência de enfermagem direcionada as necessidades específicas desta população.

A frequência de LRA secundária à COVID-19 apresentou bastante variação nos artigos analisados e uma frequência geral de 30%. É possível que essa diferença esteja relacionada às características demográficas e clínicas distintas entre as amostras, incluindo comorbidade mais prevalentes, momento da mensuração da creatinina sérica, severidade da COVID-19, bem como as diferentes proporções de pacientes críticos entre os estudos, incluindo a necessidade de hospitalização na UTI e de ventilação mecânica. O tempo de internação descrito em alguns estudos foi variável.(1818. Neves PD, Sato VA, Mohrbacher S, Ferreira BM, Oliveira ES, Pereira LV, et al. Acute kidney injury due to COVID-19 in intensive care unit: an analysis from a latin-american center. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:620050.,2828. See YP, Young BE, Ang LW, Ooi XY, Chan CP, Looi WL, et al. Risk factors for development of acute kidney injury in covid-19 patients: a retrospective observational cohort study. Nephron. 2021;145(3):256–64.,2929. Chebotareva N, Berns S, Berns A, Androsova T, Lebedeva M, Moiseev S. Acute kidney injury and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019: results from a cohort study of 1,280 patients. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2021;40(2):241–9.,3131. Chan KW, Hung IF, Tsang OT, Wu TC, Tso EY, Lung KC, et al. Mass Screening Is Associated with Low Rates of Acute Kidney Injury among COVID-19 Patients in Hong Kong. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52(2):161–72.,3535. Dai Y, Liu Z, Du X, Wei H, Wu Y, Li H, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients infected with covid-19 from wuhan, china: a retrospective study. BioMed Res Int. 2021;2021:6655185.,4747. Lumlertgul N, Pirondini L, Cooney E, Kok W, Gregson J, Camporota L, et al. Acute kidney injury prevalence, progression and long-term outcomes in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):123.,5353. Hardenberg JB, Stockmann H, Aigner A, Gotthardt I, Enghard P, Hinze C, et al. Critical Illness and Systemic Inflammation Are Key Risk Factors of Severe Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With COVID-19. Kidney Int Rep. 2021;6(4):905–15.,5555. Rahimzadeh H, Kazemian S, Rahbar M, Farrokhpour H, Montazeri M, Kafan S, et al. The Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes Associated with Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19: Data from a Large Cohort in Iran. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2021;46(5):620–8.,5757. Ghosn M, Attallah N, Badr M, Abdallah K, De Oliveira B, Nadeem A, et al. Severe acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes. J Clin Med. 2021;10(6):1217.

58. Kanbay M, Medetalibeyoglu A, Kanbay A, Cevik E, Tanriover C, Baygul A, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 2022;54(5):1097–104.
-5959. Kolhe NV, Fluck RJ, Selby NM, Taal MW. Acute kidney injury associated with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(10):e1003406.) Isso também pode ser explicado em parte pela heterogeneidade clínica entre as amostras, bem como pelo prolongamento do tempo de internação na vigência da LRA.(4646. Lowe R, Ferrari M, Nasim-Mohi M, Jackson A, Beecham R, Veighey K, Cusack R, Richardson D, Grocott M, Levett D, Dushianthan A; University Hospital Southampton Critical Care Team and the REACT COVID investigators. Clinical characteristics and outcome of critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury: a single centre cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):92.,5656. Elkholi MH, Alrais ZF, Algouhary AR, Al-Taie MS, Sawwan AA, Khalafalla AA, et al. Acute kidney injury in ventilated patients with coronavirus disease-2019 pneumonia: A single-center retrospective study. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2021;11(3):123–33.,6060. Fang Y, Gong AY, Haller ST, Dworkin LD, Liu Z, Gong R. The ageing kidney: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Ageing Res Rev. 2020;63:101151.,6161. Beyerstedt S, Casaro EB, Rangel EB. COVID-19: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and tissue susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;40(5):905–19.)

Diversos estudos apontam que a idade avançada está associada a maior chance de LRA em indivíduos com COVID-19,(2020. Casas-Aparicio GA, León-Rodríguez I, Alvarado-de la Barrera C, González-Navarro M, Peralta-Prado AB, Luna-Villalobos Y, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with severe COVID-19 in Mexico. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246595.,2222. Azam TU, Shadid HR, Blakely P, O’Hayer P, Berlin H, Pan M, Zhao P, Zhao L, Pennathur S, Pop-Busui R, Altintas I, Tingleff J, Stauning MA, Andersen O, Adami ME, Solomonidi N, Tsilika M, Tober-Lau P, Arnaoutoglou E, Keitel V, Tacke F, Chalkias A, Loosen SH, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Eugen-Olsen J, Reiser J, Hayek SS; International Study of Inflammation in COVID-19. Soluble Urokinase Receptor (SuPAR) in COVID-19-Related AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(11):2725-35.

23. Bowe B, Cai M, Xie Y, Gibson AK, Maddukuri G, Al-Aly Z. Acute kidney injury in a National Cohort of Hospitalized US veterans with COVID-19. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;16(1):14–25.

24. Fisher M, Neugarten J, Bellin E, Yunes M, Stahl L, Johns TS, et al. AKI in hospitalized patients with and without COVID-19: a comparison study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(9):2145-57.

25. Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Ross DW, Sharma P, Shah HH, Barnett RL, Hazzan AD, Fishbane S, Jhaveri KD; Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium; Northwell Nephrology COVID-19 Research Consortium. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;98(1):209-18.
-2626. Nimkar A, Naaraayan A, Hasan A, Pant S, Durdevic M, Suarez CN, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury and Its Effect on Mortality in Patients Hospitalized From COVID-19. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2020;4(6):687–95.,2828. See YP, Young BE, Ang LW, Ooi XY, Chan CP, Looi WL, et al. Risk factors for development of acute kidney injury in covid-19 patients: a retrospective observational cohort study. Nephron. 2021;145(3):256–64.,3030. Sarkisian DK, Chebotareva NV, McDonnell V, Oganesyan AV, Krasnova TN, Makarov EA. Risk factors for kidney damage in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Russ Open Med J. 2021;10(2):e0203.,3636. Jin K, Xie T, Seery S, Ye L, Jiang J, Yang W, et al. Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: clinical outcomes and risk factors [preprint posted 30 Jun, 2020]. Res Sq. 2020. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37577/v1
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37577/v...

37. Li WX, Xu W, Huang CL, Fei L, Xie XD, Li Q, et al. Acute cardiac injury and acute kidney injury associated with severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(4):2114–22.

38. Peng S, Wang HY, Sun X, Li P, Ye Z, Li Q, et al. Early versus late acute kidney injury among patients with COVID-19-a multicenter study from Wuhan, China. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020;35(12):2095–102.
-3939. Sang L, Chen S, Zheng X, Guan W, Zhang Z, Liang W, et al. The incidence, risk factors and prognosis of acute kidney injury in severe and critically ill patients with COVID-19 in mainland China: a retrospective study. BMC Pulm Med. 2020;20(1):290.,4141. Wang RR, He M, Kang Y. A risk score based on procalcitonin for predicting acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021;35(6):e23805.,4646. Lowe R, Ferrari M, Nasim-Mohi M, Jackson A, Beecham R, Veighey K, Cusack R, Richardson D, Grocott M, Levett D, Dushianthan A; University Hospital Southampton Critical Care Team and the REACT COVID investigators. Clinical characteristics and outcome of critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury: a single centre cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):92.

47. Lumlertgul N, Pirondini L, Cooney E, Kok W, Gregson J, Camporota L, et al. Acute kidney injury prevalence, progression and long-term outcomes in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):123.

48. Geri G, Darmon M, Zafrani L, Fartoukh M, Voiriot G, Le Marec J, et al. Acute kidney injury in SARS-CoV2-related pneumonia ICU patients: a retrospective multicenter study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):86.

49. Joseph A, Zafrani L, Mabrouki A, Azoulay E, Darmon M. Acute kidney injury in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):117.

50. Alfano G, Ferrari A, Fontana F, Mori G, Magistroni R, Meschiari M, Franceschini E, Menozzi M, Cuomo G, Orlando G, Santoro A, Digaetano M, Puzzolante C, Carli F, Bedini A, Milic J, Coloretti I, Raggi P, Mussini C, Girardis M, Cappelli G, Guaraldi G; Modena Covid-19 Working Group (MoCo19). Incidence, risk factors and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with COVID-19. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2021;25(11):1203-14.

51. Scarpioni R, Valsania T, Albertazzi V, Blanco V, DeAmicis S, Manini A, et al. Acute kidney injury, a common and severe complication in hospitalized patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Nephrol. 2021;34(4):1019–24.
-5252. Diebold M, Schaub S, Landmann E, Steiger J, Dickenmann M. Acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study from Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151(910):w20482.,5555. Rahimzadeh H, Kazemian S, Rahbar M, Farrokhpour H, Montazeri M, Kafan S, et al. The Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes Associated with Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19: Data from a Large Cohort in Iran. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2021;46(5):620–8.

56. Elkholi MH, Alrais ZF, Algouhary AR, Al-Taie MS, Sawwan AA, Khalafalla AA, et al. Acute kidney injury in ventilated patients with coronavirus disease-2019 pneumonia: A single-center retrospective study. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2021;11(3):123–33.

57. Ghosn M, Attallah N, Badr M, Abdallah K, De Oliveira B, Nadeem A, et al. Severe acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes. J Clin Med. 2021;10(6):1217.

58. Kanbay M, Medetalibeyoglu A, Kanbay A, Cevik E, Tanriover C, Baygul A, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 2022;54(5):1097–104.
-5959. Kolhe NV, Fluck RJ, Selby NM, Taal MW. Acute kidney injury associated with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(10):e1003406.) devido ao enfraquecimento da resposta imunológica, tornando-os mais suscetíveis à replicação viral, além do declínio funcional e alterações histológicas dos rins, acentuados por outras comorbidades.(88. Lin L, Wang X, Ren J, Sun Y, Yu R, Li K, et al. Risk factors and prognosis for COVID-19-induced acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2020;10(11):e042573.,6060. Fang Y, Gong AY, Haller ST, Dworkin LD, Liu Z, Gong R. The ageing kidney: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Ageing Res Rev. 2020;63:101151.) O sexo masculino foi reportado em vários estudos como fator associado à LRA,(2222. Azam TU, Shadid HR, Blakely P, O’Hayer P, Berlin H, Pan M, Zhao P, Zhao L, Pennathur S, Pop-Busui R, Altintas I, Tingleff J, Stauning MA, Andersen O, Adami ME, Solomonidi N, Tsilika M, Tober-Lau P, Arnaoutoglou E, Keitel V, Tacke F, Chalkias A, Loosen SH, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Eugen-Olsen J, Reiser J, Hayek SS; International Study of Inflammation in COVID-19. Soluble Urokinase Receptor (SuPAR) in COVID-19-Related AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(11):2725-35.

23. Bowe B, Cai M, Xie Y, Gibson AK, Maddukuri G, Al-Aly Z. Acute kidney injury in a National Cohort of Hospitalized US veterans with COVID-19. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;16(1):14–25.
-2424. Fisher M, Neugarten J, Bellin E, Yunes M, Stahl L, Johns TS, et al. AKI in hospitalized patients with and without COVID-19: a comparison study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(9):2145-57.,2727. Zahid U, Ramachandran P, Spitalewitz S, Alasadi L, Chakraborti A, Azhar M, et al. Acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients: an inner city hospital experience and policy implications. Am J Nephrol. 2020;51(10):786–96.,3535. Dai Y, Liu Z, Du X, Wei H, Wu Y, Li H, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients infected with covid-19 from wuhan, china: a retrospective study. BioMed Res Int. 2021;2021:6655185.,3737. Li WX, Xu W, Huang CL, Fei L, Xie XD, Li Q, et al. Acute cardiac injury and acute kidney injury associated with severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(4):2114–22.,4444. Parker K, Hamilton P, Hanumapura P, Castelino L, Murphy M, Challiner R, et al. Chronic anticoagulation is not associated with a reduced risk of acute kidney injury in hospitalised Covid-19 patients. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):224.,4848. Geri G, Darmon M, Zafrani L, Fartoukh M, Voiriot G, Le Marec J, et al. Acute kidney injury in SARS-CoV2-related pneumonia ICU patients: a retrospective multicenter study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):86.,5151. Scarpioni R, Valsania T, Albertazzi V, Blanco V, DeAmicis S, Manini A, et al. Acute kidney injury, a common and severe complication in hospitalized patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Nephrol. 2021;34(4):1019–24.,5252. Diebold M, Schaub S, Landmann E, Steiger J, Dickenmann M. Acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study from Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151(910):w20482.,5555. Rahimzadeh H, Kazemian S, Rahbar M, Farrokhpour H, Montazeri M, Kafan S, et al. The Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes Associated with Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19: Data from a Large Cohort in Iran. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2021;46(5):620–8.) sua associação pode ser explicada pela menor capacidade de eliminação do vírus SARS-CoV-2, maior prevalência de maus hábitos de vida (consumo de álcool e tabagismo) e maior expressão da ECA-2, o que pode contribuir para o agravamento dos sintomas e aumento a incidência de complicações como a LRA.(88. Lin L, Wang X, Ren J, Sun Y, Yu R, Li K, et al. Risk factors and prognosis for COVID-19-induced acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2020;10(11):e042573.,6161. Beyerstedt S, Casaro EB, Rangel EB. COVID-19: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and tissue susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;40(5):905–19.)

As populações negras/afro-americanas possuem maiores taxas de infecção por SARS-CoV-2.(2323. Bowe B, Cai M, Xie Y, Gibson AK, Maddukuri G, Al-Aly Z. Acute kidney injury in a National Cohort of Hospitalized US veterans with COVID-19. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;16(1):14–25.

24. Fisher M, Neugarten J, Bellin E, Yunes M, Stahl L, Johns TS, et al. AKI in hospitalized patients with and without COVID-19: a comparison study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(9):2145-57.

25. Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Ross DW, Sharma P, Shah HH, Barnett RL, Hazzan AD, Fishbane S, Jhaveri KD; Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium; Northwell Nephrology COVID-19 Research Consortium. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;98(1):209-18.
-2626. Nimkar A, Naaraayan A, Hasan A, Pant S, Durdevic M, Suarez CN, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury and Its Effect on Mortality in Patients Hospitalized From COVID-19. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2020;4(6):687–95.,4545. Sullivan MK, Lees JS, Drake TM, Docherty AB, Oates G, Hardwick HE, Russell CD, Merson L, Dunning J, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Openshaw P, Harrison EM, Baillie JK; ISARIC4C Investigators; Semple MG, Ho A, Mark PB. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK Study: a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2022;37(2):271-84.) Pesquisas indicam que o polimorfismo genético dos genes ACE2, IL-6 e AChE são mais prevalentes nas populações negras e esses fatores geram respostas desfavoráveis frente à infecção por COVID-19, tornando-os mais suscetíveis ao desenvolvimento de complicações.(6262. Vinciguerra M, Greco E. Sars-CoV-2 and black population: ACE2 as shield or blade? Infect Genet Evol. 2020;84:104361.,6363. Charoenngam N, Ilori TO, Holick MF, Hochberg NS, Apovian CM. Self-identified Race and COVID-19-Associated Acute Kidney Injury and Inflammation: a Retrospective Cohort Study of Hospitalized Inner-City COVID-19 Patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2021;36(11):3487–96.)

A severidade do quadro clínico está associado à disfunções orgânicas múltiplas e necessidade de suporte de manutenção de vida.(1717. Doher MP, Carvalho FR, Scherer PF, Matsui TN, Ammirati AL, Silva BC, et al. Acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy in critically Ill COVID-19 patients: risk factors and outcomes: a single-center experience in Brazil. Blood Purif. 2021;50(4-5):520–30.,1818. Neves PD, Sato VA, Mohrbacher S, Ferreira BM, Oliveira ES, Pereira LV, et al. Acute kidney injury due to COVID-19 in intensive care unit: an analysis from a latin-american center. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:620050.,2020. Casas-Aparicio GA, León-Rodríguez I, Alvarado-de la Barrera C, González-Navarro M, Peralta-Prado AB, Luna-Villalobos Y, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with severe COVID-19 in Mexico. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246595.

21. Martínez-Rueda AJ, Álvarez RD, Méndez-Pérez RA, Fernández-Camargo DA, Gaytan-Arocha JE, Berman-Parks N, et al. Community- and hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in COVID-19: different phenotypes and dismal prognosis. Blood Purif. 2021;50(6):931–41.
-2222. Azam TU, Shadid HR, Blakely P, O’Hayer P, Berlin H, Pan M, Zhao P, Zhao L, Pennathur S, Pop-Busui R, Altintas I, Tingleff J, Stauning MA, Andersen O, Adami ME, Solomonidi N, Tsilika M, Tober-Lau P, Arnaoutoglou E, Keitel V, Tacke F, Chalkias A, Loosen SH, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Eugen-Olsen J, Reiser J, Hayek SS; International Study of Inflammation in COVID-19. Soluble Urokinase Receptor (SuPAR) in COVID-19-Related AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(11):2725-35.,2525. Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Ross DW, Sharma P, Shah HH, Barnett RL, Hazzan AD, Fishbane S, Jhaveri KD; Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium; Northwell Nephrology COVID-19 Research Consortium. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;98(1):209-18.,2727. Zahid U, Ramachandran P, Spitalewitz S, Alasadi L, Chakraborti A, Azhar M, et al. Acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients: an inner city hospital experience and policy implications. Am J Nephrol. 2020;51(10):786–96.,3434. Cui X, Yu X, Wu X, Huang L, Tian Y, Huang X, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with the coronavirus disease 2019: a multicenter study. kidney blood press res. 2020;45(4):612–22.,4040. Wang J, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Li H, Yuan X, Wang X, et al. Identify the risk factors of covid-19-related acute kidney injury: a single-center, retrospective cohort study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:436.,4242. Xu J, Xie J, Du B, Tong Z, Qiu H, Bagshaw SM. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe COVID-19 induced acute kidney injury. J Intensive Care Med. 2021;36(3):319–26.,4343. Bell JS, James BD, Al-Chalabi S, Sykes L, Kalra PA, Green D. Community- versus hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in hospitalised COVID-19 patients. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):269.,4646. Lowe R, Ferrari M, Nasim-Mohi M, Jackson A, Beecham R, Veighey K, Cusack R, Richardson D, Grocott M, Levett D, Dushianthan A; University Hospital Southampton Critical Care Team and the REACT COVID investigators. Clinical characteristics and outcome of critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury: a single centre cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):92.,4848. Geri G, Darmon M, Zafrani L, Fartoukh M, Voiriot G, Le Marec J, et al. Acute kidney injury in SARS-CoV2-related pneumonia ICU patients: a retrospective multicenter study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):86.,4949. Joseph A, Zafrani L, Mabrouki A, Azoulay E, Darmon M. Acute kidney injury in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):117.,5151. Scarpioni R, Valsania T, Albertazzi V, Blanco V, DeAmicis S, Manini A, et al. Acute kidney injury, a common and severe complication in hospitalized patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Nephrol. 2021;34(4):1019–24.,5757. Ghosn M, Attallah N, Badr M, Abdallah K, De Oliveira B, Nadeem A, et al. Severe acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes. J Clin Med. 2021;10(6):1217.,5959. Kolhe NV, Fluck RJ, Selby NM, Taal MW. Acute kidney injury associated with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(10):e1003406.) A COVID-19 pode desencadear uma resposta imune desregulada associada à tempestade de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, com alteração da permeabilidade vascular renal e disfunção da microcirculação renal.(6464. Sze S, Pan D, Nevill CR, Gray LJ, Martin CA, Nazareth J, et al. Ethnicity and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;29:100630.,6565. Ng JH, Bijol V, Sparks MA, Sise ME, Izzedine H, Jhaveri KD. Pathophysiology and Pathology of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With COVID-19. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2020;27(5):365–76.)A tempestade citocinérgica avaliada através dos biomarcadores inflamatórios, como aumento da proteína C reativa (PCR), do d-dímero, da ferritina e do lactato desidrogenase foram associados à maior ocorrência de LRA em pacientes com COVID-19.(2222. Azam TU, Shadid HR, Blakely P, O’Hayer P, Berlin H, Pan M, Zhao P, Zhao L, Pennathur S, Pop-Busui R, Altintas I, Tingleff J, Stauning MA, Andersen O, Adami ME, Solomonidi N, Tsilika M, Tober-Lau P, Arnaoutoglou E, Keitel V, Tacke F, Chalkias A, Loosen SH, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Eugen-Olsen J, Reiser J, Hayek SS; International Study of Inflammation in COVID-19. Soluble Urokinase Receptor (SuPAR) in COVID-19-Related AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(11):2725-35.,2929. Chebotareva N, Berns S, Berns A, Androsova T, Lebedeva M, Moiseev S. Acute kidney injury and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019: results from a cohort study of 1,280 patients. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2021;40(2):241–9.

30. Sarkisian DK, Chebotareva NV, McDonnell V, Oganesyan AV, Krasnova TN, Makarov EA. Risk factors for kidney damage in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Russ Open Med J. 2021;10(2):e0203.

31. Chan KW, Hung IF, Tsang OT, Wu TC, Tso EY, Lung KC, et al. Mass Screening Is Associated with Low Rates of Acute Kidney Injury among COVID-19 Patients in Hong Kong. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52(2):161–72.

32. Chen Z, Gao C, Yu H, Lu L, Liu J, Chen W, et al. Hypophosphatemia is an independent risk factor for AKI among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection. Ren Fail. 2021;43(1):1329–37.
-3333. Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang X, Wang K, Zhang N, Zhang M, et al. The Incidence, Risk Factors, and Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury in Adult Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15(10):1394–402.,3737. Li WX, Xu W, Huang CL, Fei L, Xie XD, Li Q, et al. Acute cardiac injury and acute kidney injury associated with severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(4):2114–22.,3838. Peng S, Wang HY, Sun X, Li P, Ye Z, Li Q, et al. Early versus late acute kidney injury among patients with COVID-19-a multicenter study from Wuhan, China. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020;35(12):2095–102.,4141. Wang RR, He M, Kang Y. A risk score based on procalcitonin for predicting acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021;35(6):e23805.,4444. Parker K, Hamilton P, Hanumapura P, Castelino L, Murphy M, Challiner R, et al. Chronic anticoagulation is not associated with a reduced risk of acute kidney injury in hospitalised Covid-19 patients. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):224.,4646. Lowe R, Ferrari M, Nasim-Mohi M, Jackson A, Beecham R, Veighey K, Cusack R, Richardson D, Grocott M, Levett D, Dushianthan A; University Hospital Southampton Critical Care Team and the REACT COVID investigators. Clinical characteristics and outcome of critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury: a single centre cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):92.,4747. Lumlertgul N, Pirondini L, Cooney E, Kok W, Gregson J, Camporota L, et al. Acute kidney injury prevalence, progression and long-term outcomes in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):123.,5050. Alfano G, Ferrari A, Fontana F, Mori G, Magistroni R, Meschiari M, Franceschini E, Menozzi M, Cuomo G, Orlando G, Santoro A, Digaetano M, Puzzolante C, Carli F, Bedini A, Milic J, Coloretti I, Raggi P, Mussini C, Girardis M, Cappelli G, Guaraldi G; Modena Covid-19 Working Group (MoCo19). Incidence, risk factors and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with COVID-19. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2021;25(11):1203-14.,5252. Diebold M, Schaub S, Landmann E, Steiger J, Dickenmann M. Acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study from Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151(910):w20482.,5454. Trifi A, Abdellatif S, Masseoudi Y, Mehdi A, Benjima O, Seghir E, et al. COVID-19-induced acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: epidemiology, risk factors, and outcome. Acute Crit Care. 2021;36(4):308–16.,5555. Rahimzadeh H, Kazemian S, Rahbar M, Farrokhpour H, Montazeri M, Kafan S, et al. The Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes Associated with Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19: Data from a Large Cohort in Iran. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2021;46(5):620–8.,5858. Kanbay M, Medetalibeyoglu A, Kanbay A, Cevik E, Tanriover C, Baygul A, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 2022;54(5):1097–104.)

A progressão do quadro respiratório da COVID-19 para a Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório Agudo pode afetar os rins pelo crosstalk pulmão-rim.(22. Pecly IM, Azevedo RB, Muxfeldt ES, Botelho BG, Albuquerque GG, Diniz PH, et al. A review of Covid-19 and acute kidney injury: from pathophysiology to clinical results. J Bras Nefrol. 2021;43(4):551–71. Review.,66. Ahmadian E, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Razi Soofiyani S, Abediazar S, Shoja MM, Ardalan M, et al. Covid-19 and kidney injury: pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(3):e2176.,6666. Ronco C, Reis T. Kidney involvement in COVID-19 and rationale for extracorporeal therapies. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16(6):308–10.) A ventilação mecânica (VM) tem impacto negativo na oxigenação renal, sendo um fator de risco para LRA em decorrência da diminuição da perfusão renal secundária à redução do débito cardíaco e exacerbação do edema renal.(22. Pecly IM, Azevedo RB, Muxfeldt ES, Botelho BG, Albuquerque GG, Diniz PH, et al. A review of Covid-19 and acute kidney injury: from pathophysiology to clinical results. J Bras Nefrol. 2021;43(4):551–71. Review.,66. Ahmadian E, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Razi Soofiyani S, Abediazar S, Shoja MM, Ardalan M, et al. Covid-19 and kidney injury: pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(3):e2176.,6666. Ronco C, Reis T. Kidney involvement in COVID-19 and rationale for extracorporeal therapies. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16(6):308–10.)

A preexistência de comorbidades está associada a LRA, especialmente em pacientes com COVID-19 grave.(4646. Lowe R, Ferrari M, Nasim-Mohi M, Jackson A, Beecham R, Veighey K, Cusack R, Richardson D, Grocott M, Levett D, Dushianthan A; University Hospital Southampton Critical Care Team and the REACT COVID investigators. Clinical characteristics and outcome of critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury: a single centre cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):92.,5656. Elkholi MH, Alrais ZF, Algouhary AR, Al-Taie MS, Sawwan AA, Khalafalla AA, et al. Acute kidney injury in ventilated patients with coronavirus disease-2019 pneumonia: A single-center retrospective study. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2021;11(3):123–33.) A diabetes mellitus e hipertensão arterial geram alterações funcionais e estruturais em órgãos alvos, incluindo os rins, estes fatores podem elevar o risco de desenvolver LRA.(6767. Smarz-Widelska I, Grywalska E, Morawska I, Forma A, Michalski A, Mertowski S, et al. Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of COVID-19-related acute kidney injury-the current state of knowledge and future perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(13):7082.,6868. Rigonatto MC, Magro MC. Risk for acute kidney injury in primary health care. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71(1):20–5.)

Considerando os aspectos fisiopatológicos da COVID-19, o uso de medicamentos inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina (iECA) e bloqueador de receptor de angiotensina (BRA) aumentam a suscetibilidade à LRA na COVID-19.(2323. Bowe B, Cai M, Xie Y, Gibson AK, Maddukuri G, Al-Aly Z. Acute kidney injury in a National Cohort of Hospitalized US veterans with COVID-19. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;16(1):14–25.,2727. Zahid U, Ramachandran P, Spitalewitz S, Alasadi L, Chakraborti A, Azhar M, et al. Acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients: an inner city hospital experience and policy implications. Am J Nephrol. 2020;51(10):786–96.,2828. See YP, Young BE, Ang LW, Ooi XY, Chan CP, Looi WL, et al. Risk factors for development of acute kidney injury in covid-19 patients: a retrospective observational cohort study. Nephron. 2021;145(3):256–64.,3131. Chan KW, Hung IF, Tsang OT, Wu TC, Tso EY, Lung KC, et al. Mass Screening Is Associated with Low Rates of Acute Kidney Injury among COVID-19 Patients in Hong Kong. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52(2):161–72.,5252. Diebold M, Schaub S, Landmann E, Steiger J, Dickenmann M. Acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study from Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151(910):w20482.,5555. Rahimzadeh H, Kazemian S, Rahbar M, Farrokhpour H, Montazeri M, Kafan S, et al. The Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes Associated with Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19: Data from a Large Cohort in Iran. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2021;46(5):620–8.) Os iECA e os BRA afetam a hemodinâmica intrarrenal, são incluídos na etiologia pré-renal da LRA.(6969. Yu SM, Bonventre JV. Acute kidney injury and progression of diabetic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018;25(2):166–80.) Para compensar a perfusão renal diminuída, os rins ativam mecanismos para manter a taxa de filtração glomerular,(6969. Yu SM, Bonventre JV. Acute kidney injury and progression of diabetic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018;25(2):166–80.) as prostaglandinas atuam como vasodilatadores e assim aumentam a perfusão renal. Os anti-inflamatórios não-esteroidais (AINES) inibem esse mecanismo e alteram a hemodinâmica renal, dessa forma seu uso é fator associado à LRA. Pacientes com comprometimento renal crônico tem maior risco de agudização da doença.(6969. Yu SM, Bonventre JV. Acute kidney injury and progression of diabetic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018;25(2):166–80.)

A mortalidade apresentou taxas variadas entre os artigos analisados na presente revisão e essa diferença pode decorrer dos diferentes estágios de gravidade da LRA, da disponibilidade de recursos de terapia renal de substituição, do momento de diagnóstico da LRA e das comorbidade pré-existentes.(7070. Robbins-Juarez SY, Qian L, King KL, Stevens JS, Husain SA, Radhakrishnan J, et al. Outcomes for patients with COVID-19 and acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int Rep. 2020;5(8):1149–60.) Outros estudos relataram a associação da LRA com os óbitos hospitalares entre pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19.(7171. Mohamed MM, Lukitsch I, Torres-Ortiz AE, Walker JB, Varghese V, Hernandez-Arroyo CF, et al. Acute Kidney Injury Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Urban New Orleans. Kidney360. 2020;1(7):614–22.,7272. Tarragón B, Valdenebro M, Serrano ML, Maroto A, Llópez-Carratalá MR, Ramos A, et al. Acute Kidney Failure in patients admitted due to COVID-19. Nefrologia. 2021;41(1):34–40.) Os piores resultados em pacientes com LRA secundária à COVID-19 podem estar relacionados ao comprometimento da homeostase ácido-base, fluido e eletrólitos gerados pela doença renal em associação com a COVID-19.(7070. Robbins-Juarez SY, Qian L, King KL, Stevens JS, Husain SA, Radhakrishnan J, et al. Outcomes for patients with COVID-19 and acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int Rep. 2020;5(8):1149–60.) A mortalidade por LRA foi de 5% e a letalidade de LRA foi de 18%.

Por fim, cabe salientar que o vírus SARS-CoV-2 gera lesões indiretas aos rins, tanto por desencadear resposta imune exacerbada, quanto pelas disfunções circulatória e hipoxêmica associadas, causando lesão direta ao tecido renal. Considerando que alguns fatores como comorbidades preexistentes, sexo e etnia podem exacerbar essas disfunções, é importante o enfermeiro avaliar a presença destes fatores associados e prevenir a LRA prestando cuidados direcionados à prevenção, a minimização e ao impedimento da progressão do agravo, e constante reavaliação da efetividade dos cuidados implementados. É imprescindível à equipe de enfermagem o conhecimento de que pacientes com COVID-19 possuem vulnerabilidade para desenvolver LRA.(7373. Ouyang L, Gong Y, Zhu Y, Gong J. Association of acute kidney injury with the severity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;43:149–57.)

Como limitação desta revisão cita-se: (1) pesquisas majoritariamente decorrentes de casos e dados da primeira onda da pandemia, período no qual o conhecimento do vírus era incipiente e (2) poucos dados do impacto das novas cepas de SARS-CoV-2 no desenvolvimento da LRA, (3) sobrecarga dos sistemas de saúde e recursos humanos de saúde, (4) diferentes realidades de sistemas de saúde e por fim (5) impossibilidade de inferências sobre relações causais entre fatores de risco e LRA, em virtude dos delineamentos e temporalidade dos estudos.

Conclusão

A frequência de LRA em pacientes com COVID-19 variou de 4% a 81% nos estudos individuais e nessa revisão foi de 30%. A mortalidade por LRA variou de 1% a 43% nos estudos individuais e nessa revisão foi de 5%. A letalidade de LRA variou de 3% a 85% nos estudos individuais e nessa revisão foi de 18%. Os principais fatores associados à LRA foram idade avançada, sexo masculino, hipertensão arterial, doença renal crônica, necessidade de VM, aumento da PCR, uso de drogas vasoativas, iECA e BRA. O acometimento agudo dos rins de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 esteve relacionado ao aumento da taxa de mortalidade, principalmente naqueles com LRA estágio 3. Esta revisão apresenta um compilado de estudos de diversos países, em diferentes continentes. Engloba grande quantidade de pacientes, com LRA diagnosticada pelo KDIGO. Assim, achados da pesquisa auxiliam no mapeamento dos fatores relacionados ao desenvolvimento de LRA, considerando todas as peculiaridades da COVID-19. Fomenta o desenvolvimento de estudos mais direcionados e avançados sobre variáveis que tornam o indivíduo ou população específica mais suscetível. Contribui para as equipes de saúde através da compreensão dos fatores de risco e cuidado voltado para monitorização de fatores de maior relevância.

Agradecimentos

À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela bolsa de doutorado a Beatriz Regina Lima de Aguiar.

Referências

  • 1
    Abreu AP, Riella MC, Nascimento MM. The Brazilian Society of Nephrology and the Covid-19 Pandemic. J Bras Nefrol. 2020;42(2 Suppl 1):1–3.
  • 2
    Pecly IM, Azevedo RB, Muxfeldt ES, Botelho BG, Albuquerque GG, Diniz PH, et al. A review of Covid-19 and acute kidney injury: from pathophysiology to clinical results. J Bras Nefrol. 2021;43(4):551–71. Review.
  • 3
    Jose RJ, Manuel A. COVID-19 cytokine storm: the interplay between inflammation and coagulation. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(6):e46–7.
  • 4
    Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, et al. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;97(5):829–38.
  • 5
    Wang D, Yin Y, Hu C, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhou S, et al. Clinical course and outcome of 107 patients infected with the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, discharged from two hospitals in Wuhan, China. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):188.
  • 6
    Ahmadian E, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Razi Soofiyani S, Abediazar S, Shoja MM, Ardalan M, et al. Covid-19 and kidney injury: pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(3):e2176.
  • 7
    Ng JH, Hirsch JS, Hazzan A, Wanchoo R, Shah HH, Malieckal DA, Ross DW, Sharma P, Sakhiya V, Fishbane S, Jhaveri KD; Northwell Nephrology COVID-19 Research Consortium. Outcomes Among Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 and Acute Kidney Injury. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021;77(2):204-15.e1.
  • 8
    Lin L, Wang X, Ren J, Sun Y, Yu R, Li K, et al. Risk factors and prognosis for COVID-19-induced acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2020;10(11):e042573.
  • 9
    Cai X, Wu G, Zhang J, Yang L. Risk factors for acute kidney injury in adult patients with covid-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:719472.
  • 10
    Passoni R, Lordani TV, Peres LA, Carvalho AR. Occurrence of acute kidney injury in adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nefrologia (Engl Ed). 2022;42(4):404–14. Review.
  • 11
    Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Critical Appraisal Tools Joanna Briggs Institute. Adelaide: JBI; 2021 [cited 2023 Sep 20]. Available from: https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-tools
    » https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-tools
  • 12
    Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264–9.
  • 13
    KDIGO. Clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Supplements. 2012;2:124–38.
  • 14
    Ostermann M, Bellomo R, Burdmann EA, Doi K, Endre ZH, Goldstein SL, Kane-Gill SL, Liu KD, Prowle JR, Shaw AD, Srisawat N, Cheung M, Jadoul M, Winkelmayer WC, Kellum JA; Conference Participants. Controversies in acute kidney injury: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Conference. Kidney Int. 2020;98(2):294-309.
  • 15
    Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: a guide to best practice. 4ª ed. Filadélfia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2018.
  • 16
    de Almeida DC, Franco MD, Dos Santos DR, Santos MC, Maltoni IS, Mascotte F, et al. Acute kidney injury: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes in severe COVID-19 patients. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0251048.
  • 17
    Doher MP, Carvalho FR, Scherer PF, Matsui TN, Ammirati AL, Silva BC, et al. Acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy in critically Ill COVID-19 patients: risk factors and outcomes: a single-center experience in Brazil. Blood Purif. 2021;50(4-5):520–30.
  • 18
    Neves PD, Sato VA, Mohrbacher S, Ferreira BM, Oliveira ES, Pereira LV, et al. Acute kidney injury due to COVID-19 in intensive care unit: an analysis from a latin-american center. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:620050.
  • 19
    Zamoner W, Santos CA, Magalhães LE, Oliveira PG, Balbi AL, Ponce D. Acute kidney injury in COVID-19: 90 days of the pandemic in a Brazilian Public Hospital. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:622577.
  • 20
    Casas-Aparicio GA, León-Rodríguez I, Alvarado-de la Barrera C, González-Navarro M, Peralta-Prado AB, Luna-Villalobos Y, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with severe COVID-19 in Mexico. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246595.
  • 21
    Martínez-Rueda AJ, Álvarez RD, Méndez-Pérez RA, Fernández-Camargo DA, Gaytan-Arocha JE, Berman-Parks N, et al. Community- and hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in COVID-19: different phenotypes and dismal prognosis. Blood Purif. 2021;50(6):931–41.
  • 22
    Azam TU, Shadid HR, Blakely P, O’Hayer P, Berlin H, Pan M, Zhao P, Zhao L, Pennathur S, Pop-Busui R, Altintas I, Tingleff J, Stauning MA, Andersen O, Adami ME, Solomonidi N, Tsilika M, Tober-Lau P, Arnaoutoglou E, Keitel V, Tacke F, Chalkias A, Loosen SH, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Eugen-Olsen J, Reiser J, Hayek SS; International Study of Inflammation in COVID-19. Soluble Urokinase Receptor (SuPAR) in COVID-19-Related AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(11):2725-35.
  • 23
    Bowe B, Cai M, Xie Y, Gibson AK, Maddukuri G, Al-Aly Z. Acute kidney injury in a National Cohort of Hospitalized US veterans with COVID-19. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;16(1):14–25.
  • 24
    Fisher M, Neugarten J, Bellin E, Yunes M, Stahl L, Johns TS, et al. AKI in hospitalized patients with and without COVID-19: a comparison study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(9):2145-57.
  • 25
    Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Ross DW, Sharma P, Shah HH, Barnett RL, Hazzan AD, Fishbane S, Jhaveri KD; Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium; Northwell Nephrology COVID-19 Research Consortium. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;98(1):209-18.
  • 26
    Nimkar A, Naaraayan A, Hasan A, Pant S, Durdevic M, Suarez CN, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury and Its Effect on Mortality in Patients Hospitalized From COVID-19. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2020;4(6):687–95.
  • 27
    Zahid U, Ramachandran P, Spitalewitz S, Alasadi L, Chakraborti A, Azhar M, et al. Acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients: an inner city hospital experience and policy implications. Am J Nephrol. 2020;51(10):786–96.
  • 28
    See YP, Young BE, Ang LW, Ooi XY, Chan CP, Looi WL, et al. Risk factors for development of acute kidney injury in covid-19 patients: a retrospective observational cohort study. Nephron. 2021;145(3):256–64.
  • 29
    Chebotareva N, Berns S, Berns A, Androsova T, Lebedeva M, Moiseev S. Acute kidney injury and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019: results from a cohort study of 1,280 patients. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2021;40(2):241–9.
  • 30
    Sarkisian DK, Chebotareva NV, McDonnell V, Oganesyan AV, Krasnova TN, Makarov EA. Risk factors for kidney damage in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Russ Open Med J. 2021;10(2):e0203.
  • 31
    Chan KW, Hung IF, Tsang OT, Wu TC, Tso EY, Lung KC, et al. Mass Screening Is Associated with Low Rates of Acute Kidney Injury among COVID-19 Patients in Hong Kong. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52(2):161–72.
  • 32
    Chen Z, Gao C, Yu H, Lu L, Liu J, Chen W, et al. Hypophosphatemia is an independent risk factor for AKI among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection. Ren Fail. 2021;43(1):1329–37.
  • 33
    Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang X, Wang K, Zhang N, Zhang M, et al. The Incidence, Risk Factors, and Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury in Adult Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15(10):1394–402.
  • 34
    Cui X, Yu X, Wu X, Huang L, Tian Y, Huang X, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with the coronavirus disease 2019: a multicenter study. kidney blood press res. 2020;45(4):612–22.
  • 35
    Dai Y, Liu Z, Du X, Wei H, Wu Y, Li H, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients infected with covid-19 from wuhan, china: a retrospective study. BioMed Res Int. 2021;2021:6655185.
  • 36
    Jin K, Xie T, Seery S, Ye L, Jiang J, Yang W, et al. Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: clinical outcomes and risk factors [preprint posted 30 Jun, 2020]. Res Sq. 2020. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37577/v1
    » https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37577/v1
  • 37
    Li WX, Xu W, Huang CL, Fei L, Xie XD, Li Q, et al. Acute cardiac injury and acute kidney injury associated with severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(4):2114–22.
  • 38
    Peng S, Wang HY, Sun X, Li P, Ye Z, Li Q, et al. Early versus late acute kidney injury among patients with COVID-19-a multicenter study from Wuhan, China. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020;35(12):2095–102.
  • 39
    Sang L, Chen S, Zheng X, Guan W, Zhang Z, Liang W, et al. The incidence, risk factors and prognosis of acute kidney injury in severe and critically ill patients with COVID-19 in mainland China: a retrospective study. BMC Pulm Med. 2020;20(1):290.
  • 40
    Wang J, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Li H, Yuan X, Wang X, et al. Identify the risk factors of covid-19-related acute kidney injury: a single-center, retrospective cohort study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:436.
  • 41
    Wang RR, He M, Kang Y. A risk score based on procalcitonin for predicting acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021;35(6):e23805.
  • 42
    Xu J, Xie J, Du B, Tong Z, Qiu H, Bagshaw SM. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe COVID-19 induced acute kidney injury. J Intensive Care Med. 2021;36(3):319–26.
  • 43
    Bell JS, James BD, Al-Chalabi S, Sykes L, Kalra PA, Green D. Community- versus hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in hospitalised COVID-19 patients. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):269.
  • 44
    Parker K, Hamilton P, Hanumapura P, Castelino L, Murphy M, Challiner R, et al. Chronic anticoagulation is not associated with a reduced risk of acute kidney injury in hospitalised Covid-19 patients. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):224.
  • 45
    Sullivan MK, Lees JS, Drake TM, Docherty AB, Oates G, Hardwick HE, Russell CD, Merson L, Dunning J, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Openshaw P, Harrison EM, Baillie JK; ISARIC4C Investigators; Semple MG, Ho A, Mark PB. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK Study: a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2022;37(2):271-84.
  • 46
    Lowe R, Ferrari M, Nasim-Mohi M, Jackson A, Beecham R, Veighey K, Cusack R, Richardson D, Grocott M, Levett D, Dushianthan A; University Hospital Southampton Critical Care Team and the REACT COVID investigators. Clinical characteristics and outcome of critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury: a single centre cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):92.
  • 47
    Lumlertgul N, Pirondini L, Cooney E, Kok W, Gregson J, Camporota L, et al. Acute kidney injury prevalence, progression and long-term outcomes in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):123.
  • 48
    Geri G, Darmon M, Zafrani L, Fartoukh M, Voiriot G, Le Marec J, et al. Acute kidney injury in SARS-CoV2-related pneumonia ICU patients: a retrospective multicenter study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):86.
  • 49
    Joseph A, Zafrani L, Mabrouki A, Azoulay E, Darmon M. Acute kidney injury in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):117.
  • 50
    Alfano G, Ferrari A, Fontana F, Mori G, Magistroni R, Meschiari M, Franceschini E, Menozzi M, Cuomo G, Orlando G, Santoro A, Digaetano M, Puzzolante C, Carli F, Bedini A, Milic J, Coloretti I, Raggi P, Mussini C, Girardis M, Cappelli G, Guaraldi G; Modena Covid-19 Working Group (MoCo19). Incidence, risk factors and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with COVID-19. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2021;25(11):1203-14.
  • 51
    Scarpioni R, Valsania T, Albertazzi V, Blanco V, DeAmicis S, Manini A, et al. Acute kidney injury, a common and severe complication in hospitalized patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Nephrol. 2021;34(4):1019–24.
  • 52
    Diebold M, Schaub S, Landmann E, Steiger J, Dickenmann M. Acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study from Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151(910):w20482.
  • 53
    Hardenberg JB, Stockmann H, Aigner A, Gotthardt I, Enghard P, Hinze C, et al. Critical Illness and Systemic Inflammation Are Key Risk Factors of Severe Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With COVID-19. Kidney Int Rep. 2021;6(4):905–15.
  • 54
    Trifi A, Abdellatif S, Masseoudi Y, Mehdi A, Benjima O, Seghir E, et al. COVID-19-induced acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: epidemiology, risk factors, and outcome. Acute Crit Care. 2021;36(4):308–16.
  • 55
    Rahimzadeh H, Kazemian S, Rahbar M, Farrokhpour H, Montazeri M, Kafan S, et al. The Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes Associated with Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19: Data from a Large Cohort in Iran. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2021;46(5):620–8.
  • 56
    Elkholi MH, Alrais ZF, Algouhary AR, Al-Taie MS, Sawwan AA, Khalafalla AA, et al. Acute kidney injury in ventilated patients with coronavirus disease-2019 pneumonia: A single-center retrospective study. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2021;11(3):123–33.
  • 57
    Ghosn M, Attallah N, Badr M, Abdallah K, De Oliveira B, Nadeem A, et al. Severe acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes. J Clin Med. 2021;10(6):1217.
  • 58
    Kanbay M, Medetalibeyoglu A, Kanbay A, Cevik E, Tanriover C, Baygul A, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 2022;54(5):1097–104.
  • 59
    Kolhe NV, Fluck RJ, Selby NM, Taal MW. Acute kidney injury associated with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(10):e1003406.
  • 60
    Fang Y, Gong AY, Haller ST, Dworkin LD, Liu Z, Gong R. The ageing kidney: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Ageing Res Rev. 2020;63:101151.
  • 61
    Beyerstedt S, Casaro EB, Rangel EB. COVID-19: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and tissue susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;40(5):905–19.
  • 62
    Vinciguerra M, Greco E. Sars-CoV-2 and black population: ACE2 as shield or blade? Infect Genet Evol. 2020;84:104361.
  • 63
    Charoenngam N, Ilori TO, Holick MF, Hochberg NS, Apovian CM. Self-identified Race and COVID-19-Associated Acute Kidney Injury and Inflammation: a Retrospective Cohort Study of Hospitalized Inner-City COVID-19 Patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2021;36(11):3487–96.
  • 64
    Sze S, Pan D, Nevill CR, Gray LJ, Martin CA, Nazareth J, et al. Ethnicity and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;29:100630.
  • 65
    Ng JH, Bijol V, Sparks MA, Sise ME, Izzedine H, Jhaveri KD. Pathophysiology and Pathology of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With COVID-19. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2020;27(5):365–76.
  • 66
    Ronco C, Reis T. Kidney involvement in COVID-19 and rationale for extracorporeal therapies. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16(6):308–10.
  • 67
    Smarz-Widelska I, Grywalska E, Morawska I, Forma A, Michalski A, Mertowski S, et al. Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of COVID-19-related acute kidney injury-the current state of knowledge and future perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(13):7082.
  • 68
    Rigonatto MC, Magro MC. Risk for acute kidney injury in primary health care. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71(1):20–5.
  • 69
    Yu SM, Bonventre JV. Acute kidney injury and progression of diabetic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018;25(2):166–80.
  • 70
    Robbins-Juarez SY, Qian L, King KL, Stevens JS, Husain SA, Radhakrishnan J, et al. Outcomes for patients with COVID-19 and acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int Rep. 2020;5(8):1149–60.
  • 71
    Mohamed MM, Lukitsch I, Torres-Ortiz AE, Walker JB, Varghese V, Hernandez-Arroyo CF, et al. Acute Kidney Injury Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Urban New Orleans. Kidney360. 2020;1(7):614–22.
  • 72
    Tarragón B, Valdenebro M, Serrano ML, Maroto A, Llópez-Carratalá MR, Ramos A, et al. Acute Kidney Failure in patients admitted due to COVID-19. Nefrologia. 2021;41(1):34–40.
  • 73
    Ouyang L, Gong Y, Zhu Y, Gong J. Association of acute kidney injury with the severity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;43:149–57.

Editado por

Editor Associado (Avaliação pelos pares): Bartira de Aguiar Roza (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6445-6846) Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    04 Mar 2024
  • Data do Fascículo
    2024

Histórico

  • Recebido
    24 Nov 2022
  • Aceito
    16 Out 2023
Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo R. Napoleão de Barros, 754, 04024-002 São Paulo - SP/Brasil, Tel./Fax: (55 11) 5576 4430 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: actapaulista@unifesp.br