Coping strategies of nurses in hospital emergency care
                    services

Cross-sectional study with 89 nurses. Research instruments included a form to characterize the research subjects and the Ways of Coping Questionnaire by Folkman and Lazarus.

Results:

The most commonly used coping strategies were problem solving and positive reappraisal, whereas the least used was confrontation. The strategies of confrontation, positive reappraisal and escape-avoidance were associated with the male sex, not having a partner and working night shifts, respectively.

Conclusion:

Coping strategies can be aided by listening, monitoring, educational programs and creation of a space for discussion of work-related difficulties.

Keywords
Adaptation, psychological; Emergency nursing; Nursing staff; Skilled nursing facilities

Coping strategies	Mean score	Standard deviation	Median	Cronbach's alpha
Confrontation	0.78	0.87	0.50	0.50
Distancing	1.02	0.91	1.00	0.57
Self-control	1.41	0.97	1.20	0.34
Social support	1.50	0.91	1.50	0.42
Acceptance of responsibilities	1.44	0.92	1.57	0.60
Escape-avoidance	1.15	0.95	1.00	0.61
Problem solving	1.85	0.924	2.00	0.53
Positive reappraisal	1.55	0.952	1.66	0.60

Socio-demographic variables of family					Mean of the WCQ factors
Socio-demographic variables of family		Confrontation	Distancing	Self-control	Social support	Acceptance of responsibilities	Escape-avoidance	Problem solving	Positive reappraisal
Sex
	Male	0.95 (0.83)	0.94 (0.86)	1.42 (1.40)	1.54 (1.67)	1.50 (1.57)	1.22 (1.50)	1.88 (1.75)	1.66 (1.66)
	Female	0.71 (0.67)	1.05 (1.00)	1.40 (1.40)	1.48 (1.50)	1.40 (1.28)	1.13 (1.00)	1.86 (2.00)	1.49 (1.55)
	p-value^* * p-value as regards the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparison test (p<0.05);	0.018	0.217	0.881	0.470	0.467	0.514	1.000	0.142
Age group
	19-30	0.84 (0.67)	0.94 (1.00)	1.42 (1.40)	1.61 (1.67)	1.47 (1.35)	1.14 (1.00)	1.86 (1.75)	1.59 (1.55)
	31-40	0.76 (0.75)	1.01 (0.93)	1.36 (1.30)	1.48 (1.50)	1.41 (1.42)	1.22 (1.25)	1.89 (2.00)	1.49 (1.44)
	41-51	0.72 (0.67)	1.16 (1.00)	1.47 (1.40)	1.34 (1.33)	1.39 (1.28)	1.08 (1.00)	1.83 (1.75)	1.57 (1.66)
	p-value^* * p-value as regards the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparison test (p<0.05);	0.791	0.351	0.541	0.166	0.893	0.904	0.849	0.530
Has a partner
	Yes	0.70 (0.67)	0.98 (0.86)	1.40 (1.40)	1.40 (1.33)	1.36 (1.42)	1.24 (1.50)	1.80 (1.75)	1.44 (1.44)
	No	0.87 (0.83)	1.06 (1.00)	1.42 (1.30)	1.61 (1.67)	1.50 (1.49)	1.07 (1.00)	1.93 (2.00)	1.65 (1.66)
	p-value^ p-value as regards the Mann-Whitney test (p<0.05);	0.064	0.415	0.986	0.079	0.252	0.262	0.478	0.024
Professional category
	Nurse	0.96 (0.86)	1.04 (1.00)	1.49 (1.40)	1.62 (1.83)	1.58 (1.71)	1.38 (1.50)	1.78 (1.75)	1.59 (1.66)
	Nursing technician	0.75 (0.67)	1.03 (1.00)	1.38 (1.40)	1.47 (1.50)	1.38 (1.28)	1.08 (1.00)	1.91 (2.00)	1.56 (1.55)
	Nursing aide	0.55 (0.67)	0.90 (0.86)	1.35 (1.60)	1.35 (1.33)	1.42 (1.28)	1.16 (1.00)	1.72 (1.50)	1.30 (1.33)
	p-value^* * p-value as regards the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparison test (p<0.05);	0.057	0.699	0.865	0.191	0.281	0.311	0.460	0.212
Working time
	4 −11 months	0.93 (1.00)	0.96 (0.93)	1.52 (1.60)	1.62 (1.58)	1.47 (1.35)	0.68 (0.75)	1.93 (1.87)	1.38 (1.33)
	1-3 years	0.74 (0.67)	1.08 (1.00)	1.41 (1.40)	1.53 (1.50)	1.54 (1.57)	1.04 (1.00)	1.88 (2.00)	1.59 (1.55)
	4-6 years	0.69 (0.67)	0.91 (0.86)	1.30 (1.20)	1.56 (1.67)	1.39 (1.28)	1.44 (1.50)	1.63 (1.50)	1.59 (1.55)
	7-10 years	0.77 (0.75)	0.95 (0.93)	1.55 (1.40)	1.44 (1.58)	1.40 (1.35)	1.12 (1.25)	1.91 (1.75)	1.64 (1.83)
	11 years or more	0.87 (0.83)	1.07 (1.00)	1.36 (1.20)	1.38 (1.33)	1.30 (1.28)	1.31 (1.50)	1.97 (2.25)	1.42 (1.44)
	p-value^* * p-value as regards the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparison test (p<0.05);	0.795	0.847	0.541	0.687	0.546	0.191	0.519	0.476
Work shift^* ***** Different letters in the same column differ significantly according to Dunn's multiple comparison test (p <0.05).
	Morning	0.81 (0.67)	1.02 (1.00)	1.33 (1.20)	1.62 (1.67)	1.38 (1.28)	0.88 ± 1.00^ab	1.93 (2.00)	1.56 (1.55)
	Afternoon	0.87 (0.83)	1.04 (1.00)	1.57 (1.60)	1.46 (1.41)	1.52 (1.57)	1.19 ± 1.25^ab	1.76 (1.75)	1.59 (1.60)
	Night	0.70 (0.67)	1.03 (1.00)	1.30 (1.20)	1.46 (1.50)	1.42 (1.42)	1.46 (1.50)	1.91 (1.75)	1.51 (1.44)
	Morning and afternoon	0.62 (0.58)	0.78 (0.86)	1.60 (1.50)	1.25 (1.17)	1.24 (1.28)	0.37 ± 0.25^b	1.75 (1.75)	1.24 (1.44)
	p-value^* * p-value as regards the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparison test (p<0.05);	0.459	0.685	0.079	0.373	0.483	0.010	0.578	0.698

Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo R. Napoleão de Barros, 754, 04024-002 São Paulo - SP/Brasil, Tel./Fax: (55 11) 5576 4430 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: actapaulista@unifesp.br

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[1] Corresponding author Daniele Alcalá Pompeo, Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue, 5416, São José do Rio Preto, S P, Brazil. Zip Code: 15090-000, daniele.pompeo@famerp.br