Frontera et al., 5252 DelBruttoOH,RumbeaDA,RecaldeBY,MeraRM.Cognitive sequelae of long COVID may not be permanent: A prospective study. Eur J Neurol 2022;29(04):1218–1221. Doi: 10.1111/ene.15215
https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.15215...
(2022) |
6 and 12 months |
- |
Intubation
Worts SOFA score
Lowest oxygen saturation |
Severe
Light
Light |
Below-normal MoCA scores were observed in 50% of patients without cognitive impairment, regardless of the presence or absence of a neurological complication during hospitalization. But with improvement at six- and 12-month follow-up. |
Miskowiak et al.,4949 Miskowiak KW, Fugledalen L, Jespersen AE, et al. Trajectory of cognitive impairments over 1 year after COVID-19 hospitalisation: Pattern, severity, and functional implications. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022;59:82–92. Doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.04.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022...
(2022) |
12 months |
- |
- |
- |
Cognitive impairments were seen after 1 year in half of patients hospitalized with COVID-19, but the cognitive sequelae were stable over time from three months to one year after hospitalization. |
Crivelli et al.,1818 Crivelli L, Calandri I, Corvalán N, et al. Cognitive consequences of COVID-19: results of a cohort study from South America. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2022;80(03):240–247. Doi: 10.1590/0004-282XANP-2021-0320
https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-20...
(2022) |
average of 142 days |
- |
- |
- |
The results show that deficits can be identified predominantly in executive functions and attention and have a smaller effect on memory and language in outpatients who have had COVID-19. |
Pémille et al., 5454 Vialatte de Pémille C, Ray A, Michel A, et al. Prevalence and prospective evaluation of cognitive dysfunctions after SARS due to SARS-CoV-2 virus. The COgnitiVID study. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2022;178(08):802–807. Doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2022.03.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2022.03...
(2022) |
3 months |
-
|
Intubation
O2 Support |
Severe
Ligth |
At baseline the results showed severe acute cognitive dysfunction with abnormal scores on the global MMSE test, affecting mainly executive functions and episodic memory. All patients improved between baseline and follow-up evaluations. |
Cristillo et al.,1919 Cristillo V, Pilotto A, Piccinelli SC, et al. Predictors of “brain fog” 1 year after COVID-19 disease. Neurol Sci 2022;43(10):5795–5797. Doi: 10.1007/s10072-022-06285-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-022-06285...
(2022) |
12 months |
- |
- |
- |
Patients who reported cognitive deficits (n = 25) showed a decline in MoCA after one year of discharge. |
Larsson et al.,5555 Larsson IM, Hultström M, Lipcsey M, Frithiof R, Rubertsson S, Wallin E. Poor long-term recovery after critical COVID-19 during 12 months longitudinal follow-up. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2023; 74:103311. Doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2022.103311
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2022.1033...
(2022) |
4 and 12 months |
23 |
Invasive ventilation therapy |
Severe |
The results showed no improvements between the first and second follow-up. |
Kim et al., 5656 Kim Y, Kim SW, Chang HH, Kwon KT, Bae S, Hwang S. Significance and Associated Factors of Long-Term Sequelae in Patients after Acute COVID-19 Infection in Korea. Infect Chemother 2021;53 (03):463–476. Doi: 10.3947/ic.2021.0022
https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2021.0022...
(2021) |
12 months |
- |
- |
- |
Overall, 52.7% responders still experienced COVID-19-related persistent symptoms. The main symptoms were difficulty in concentration, cognitive dysfunction, amnesia, depression, fatigue, and anxiety |
Holdsworth et al., 3535 Holdsworth DA, Chamley R, Barker-Davies R, et al. Comprehensive clinical assessment identifies specific neurocognitive deficits in working-age patients with long-COVID. PLoS One 2022;17(06): e0267392. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267392
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.026...
(2022) |
> 3 months |
- |
- |
- |
69% reported ≥ 3 ongoing symptoms. Shortness of breath (61%), fatigue (54%) and cognitive problems (47%) were the most frequent symptoms, 17% met criteria for anxiety and 24% depression. |
Braga et al., 3636 Braga LW, Oliveira SB, Moreira AS, et al. Neuropsychological manifestations of long COVID in hospitalized and non-hospitalized Brazilian Patients. NeuroRehabilitation 2022;50(04):391–400. Doi: 10.3233/NRE-228020
https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-228020...
(2022) |
Average 8 months |
- |
Oxygen support
Orotracheal Intubation |
Ligth
Severe |
The results showed that previously hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 survivors had cognitive deficits, but a relevant difference for disease severity. |
Carrillo-Garcia et al.,3737 Carrillo-Garcia P, Garmendia-Prieto B, Cristofori G, Lozano-Montoya I, Gómez-Pavón J. Health impact on the elderly survivors of COVID-19: Six months follow up. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2022; 57(03):146–149. Doi: 10.1016/j.regg.2022.03.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regg.2022.03.0...
(2022) |
6 months |
- |
- |
- |
Of the survivors at 6 months, more than half of the sample had some of the following sequelae: dyspnea 20%, functional impairment 41.7%, cognitive impairment 31.3% or depressive symptoms 42.4%. |
Cecchetti et al.,3838 Cecchetti G, Agosta F, Canu E, et al. Cognitive, EEG, and MRI features of COVID-19 survivors: a 10-month study. J Neurol 2022; 269(07):3400–3412. Doi: 10.1007/s00415-022-11047-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-022-11047...
(2022) |
10 months |
- |
- |
- |
At follow-up, 36% of patients showed an impairment in at least one cognitive domain. 3%, 6% and 6% of patients showed an executive, memory and visual-spatial impairment, respectively, and 21% of subjects showed a multidomain impairment. |
Ferrucci et al.,3939 Ferrucci R, Dini M, Rosci C, et al. One-year cognitive follow-up of COVID-19 hospitalized patients. Eur J Neurol 2022;29(07): 2006–2014. Doi: 10.1111/ene.15324
https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.15324...
(2022) |
5 and 12 months |
12 |
Oxygen support |
Ligth |
Compared to the assessment at 5 months, verbal memory, attention, and processing speed improved significantly after 1 year, whereas visuospatial memory did not. The most affected domains after 1 year were processing speed, long-term visuospatial and verbal memory. |
Hadad et al.,4040 Hadad R, Khoury J, Stanger C, et al. Cognitive dysfunction following COVID-19 infection. J Neurovirol 2022;28(03):430–437. Doi: 10.1007/s13365-022-01079-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-022-01079...
(2022) |
7 months |
- |
Oxygen support |
Light |
On the MoCA test, executive functions, particularly phonemic fluency, and attention, were impaired. In contrast, the total MoCA score, and memory and orientation sub scores did not differ from expected ranges |
Jaquet et al., 5757 Jaquet P, Legouy C, Le Fevre L, et al. Neurologic Outcomes of Survivors of COVID-19-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Requiring Intubation. Crit Care Med 2022;50(08): e674–e682. Doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005500
https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.000000000000...
(2022) |
3 and 6 months |
36 |
Invasive mechanical ventilation |
Severe |
MOCA was 26 (23–28.5), and cognitive impairment was reported in 17 patients. The most affected domain was delayed recall with a score of 4 (2–4) in a scale of 0–5. |
Liu et al., 5858 Liu YH, Chen Y, Wang QH, et al. One-Year Trajectory of Cognitive Changes in Older Survivors of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. JAMA Neurol 2022;79(05):509–517. Doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0461
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2022....
(2022) |
6 and 12 months |
- |
- |
- |
The incidence of cognitive impairment in survivors 12 months after discharge was 12.45%. Severe COVID-19 was associated with a higher risk of early-onset cognitive decline, late-onset cognitive decline, and progressive cognitive decline, while no severe COVID-19 was associated with a higher risk of early-onset cognitive decline |
Mattioli et al., 5959 Mattioli F, Stampatori C, Righetti F, Sala E, Tomasi C, De Palma G. Neurological and cognitive sequelae of Covid-19: a four month follow-up. J Neurol 2021;268(12):4422–4428. Doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10579-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-021-10579...
(2021) |
4 months |
- |
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
Mechanical ventilation
O2 support |
Light
Light
Light |
MMSE resulted within normal limits in all patients, with a statistically significant lower score in ICU patients and the raw mean scores of all the neuropsychological tests resulted significantly lower in ICU than in non-ICU patients. |
Nersesjan et al.,6262 Nersesjan V, Fonsmark L, Christensen RHB, et al. Neuropsychiatric and Cognitive Outcomes in Patients 6 Months After COVID-19 Requiring Hospitalization Compared With Matched Control Patients Hospitalized for Non-COVID-19 Illness. JAMA Psychiatry 2022;79(05):486–497. Doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0284
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2...
(2022) |
6 months |
- |
- |
- |
The cognitive status improved substantially, from 19.2 (95% CI, 15.2-23.2) at discharge to 26.1 (95% CI, 23.1-29.1) for 15 patients with COVID-19 with MoCA evaluations from hospital discharge. |
Ollila et al.,6363 Ollila H, Pihlaja R, Koskinen S, et al. Long-term cognitive functioning is impaired in ICU-treated COVID-19 patients: a comprehensive controlled neuropsychological study. Crit Care 2022;26 (01):223. Doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-04092-z
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-022-04092...
(2022) |
6 months |
20 |
Invasive mechanical ventilation |
Severe |
The total cognitive score at six months post-COVID differed between the groups (Home group, Hospitalized non-ICU group (WARD) and ICU group). In pairwise comparisons, both ICU and WARD patients performed worse than home group. |
Stavem et al.,4141 Stavem K, Einvik G, Tholin B, Ghanima W, Hessen E, Lundqvist C. Cognitive function in non-hospitalized patients 8-13 months after acute COVID-19 infection: A cohort study in Norway. PLoS One 2022;17(08):e0273352. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273352
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.027...
(2022) |
8 to 13 months |
- |
- |
- |
The proportion of respondents with z-scores lower than -1.5 was similarly small, though with larger effects in post hoc analyses of executive function among older respondents. |
Vannorsdall et al.,4242 Vannorsdall T, Oh ES. Post-acute cognitive and mental health outcomes amongst COVID-19 survivors: early findings and a call for further investigation. J Intern Med 2021;290(03):752–754. Doi: 10.1111/joim.13271
https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13271...
(2021) |
4 months |
- |
- |
- |
Cognitive deficits were widespread in those with and without ICU stays and occurred most on measures of oral processing speed and verbal fluency as well as learning and memory. Patients requiring at least 48 hours of ICU care demonstrated poorer global cognition and in the executive functioning and working memory. |
| Kay et al.,2020 Kay CD, Costa AS, Vannorsdall TD, et al. Neuropsychological Outcomes of COVID-19: A Multicenter, Cross-Cultural Study of Patients Referred for Outpatient Assessment. COVID 2022;2(09):1253–1264 (2022) |
average 7 months |
- |
- |
- |
Cognitive deficits were in processing speed, followed by executive functions and attention/working memory; there was more variability in findings about memory (encoding and delayed memory) and language/semantic access domains across sites. |
Priftis et al., 2121 Priftis K, Velardo V, Vascello MGF, et al. Limited evidence for neuropsychological dysfunction in patients initially affected by severe COVID-19. Neurol Sci 2022;43(12):6661–6663. Doi: 10.1007/s10072-022-06373-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-022-06373...
(2022) |
average 2 months |
- |
Tracheostomy
Artificial ventilation |
Severe
Severe |
None of the patients showed impaired performance on measures assessing overall cognitive status, visuo-spatial short-term/working memory, and language production (semantic fluency). |
Hartung et al.,6060 Hartung TJ, Neumann C, Bahmer T, et al. Fatigue and cognitive impairment after COVID-19: A prospective multicentre study. EClinicalMedicine 2022;53:101651.Doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101651
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.10...
(2022) |
6 months |
- |
- |
- |
26% of patients had mild and 1% had moderate cognitive impairment |
Del Brutto et al., 5252 DelBruttoOH,RumbeaDA,RecaldeBY,MeraRM.Cognitive sequelae of long COVID may not be permanent: A prospective study. Eur J Neurol 2022;29(04):1218–1221. Doi: 10.1111/ene.15215
https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.15215...
(2022) |
6 and 18 months |
– |
Mild symptomatic infections
No infection |
Light
Negative |
The post-pandemic cognitive decline seen after 6 months occurred primarily in individuals who had COVID-19. After 18 months, the difference in the total MoCA score was not significant between the groups. |
Delgado-Alonso et al., 2222 Delgado-Alonso C, Valles-Salgado M, Delgado-Álvarez A, et al. Cognitive dysfunction associated with COVID-19: A comprehensive neuropsychological study. J Psychiatr Res 2022;150:40–46. Doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.03.033
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.202...
(2022) |
> 9 months |
average of 19 |
Ventilatory assistance |
Light |
COVID-19 patients showed decreased performance on tests of attention and executive function, processing speed, working memory, and inhibition; episodic memory; and visuospatial processing. |
Zhao et al., 2323 Zhao S, Shibata K, Hellyer PJ, et al. Rapid vigilance and episodic memory decrements in COVID-19 survivors. Brain Commun 2022;4(01):fcab295. Doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab295
https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcab2...
(2022) |
> 4 months |
– |
– |
– |
COVID-19 survivors performed well on most of the cognitive skills tested, including working memory, executive function, planning and mental rotation. They showed changes in episodic memory tests (up to 6 months after infection) and surveillance (up to 9 months). |
Latronico et al.,6161 Latronico N, Peli E, Calza S, et al; LOTO Investigators. Physical, cognitive and mental health outcomes in 1-year survivors of COVID-19-associated ARDS. Thorax 2022;77(03):300–303. Doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-218064
https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-2...
(2022) |
3, 6 and 12 months |
- |
Mechanical Ventilation
Tracheostomy |
Severe
Severe |
During the evaluations, the prevalence of cognitive deficit in the MoCA exam decreased. At three months there were 23 patients and at 12 months there were seven. |
Bonizzato et al., 4444 Bonizzato S, Ghiggia A, Ferraro F, Galante E. Cognitive, behavioral, and psychological manifestations of COVID-19 in post-acute rehabilitation setting: preliminary data of an observational study. Neurol Sci 2022;43(01):51–58. Doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05653-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05653...
(2022) |
3 months |
- |
- |
- |
No significant differences were found over time (T0, T1 and T2) to the screening test, but between T0 and T1, the mean scores at MoCA showed a slight difference. |
Pilotto et al., 4545 Pilotto A, Cristillo V, Cotti Piccinelli S, et al. Long-term neurological manifestations of COVID-19: prevalence and predictive factors. Neurol Sci 2021;42(12):4903–4907. Doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05586-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05586...
(2021) |
6 months |
average of 11.6 |
Oxygen support
Non-invasive ventilation
Intubation |
Ligth
Moderate
Severe |
At neurological examination, 40% of patients exhibited neurological abnormalities, such as hyposmia (18.0%), cognitive deficits (17.5%), postural tremor (13.8%) and subtle motor/sensory deficits |
Albu et al., 2424 Albu S, Zozaya NR, Murillo N, García-Molina A, Chacón CAF, Kumru H. What’s going on following acute covid-19? Clinical characteristics of patients in an out-patient rehabilitation program. NeuroRehabilitation 2021;48(04):469–480. Doi: 10.3233/NRE-210025
https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-210025...
(2021) |
> 3 months |
average of 26 |
O2 Support
Non-invasive ventilation
Invasive ventilation |
Light
Moderate
Severe |
In patients who received respiratory assistance, persistent cognitive deficits (difficulties in concentration, short-term memory impairment) occurred after recovery. However, there was no difference between the group that did not receive assistance. |
Alemanno et al.,4646 Alemanno F, Houdayer E, Parma A, et al. COVID-19 cognitive deficits after respiratory assistance in the subacute phase: A COVID-rehabilitation unit experience. PLoS One 2021;16(02): e0246590. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246590
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
(2021) |
1 month |
80 |
Orotracheal intubation and ventilation
Non-invasive ventilation
Oxygen therapy with masks
Did not need oxygen |
Severe
Moderate
Moderate
Light |
The orotracheal intubation and ventilation group scored higher than the oxygen therapy group on tests of executive functions, naming, short- and long-term memory, abstraction, and orientation. |
Becker et al.,2525 Becker JH, Lin JJ, Doernberg M, et al. Assessment of Cognitive Function in Patients After COVID-19 Infection. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4(10):e2130645. Doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30645
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen....
(2021) |
> 7 months |
– |
– |
– |
Hospitalized patients were more likely to have deficits in attention, executive functioning, categorical verbal fluency, and episodic memory than those in the outpatient group. Patients treated in the emergency department were more likely to have impaired categorical verbal fluency and memory than those treated in the outpatient clinic. |
Carrillo-Garcia et al., 4747 Carrillo-Garcia P, Garmendia-Prieto B, Cristofori G, et al. Health status in survivors older than 70 years after hospitalization with COVID-19: observational follow-up study at 3 months. Eur Geriatr Med 2021;12(05):1091–1094. Doi: 10.1007/s41999-021-00516-1
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-021-00516...
(2021) |
3 months |
15 |
– |
– |
The results showed that among the survivors, two out of three patients continued to have physical disability, cognitive impairment or affective complaints or anorexia. |
Dressing et al., 4848 Dressing A, Bormann T, Blazhenets G, et al. Neuropsychologic Profiles and Cerebral Glucose Metabolismin Neurocognitive Long COVID Syndrome. J Nucl Med 2022;63(07):1058–1063. Doi: 10.2967/jnumed.121.262677
https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.121.26267...
(2022) |
> 3 months |
– |
– |
– |
Patients who had COVID-19 performed above normal in all cognitive domains (verbal memory, visual memory, processing speed, attention, executive function) and on the total MoCA score. |
Hosp et al., 2626 Hosp JA, Dressing A, Blazhenets G, et al. Cognitive impairment and altered cerebral glucose metabolism in the subacute stage of COVID-19. Brain 2021;144(04):1263–1276. Doi: 10.1093/brain/awab009
https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab009...
(2021) |
1 month |
– |
Only observation
Non-invasive ventilation
Endotracheal ventilation |
Light
Moderate
Severe |
MoCA performance was altered in 18/26 patients (mean score 21.8/30) with greater impairment in frontoparietal cognitive functions |
Lamontagne et al., 2727 Lamontagne SJ, Winters MF, Pizzagalli DA, Olmstead MC. Postacute sequelae of COVID-19: Evidence of mood & cognitive impairment. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021;17:100347. Doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100347
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2021.1003...
(2021) |
> 4 months |
– |
Asymptomatic
Mild symptomatic infections |
Asymptomatic
Light |
Individuals with mild symptomatic infections (post-COVID-19) had impairment in executive functioning but not in attentional orientation or alertness, highlighting the specificity of post-infection cognitive dysfunction. |
Liu et al.,2828 Liu YH,Wang YR,Wang QH, et al. Post-infection cognitive impairments in a cohort of elderly patients with COVID-19. Mol Neurodegener 2021;16(01):48. Doi: 10.1186/s13024-021-00469-w
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-021-00469...
(2021) |
6 months |
– |
Mechanical ventilation
High Flow Oxygen Therapy |
Moderate
Severe |
COVID-19 patients had worse cognitive performance 6 months after recovery. In addition, high-flow oxygen therapy during the acute phase of COVID-19, which can alleviate oxygen deficiency, may protect against post-infection cognitive decline. |
Miskowiak et al.,3434 Miskowiak KW, Johnsen S, Sattler SM, et al. Cognitive impairments four months after COVID-19 hospital discharge: Pattern, severity and association with illness variables. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021;46:39–48. Doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.03.019
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021...
(2021) |
3-4 months |
– |
– |
– |
The percentage of patients with clinically significant cognitive impairment ranged from 59% to 65%, depending on the cutoff used, with verbal learning and executive functions being the most affected. |
Pistarin et al., 2929 Pistarini C, Fiabane E, Houdayer E, Vassallo C, Manera MR, Alemanno F. Cognitive and Emotional Disturbances Due to COVID-19: An Exploratory Study in the Rehabilitation Setting. Front Neurol 2021;12:643646. Doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.643646
https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.64364...
(2021) |
3 months |
– |
– |
– |
The post-covid-19 group, and COVID-19 patients showed deficits in executive function, short- and long-term memory, visuospatial skills, abstraction, and orientation. However, post-COVID-19 patients, one month after infection, performed better in the language subdomain, compared to COVID-19 patients. |
Weidman et al., 5050 Weidman K, LaFond E, Hoffman KL, et al. Post-Intensive Care Unit Syndrome in a Cohort of COVID-19 Survivors in New York City. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2022;19(07):1158–1168. Doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202104-520OC
https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.202104...
(2022) |
1 month |
51 |
Intubation
Mechanical ventilation |
Moderate
Severe |
In total, 25% of post-ICU patients had cognitive impairment. However, there were no associations between length of ICU stay, delirium, exposure to benzodiazepines, steroids, or systemic paralytics with positive screening for physical, psychological, or cognitive impairment. |
Blazhenets et al., 5151 Blazhenets G, Schroeter N, Bormann T, et al. Slow but Evident Recovery from Neocortical Dysfunction and Cognitive Impairment in a Series of Chronic COVID-19 Patients. J Nucl Med 2021;62(07):910–915. Doi: 10.2967/jnumed.121.262128
https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.121.26212...
(2021) |
> 3 months |
– |
– |
– |
A significant improvement in MoCA was observed, relative to the control group, but the average performance was within the mild cognitive impairment range established with the normative data. |
Evans et al., 3030 Evans RA, McAuley H, Harrison EM, et al; PHOSP-COVID Collaborative Group. Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalisation (PHOSP-COVID): a UK multicentre, prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2021;9 (11):1275–1287. Doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00383-0
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00...
(2021) |
2-7 months |
Class 3- 4: 2 Class 5: 6 Class 6: 10 Class 7-9: 33 |
class 3–4: no need for continuous supplemental oxygen
class 5: continuous supplemental oxygen only
class 6: ventilation with continuous positive airway pressure, bilevel positive airway pressure, or high flow nasal oxygen
class 7–9: invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation |
Light
Light
Moderate
Severe |
Four clusters were identified with different severity of mental and physical health impairment (n = 767): very severe (131 patients, 17%), severe (159, 21%), moderate together with cognitive impairment (127, 17%) and mild (350, 46%). |
Graham et al.,77 Graham EL, Clark JR, Orban ZS, et al. Persistent neurologic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in non-hospitalized Covid-19 “long haulers”. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021;8(05): 1073–1085. Doi: 10.1002/acn3.51350
https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.51350...
(2021) |
> 1 month
(mean 5.27) |
– |
– |
– |
Study data showed that SARS-CoV-2 patients performed worse on cognitive attention and working memory tasks compared to a demographically matched US population. |
| Hampshire et al., 3131 Hampshire A, et al. “Cognitive deficits in people who have recovered from COVID-19 relative to controls: An N= 84,285 online study.”. MedRxiv (2020): 2020–10 (2020) |
> 3 months |
– |
No disease
Asymptomatic
No home assistance
Home assistance
Hospitalized without ventilation
Hospitalized with ventilation |
No disease
Asymptomatic
Light
Light
Moderate
Moderate |
Data showed that cognitive deficits were of large and moderate effect size for people who were hospitalized (N = 192), but also for non-hospitalized cases who had biological confirmation of COVID-19 infection (N = 326). |
Del Brutto et al., 4343 Del Brutto OH, Wu S, Mera RM, Costa AF, Recalde BY, Issa NP. Cognitive declineamong individuals with history of mild symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: A longitudinal prospective study nested to a population cohort. Eur J Neurol 2021;28(10):3245–3253. Doi: 10.1111/ene.14775
https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14775...
(2021) |
6 months |
– |
Mild symptomatic infections
No infection |
Light
Negative |
Individuals with a history of mild symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections are more than 18 times more likely to develop cognitive decline than those without clinical and serological evidence of infection. . |
Almeria et al.,3232 Almeria M, Cejudo JC, Sotoca J, Deus J, Krupinski J. Cognitive profile following COVID-19 infection: Clinical predictors leading to neuropsychological impairment. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020;9:100163. Doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100163
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
(2020) |
1 month |
average of 25 |
Oxygen
Asymptomatic |
Light
Asymptomatic |
Overall, 34.3% of patients had cognitive complaints after COVID-19 infection, and those who required oxygen therapy had lower scores on the memory, attention, and executive function subtests compared to asymptomatic patients. |
Woo et al., 3333 WooMS, Malsy J, Pöttgen J, et al. Frequent neurocognitive deficits after recovery from mild COVID-19. Brain Commun 2020;2(02): fcaa205. Doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa205
https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcaa2...
(2020) |
20–105 days (median, 85 days) |
– |
Oxygen |
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78% of patients reported mild cognitive deficits and performed worse on tests of short-term memory, attention, and concentration compared to 10 healthy age-matched controls. However, cognitive outcomes did not correlate with hospitalization, treatment, viremia, or acute inflammation. |
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