| Document Type |
Techniques covered |
Main results |
Reference |
| Review |
Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA); Nitrification and denitrification; Anammox (Anaerobic Oxidation of Ammonia); Wetlands |
This review addresses methods such as IMTA, biological nitrogen removal through nitrification and denitrification, anammox and wetlands, techniques that are being studied to increase the efficiency in removing nitrogen and other nutrients in situ from cultivation sites. |
Chávez-Crooker and Obreque-Contreras (2010) |
| Research |
Biological nitrification and denitrification using a reactor in a biofloc system |
The nitrogen removal process took place over the experimental period. On the 4th day, nitrogen removal became stable with an average efficiency of 71.28 ± 5.28%. Operational variables were controlled throughout the system, such as pH at 8.26 ± 0.1, temperature at 28.7 ± 1.1°C and dissolved oxygen at 0.51 ± 0.41 mg L-1. |
de Melo Filho et al. (2020) |
| Review |
Simultaneous biological nitrification and denitrification |
Review on the process of biological nitrogen removal from wastewater, addressing the main parameters that influence the removal of the contaminant, emphasizing the simultaneous process of nitrification and denitrification. |
Zoppas et al. (2016) |
| Review |
Sequencing batch reactor for biological treatments |
This review paper discusses the technical description and operational flexibility of the SBR for the treatment of a wide range of effluents under different operating conditions, together with its modifications that can increase the effectiveness of the SBR systems in the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. |
Shing and Srivastava (2011)SINGH, M.; SRIVASTAVA, R. K. Sequencing batch reactor technology for biological wastewater treatment: a review. Asia‐pacific journal of chemical engineering, v. 6, n. 1, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.490
https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.490...
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| Review |
Aquaculture Recirculation System (RAS); Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA); Biofloc Technology (BFT) |
In this review, some aquaculture wastewater treatment techniques were addressed, such as RAS, IMTA and BFT to reduce pollution and reuse water. |
Chatla et al. (2020)CHATLA, D.; PADMAVATHI, P.; SRINU, G. Wastewater treatment techniques for sustainable aquaculture. In: GHOSH, S. K. (ed.). Waste Management as Economic Industry Towards Circular Economy. Singapore: Springer, 2020. p. 159-166.
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| Research |
Nitrification and denitrification through a bacterial consortium |
The results showed that the majority of microbial consortia showed higher efficiency of NH4+-N removal (45-55%) than single strains (35-45%) after 12 h. In nitrite removal, bacterial consortia showed a higher removal rate (58%) after 16 hours, while single strains showed less efficiency (30-35%), suggesting that the removal of ammonia and nitrite by bacterial consortium is more effective. |
Huang et al. (2020)HUANG, F.; PAN, L.; HE, Z.; ZHANG, M.; ZHANG, M. Culturable heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification bacterial consortia with cooperative interactions for removing ammonia and nitrite nitrogen in mariculture effluents. Aquaculture, v. 523, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735211
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.20...
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| Research |
Immobilization of nitrifying bacteria pools in wood particles |
The nitrifying bacterial consortium was immobilized on the 300-1500 μm particle substrate. The mean removal of TAN during immobilization was 3.5 ± 1.52 mg L-1day-1, while NO2-N and NO3-N were below the detectable limits. The wood dust sampled on days 4 and 5, showed a potential for removal of TAN of 5.67 ± 1.6 mg L-1day-1and 5.23 ± 1.91 mg L-1day-1respectively. There was no significant increase in the rate of removal of TAN by NBC after 4 days of immobilization. |
Manju et al. (2009)MANJU, N. J.; DEEPESH, V.; ACHUTHAN, C.; ROSAMMA, P.; SINGH, I. S. B. Immobilization of nitrifying bacterial consortia on wood particles for bioaugmenting nitrification in shrimp culture systems. Aquaculture, v. 294, n. 1-2, p. 65-75, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.05.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.20...
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| Review |
Immobilization of anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria; Anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) |
This review presents the opportunities and challenges found in the use of cellular immobilization to increase the efficiency in the removal of nitrogen from wastewater by anammox bacteria, as well as the existing technologies for anammox immobilization. Evaluates the sustainability of different gel carriers and the application of immobilized anammox. |
Ni et al. (2020)NI, S.-Q.; AHMAD, H. A.; AHMAD, S. Immobilization of anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria for nitrogen-rich wastewater treatment. In: SHAH, P.; RODRIGUEZ-COUTO, S.; ŞENGÖR, S. S. Emerging Technologies in Environmental Bioremediation. Elsevier, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819860-5.00001-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819860...
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| Research |
Isolation and characterization of Bacillus sp. Aerobic denitrifying (strain YX-6) |
The results indicated that the YX-6 strain could degrade nitrogen nitrite from 10 mg L-1to zero in 14 hours. The rate of nitrite-N degradation was approximately 100% at the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) of 5.2-5.8 mg L-1. The aerobic denitrification of the YX-6 strain was greater than the positive controls under different reaction conditions. |
Song et al. (2011)SONG, Z. F.; AN, J.; FU, G. H.; YANG, X. L. Isolation and characterization of an aerobic denitrifying Bacillus sp. YX-6 from shrimp culture ponds. Aquaculture, v. 319, n. 1-2, p. 188-193, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.06.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.20...
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| Review |
Anammox (Anaerobic ammonium oxidation) |
Bibliographic review that presents works published in the last 15 years on studies of the Anammox process, addressing its metabolic route, the microorganisms involved and the process control parameters, in addition to studies developed in Brazil and possible applications. |
Scheeren et al. (2011) |
| Review |
Biological filters |
This paper discusses the implications of the change in the use of water recirculation systems in freshwater and marine aquaculture and suggests that for freshwater aquaculture the emphasis should be placed on cost competitiveness and intensification of lagoons with RAS biofiltration. In marine systems, the authors suggest the increase in demand for oligotrophic and ultra-oligotrophic systems, mainly in nursery systems. |
Gutierrez-Wing and Malone (2006)GUTIERREZ-WING, M. T.; MALONE, R. F. Biological filters in aquaculture: Trends and research directions for freshwater and marine applications. Aquacultural Engineering, v. 34, n. 3, p. 163-171, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.08.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.0...
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| Research |
Polymer hydrogels |
The experiments carried out with polymer hydrogels showed efficient removal of nutrients from aquaculture wastewater. The removal of PO4-P was 98%, NO3-N was 50% and NO2-N was 85%, in a period of 3 hours of reaction. The results demonstrate that hydrogels are suitable materials for aquaculture wastewater treatment. |
Kioussis et al. (2000)KIOUSSIS, D. R.; WHEATON, F. W.; KOFINAS, P. Reactive nitrogen and phosphorus removal from aquaculture wastewater effluents using polymer hydrogels. Aquacultural Engineering, v. 23, n. 4, p. 315-332, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8609(00)00058-3
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8609(00)00...
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Research |
Ammonia removal with nitrifying bacteria immobilized on clay pallets |
The results showed that enriched cultures immobilized on clay pallets for 6 hours achieved a removal rate of 3 mg of TAN L-1day-1during the log removal phase. The immobilized pallets of 30 and 72 hours removed TAN from the culture medium immediately, showing a removal rate of 4 mg L-1day-1. Cultures immobilized for 30 hours were used to remove TAN in situ with a density of 1 pallet/100 mL, obtaining removal rates of 4.2 - 6.7 mg TAN L-1day-1. |
Shan and Obbard (2001)SHAN, H.; OBBARD, J. P. Ammonia removal from prawn aquaculture water using immobilized nitrifying bacteria. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, v. 57, n. 5-6, p. 791-798, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-001-0835-1
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-001-0835-...
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Review |
Electrochemical technology; Reverse osmosis; Adsorption; Wetlands |
This article presents a detailed review of physicochemical and biological techniques used to remove TAN, nitrate and organic matter. Compares the electrochemical and bioelectrochemical methods used to remove TAN, nitrate and organic matter. |
Mook et al. (2012)MOOK, W. T.; CHAKRABARTI, M. H.; AROUA, M. K.; KHAN, G. M. A.; ALI, B. S.; ISLAM, M. S. et al. Removal of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrate and total organic carbon (TOC) from aquaculture wastewater using electrochemical technology: A review. Desalination, v. 285, p. 1-13, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.09.029
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.09....
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Research |
Sequencing batch reactor for biological treatments for low salinity effluents |
The results obtained showed that after the aerobic operation of the reactors, the ammonia concentration dropped from 101 mg L-1to 0 on day 3. Nitrate levels increased in the reactor from 33 to 88 mg L-1on day 3, reaching 0 on the day 8 when being operated under anoxic conditions. In aerobic activity, the nitrite concentration increased from 260 to 371 mg L-1and during the anoxic phase, and there was a reduction of nitrite to 3 mg L-1on day 8. With respect to carbon, there was a reduction from 1201 to 32 mg L-1. |
Boopathy et al. (2007)BOOPATHY, R.; BONVILLAIN, C.; FONTENOT, Q.; KILGEN, M. Biological treatment of low-salinity shrimp aquaculture wastewater using sequencing batch reactor. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, v. 59, n. 1, p. 16-19, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2006.05.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2006.05....
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Research |
Internal fibrous biofilter for intermittent nitrification and denitrification treatments |
Pre-acclimated biofilter, with an initial nitrification rate of 17.1 ± 12.4 mg of TAN m-2d-1, was applied in a shrimp tank. The biofilter's aerobic nitrification activity was sufficient to control ammonia and nitrite levels below 0.2 mg-N L-1with nitrate accumulation of up to 50 mg-N L-1. The nitrate was removed after harvesting with the same biofilter with anoxic denitrification and addition of methanol with a ratio of 5: 1. |
Satanwat et al. (2020)SATANWAT, P.; TRAN, T. P.; HIRAKATA, Y.; WATARI, T.; HATAMOTO, M.; YAMAGUCHI, T. et al. Use of an internal fibrous biofilter for intermittent nitrification and denitrification treatments in a zero-discharge shrimp culture tank. Aquacultural Engineering, v. 88, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2019.102041
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2019.1...
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Review |
Use of Bacillus to maintain water quality in aquaculture |
This review highlights the aquaculture activities that lead to pollution and the possible mechanisms used by Bacillus to improve water quality. They recommend that a series of optimal conditions is established to increase the efficiency of Bacillus in modulating water quality. |
Hlordzi et al. (2020)HLORDZI, V.; KUEBUTORNYE, F. K. A.; AFRIYIE, G.; ABARIKE, E. D.; LU, Y.; CHI, S.; ANOKYEWAA, M. A. The use of Bacillus species in maintenance of water quality in aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture Reports, 18, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100503
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100...
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Review |
Systems combining aquaculture and plants; Granular expandable biofilters (EGBs); Wetlands |
This review provides an overview of aquaculture systems developed in historical times that may still be valuable for the future, bringing current problems and innovative ideas, especially with regard to the integration of halophytic plants as a biofilter in saline aquaculture systems. |
Turcios and Papenbrock (2014)TURCIOS, A. E.; PAPENBROCK, J. Sustainable treatment of aquaculture effluents-What can we learn from the past for the future? Sustainability, v. 6, n. 2, p. 836-856, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6020836
https://doi.org/10.3390/su6020836...
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Research |
Biological denitrification using Alcaligenesfaecalis strain in a continuous bioreactor |
In this work, the viability of a continuous bioreactor was analyzed using the NR strain for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and organic matter (TOC) in a single aerated reactor, instead of batch culture. The results showed removal of 66.7-78.3% NH4+-N and 85.8-92.2% TOC. |
Zhao et al. (2017)ZHAO, B.; TIAN, M.; AN, Q.; YE, J.; GUO, J. S. Characteristics of a heterotrophic nitrogen removal bacterium and its potential application on treatment of ammonium-rich wastewater. Bioresource Technology, v. 226, p. 46-54, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.120
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016....
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Review |
Microbial based systems |
This article presents a review of successful results in the use of microbial-based systems that have been documented around the world, as well as some aspects to be considered in the process and which will still be experienced before a system is implemented. New advances in the use of microbial-based systems and recommendations are also presented. |
Martínez-Córdova et al. (2015)MARTÍNEZ-CÓRDOVA, L. R.; EMERENCIANO, M.; MIRANDA-BAEZA, A.; MARTÍNEZ-PORCHAS, M. Microbial-based systems for aquaculture of fish and shrimp: An updated review. Reviews in Aquaculture, v. 7, n. 2, p. 131-148, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12058
https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12058...
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Research |
Biological nitrification and denitrification by the strain Pseudomonas sp . |
The results showed that the Pseudomonas strain showed an efficient capacity for heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification. The TAN (10 mg L-1) was completely removed in 12 hours. The nitrogen mass balance indicated that 70.8% of the initial TAN was converted to gaseous nitrogen and 28.1% to intracellular nitrogen. The optimal conditions for removal of TAN, nitrate and nitrite were pH 7 with C/N ratios of 8, 12 and 12, respectively. |
Deng et al. (2021)DENG, M.; ZHAO, X.; SENBATI, Y.; SONG, K.; HE, X. Nitrogen removal by heterotrophic nitrifying and aerobic denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas sp. DM02: Removal performance, mechanism and immobilized application for real aquaculture wastewater treatment. Bioresource Technology, v. 322, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124555
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020....
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Review |
Biological nitrification; Treatment ponds; Biological filters; Biofloc technology; Periphyton treatment |
This review covers techniques for nitrogen removal from aquaculture wastewater such as rotating biological counters, drip filters, fluidized sand biofilters and granule filters, as well as biofloc technology and periphyton treatment, known as a dual-purpose technique, since it allows to treat aquaculture water and simultaneously produce fish feed. |
Crab et al. (2007)CRAB, R.; AVNIMELECH, Y.; DEFOIRDT, T.; BOSSIER, P.; VERSTRAETE, W. Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production. Aquaculture, v. 270, n. 1-4, p. 1-14, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.05.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.20...
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Review |
Drip filters |
This review addresses the main mechanisms and parameters that affect the design and performance of drip filters in aquaculture, relationships between nitrification rates and parameters that can affect the process kinetics. The filter design procedures are presented and one of them, a model that describes the nitrification performance of piston flow drip filters, is covered in more detail. |
Eding et al. (2006)EDING, E. H.; KAMSTRA, A.; VERRETH, J. A. J.; HUISMAN, E. A.; KLAPWIJK, A. Design and operation of nitrifying trickling filters in recirculating aquaculture: A review. Aquacultural Engineering, v. 34, n. 3, p. 234-260, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.09.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.0...
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Research |
Fluidized sand biofilters |
This study evaluated fluidized sand biofilters as a treatment option to remove BOD5, TAN, total phosphorus, suspended solids and total coliforms from aquaculture effluents. Two sand sizes 0.11 mm and 0.19 mm were used and two operating techniques were evaluated. Biofilters removed 66-82% BOD5, 86-88% TAN and 15-41% phosphorus. |
Davidson et al. (2008)DAVIDSON, J.; HELWIG, N.; SUMMERFELT, S. T. Fluidized sand biofilters used to remove ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand, total coliform bacteria, and suspended solids from an intensive aquaculture effluent. Aquacultural Engineering, v. 39, n. 1, p. 6-15, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2008.04.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2008.0...
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Research |
Catalytic ozonation membrane filter |
This study presents a catalytic ozonation membrane system for the treatment of aquaculture wastewater, using Ti-Mn/TiO2/ Al2O3and TiO2/Al2O3membranes, with Ti-Mn/TiO2/Al2O3obtaining better catalytic capacity. The results showed that the suspended solids, TAN, NO2and COD were efficiently removed, obtaining a wastewater recovery rate of 95.8% |
Chen et al. (2014)CHEN, S.; YU, J.; WANG, H.; YU, H.; QUAN, X. A pilot-scale coupling catalytic ozonation - membrane filtration system for recirculating aquaculture wastewater treatment. Desalination, v. 363, p. 37-43, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.09.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.09....
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Research |
Consortium of bacteria |
The bacterial consortium was tested for 15 days in a tank with controlled conditions. The ammonia concentration in the tanks with the pool was 4.8 ± 0.068 μmL-1, while in the control tank (without bacteria) it was 7.29 ± 0.292 μmL-1. The nitrite increase (6.9 ± 0.59 μmL-1) and nitrate (4.16 ± 0.58 μmL-1). The survival rate in the tanks was 97.2 ± 0.58%, while in the control tanks it was 55 ± 0.25%. |
John et al. (2020)JOHN, E. M.; KRISHNAPRIYA, K.; SANKAR, T. V. Treatment of ammonia and nitrite in aquaculture wastewater by an assembled bacterial consortium. Aquaculture, v. 526, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735390
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.20...
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Review |
Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture based on microalgae |
This article presents a review of the microalgae-based IMTA systems described so far in the literature and evaluates microalgae culture methods that are applied in the treatment of aquaculture wastewater such as periphyton, cell immobilization and pools of microalgae-bacteria. |
Milhazes-Cunha and Otero (2016)MILHAZES-CUNHA, H.; OTERO, A. Valorisation of aquaculture effluents with microalgae: The Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture concept. Algal Research, v. 24, p. 416-424, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.12.011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.12....
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Review |
Removal of nutrients using microalgae |
This review presents an overview of the removal of nutrients based on microalgae from aquaculture residues, challenges encountered in the development of an efficient treatment system, as well as factors that affect the growth of microalgae and the removal of nutrients. New cultivation strategies are presented to increase biomass production and nutrient removal. |
Nie et al. (2020)NIE, X.; MUBASHAR, M.; ZHANG, S.; QIN, Y.; ZHANG, X. Current Progress, Challenges and Perspectives in Microalgae-Based Nutrient Removal for Aquaculture Waste: A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 277, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124209
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.1...
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Review |
Built wetlands |
The review presents the most recent studies on the use of wetlands for the treatment of saline wastewater, as well as the factors that influence the efficiency of wetlands in the treatment process and how greater efficiency can be achieved by screening for halophytes, application of halophilic microorganisms and optimization of operating parameters. |
Liang et al. (2017)LIANG, Y.; ZHU, H.; BAÑUELOS, G.; YAN, B.; ZHOU, Q.; YU, X. et al. Constructed wetlands for saline wastewater treatment: A review. Ecological Engineering, v. 98, p. 275-285, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.11.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.1...
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Research |
Halophyte filter beds |
In 88 days of commercial operation on a fish and shrimp farm, Salicornia europaea plant biofilters removed 98.2 ± 2.2% dissolved inorganic nitrogen, 23-69% dissolved organic nitrogen and 36-89% inorganic phosphorus dissolved in routine operations. |
Webb et al. (2012)WEBB, J. M.; QUINTA, R.; PAPADIMITRIOU, S.; NORMAN, L.; RIGBY, M.; THOMAS, D. N. et al. Halophyte filter beds for treatment of saline wastewater from aquaculture. Water Research, v. 46, n. 16, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.034
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.06...
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Review |
Biological removal of nitrate by assimilation or dissimilation; Autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification; Anammox |
Biological nitrate removal pathways are presented, as well as links between denitrifying organisms and carbon in recirculation systems, applications of biological nitrate removal in recirculation systems and, finally, the anammox process is discussed as an alternative for removing ammonia and nitrate. |
van Rijn et al. (2006) VAN RIJN, J.; TAL, Y.; SCHREIER, H. J. Denitrification in recirculating systems: Theory and applications. Aquacultural Engineering, v. 34, n. 3, p. 364-376, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.04.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.0...
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Research |
Sequencing batch reactor for biological treatments of shrimp effluents |
The results showed that the initial TAN concentration dropped from 72 to 0 mg L-1on day 4 during the aerobic mode of operation. The nitrite level increased from 46 mg L-1at the beginning of the experiment to 198 mg L-1on day 7, decreasing to 0 on day 15, when it was operated anoxic. Nitrate increased in the aerobic period from 32 to 162 mg L-1on day 8 and, during the anoxic process, reached 0 mg L-1on day 15. SBR also removed 82% of organic carbon from the system. |
Boopathy (2009)BOOPATHY, R. Biological treatment of shrimp production wastewater. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, v. 36, n. 7, p. 989-992, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-009-0577-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-009-0577-...
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